Determination of Coherency and Rigidity Temperatures in Al-Cu Alloys Using In Situ Neutron Diffraction During Casting

The rigidity temperature of a solidifying alloy is the temperature at which the solid phase is sufficiently coalesced to transmit tensile stress. It is a major input parameter in numerical modeling of solidification processes as it defines the point at which thermally induced deformations start to generate internal stresses in a casting. This temperature has been determined for an Al-13 wt.% Cu alloy using in situ neutron diffraction during casting in a dog-bone-shaped mold. This setup allows the sample to build up internal stress naturally as its contraction is not possible. The cooling on both sides of the mold induces a hot spot at the middle of the sample that is irradiated by neutrons. Diffraction patterns are recorded every 11 s using a large detector, and the very first change of diffraction angles allows for the determination of the rigidity temperature. We measured rigidity temperatures equal to 557°C and 548°C depending on the cooling rate for grain refined Al-13 wt.% Cu alloys. At a high cooling rate, rigidity is reached during the formation of the eutectic phase. In this case, the solid phase is not sufficiently coalesced to sustain tensile load and thus cannot avoid hot tear formation.     

原位中子衍射材料表征技术的进展

中子衍射利用中子不带电、穿透力强、能直接鉴别核素、比X射线与电子束对轻元素灵敏、具有磁矩等特点,已成为一种独特的从原子和分子尺度上表征物质的结构和微观运动的高新技术,本文着重介绍了原位中子衍射技术作为材料四维表征技术在金属材料的残余应力、变形机制、固态相变、纳米偏聚团等方面的研究进展。     

原位合成方镁石-铁铝尖晶石材料

通过对铁铝尖晶石合成过程反应机理及MgO-Al_2O_3-FeOn三元体系中可能发生的高温反应进行热力学分析,尝试采用原位合成法制备方镁石-铁铝尖晶石材料,并用XRD、SEM等测试方法对材料进行了表征.结果表明:控制气氛10(-27117.9/T+11.54)＜Po_2＜10(-32625/T+18.09),经过1400, 1550 ℃高温处理后,能够成功合成出方镁石-铁铝尖晶石材料;同一温度下铁铝尖晶石的生成量随着金属铁加入量的增大而逐渐增多,1550 ℃处理后的试样FeAl_2O_4晶体发育更加良好.     

Neutron Diffraction Study of Low-Cycle Fatigue Behavior in an Austenitic–Ferritic Stainless Steel

By performing in situ neutron diffraction experiments on an austenitic–ferritic stainless steel subjected to lowcycle fatigue loading, the deformation heterogeneity of the material at microscopic level has been revealed. Based on the in situ neutron diffraction data collected from a single specimen together with the mechanical properties learned from the ex situ micro-hardness, a correlation has been found. The performance versus diffraction-profile correlation agrees with the cyclic-deformation-induced dislocation evolution characterized by ex situ TEM observation. Moreover, based on the refined neutron diffraction-profile data, evident strain anisotropy is found in the austenite. The high anisotropy in this phase is induced by the increase in dislocation density and hence contributes to the hardening of the steel at the first 10 cycles.Beyond 10 fatigue cycles, the annihilation and the rearrangement of the dislocations in both austenitic and ferritic phases softens the plastically deformed specimen. The study suggests that the evolution of strain anisotropy among the differently oriented grains and micro-strain induced by lattice distortion in the respective phases mostly affect the cyclic-deformationinduced mechanical behavior of the steel at different stages of fatigue cycles. The stress discrepancy between phases is not the dominant mechanism for the deformation of the steel.     

Al3Zr/Al基原位复合材料等离子体焊接区的组织及表面腐蚀行为

摘要： 本文以5wt%Al3Zr/铝基复合材料为研究对象,以Ar气体为离子气体,Al-Ti-B为丝材进行等离子焊接。用电化学综合测试仪测定了焊接区在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀极化曲线。采用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射仪（XRD）对复合材料及其焊缝的组织和相组成进行了分析和表征,研究了Al3Zr/Al基复合材料等离子焊接后在3.5%NaCl溶液中的腐蚀行为和腐蚀机理。SEM分析结果表明,等离子弧焊接可获得较好的焊缝组织,焊缝组织主要由Al3Ti相和Al基体组成,Al3Ti相呈条状和球形。电化学极化曲线表明,材料在熔核处的耐蚀性略低于母材,焊缝处浸泡腐蚀机理为Al3Ti相和基体相的电极电位不同形成原电池反应造成。     

Engineering Applications of Time-of-Flight Neutron Diffraction

Time-of-flight neutron diffraction is widely used in characterizing the microstructure and mechanical response of heterogeneous systems. Microstructural characterization techniques include spatial or temporal mapping of the phases and determination of grain size, dislocation structure, and grain orientations (texture) within these phases. Mechanical response analysis utilizes the crystallographic selectivity of the diffraction process to measure the partitioning of strain within the system. The microstructural and mechanical response information is then used to develop more realistic constitutive models. In this article we review some examples of such measurements, based on our experiences at the Lujan Center of Los Alamos National Laboratory.     

焊接工艺参数对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊过程中材料塑性流动行为的影响

以轴肩端面为同心圆的带螺纹搅拌头为研究对象,利用计算流体力学软件FLUENT建立了三维塑性材料流动模型,对2024铝合金搅拌摩擦焊接过程中材料的塑性流动进行了数值模拟,研究焊接工艺参数对模拟结果的影响。结果表明,在搅拌头附近区域材料的塑性流动剧烈,且轴肩附近材料的流动速度高于搅拌针边缘材料的流动速度;随着搅拌头旋转速度的增加,搅拌头附近区域材料流动更剧烈,且高速流动的材料区域范围变大;焊接速度的提高对搅拌头及其附近区域材料的流动影响不大。     

In Situ X-ray Diffraction Study of the Tensile Deformation of U-5.8Nb Alloy

为了探明a2相U-5.8wt%Nb合金的晶格响应和变形特性,对力学拉伸加载下的合金变形行为进行了原位的X射线衍射（XRD）研究,获得了合金从弹性变形直至断裂的过程中晶格对外加应力的响应特征。实验中,每增加一定变形量就对试样进行原位的XRD分析,用单峰拟合法和Rietveld全谱精修方法处理数据,分析了合金变形过程中的晶格演化行为。结果显示,拉伸过程中,试样的晶胞参数、衍射峰强度和晶面间距都随外加应变有规律地变化。晶格响应分析结果表明,合金晶胞各方向弹性极限的显著差异是第一屈服平台形成的内在原因,该屈服平台的变形过程包括了孪生变形和弹性变形2种机制。利用研究结果能够很好地解释合金的形状记忆效应。     

中子衍射在残余应力分析中的应用

中子衍射应力测量原理基于布拉格方程,通过取样测量体积内样品晶格的晶面间距进行精确表征,获取材料微观晶格的形变信息,可以实现晶体材料深层内部弹性应变的直接无损测量.测量值通常与样品测量位置和外加温度或力学载荷相关,用于评估实际部件整体结构和变形参数.本研究介绍中子衍射的基本原理,辊压法调控搅拌摩擦焊的残余应力和变形、管道...     

国产弧焊机器人在汽车车厢焊接生产线上的应用

本文对“TL-1”天龙一号国产弧焊机器人在汽车车厢前板总成焊接生产线上实际应用进行了分析,并对焊接对象的选取、工艺布置、夹具及夹具控制系统,机器人与夹具的循环系统,系统可靠性和抗干扰措施的诸方面进行了论述。     

XPS原位分析纯铁微动磨损摩擦氧化行为∗

摩擦化学是微动磨损过程中不可避免产生的一种复杂的摩擦学行为,对材料的磨损性能及磨损机理具有重要的影响。 基于原位 XPS 高精度切向微动磨损试验平台,系统性研究工业纯铁在真空（p=4 mPa）和大气环境下不同微动运行区域接触界面摩擦化学状态及其微动磨损行为。试验结果表明,工业纯铁在大气环境下未观察到微动混合区,然而真空环境下因接触界面发生了严重粘着效应,使得微动运行难以进入滑移区而具有较宽的混合区。随着位移幅值的增加,工业纯铁在真空环境下的微动磨斑具有更多的 Fe 基体暴露,并伴有以 FeO 为主的氧化物,整体表现出较高的磨损量;相对比,在大气环境下其磨斑表面产物为以 FeO 和 Fe₂O₃为主的氧化物,特别在滑移区几乎没有 Fe 单质暴露,且磨斑表面主要以 Fe₂O₃氧化物为主, 表现出较真空环境下更轻微的磨损。磨损结果表明,FeO 和 Fe₂O₃ 具有较好的润滑保护作用,特别是 Fe₂O₃ 氧化物能显著提高材料表面抗微动磨损性能。利用原位 XPS 技术可以实现表征材料接触表面真实的摩擦化学状态,且更加准确地揭示摩擦氧化反应对微动磨损行为的影响作用机理,对丰富和发展微动磨损基础理论具有科学意义。     

Microstructure of Horseshoe Nails Using Neutron Diffraction

Neutron diffraction allows nondestructive testing of the bulk microstructure of mechanical components. The microstructures of horseshoe nails made through three different processes have been explored as a function of position along the nail. Despite all nails being made of similar plain low-carbon steel and being process annealed after manufacture, the microstructures are far from the same. Nails made from strip, using a cold forging stamping process, show narrower diffraction peaks indicating a narrower distribution of lattice parameters and also show diffraction peak intensity ratios closer to those expected for unstrained steel. Thus, the distribution of the orientation of grains in these nails is closer to that of undistorted steel compared to nails made through the other two processes considered—one a drawing from wire and the other a combination of rolling and cold forging. The blades of the drawn nails showed little preferred orientation but the converse was true in the heads. Differing patterns of preferred orientation suggest that the various manufacturing approaches result in substantially different mechanical advantages for the three types of nails, a result in accord with mechanical testing.     

NiTi-NbTi原位复合材料的Lüders带型变形和载荷转移行为

采用电弧熔炼、锻造和拔丝方法原位合成了一种高Nb含量的NiTi-NbTi记忆合金复合材料.TEM显微分析显示,在材料内部纳米尺度的NbTi和NiTi纤维沿丝材轴向交替分布,NbTi纤维体积分数高达约70％.通过同步辐射高能X射线原位拉伸实验研究了复合材料的变形机制.结果显示,虽然NiTi体积分数仅约30％,但复合材料的...     

Influence of Cryorolling on the Precipitation of Cu–Ni–Si Alloys: An In Situ X-ray Diffraction Study

The effect of cryorolling on the precipitation process of deformed Cu–Ni–Si alloys was investigated through in situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique. The results demonstrate that the precipitation process is significantly accelerated by cryorolling. Cryorolling produces higher dislocation density, which provides more heterogeneous nucleation sites for Ni2 Si precipitates, hence promotes precipitation. In the early stage of aging, the enhanced nucleation of precipitates accelerates the depletion of supersaturation, and finer precipitates are obtained. In addition, recrystallization is promoted as a result of high stored energy in the cryorolled Cu–Ni–Si alloys, which facilitates the formation of discontinuous precipitation in the late stage of aging.     

In Situ TEM Investigation of the Mechanical Behavior of Micronanoscaled Metal Pillars

In this article, our most recent progress on applying a unique quantitative transmission electron microscope deformation technique on micronanoscaled metal pillars will be reviewed. We found that single-crystal pillars fabricated through focused ion beam always contain high density of defects. However, if the sample size is small enough, then both face-centered-cubic metals and body-centered-cubic metal pillars can experience ??mechanical annealing,?? i.e., a phenomena referring to the reduction of dislocation density in the deforming volume, when dislocation generation is outweighed by dislocation annihilation through the free surface. We also found that when the sample size was reduced below 1???m or so, stress saturation and deformation mechanism transition occurred in a hexagonal-close-packed Ti alloy. Unlike crystalline materials, metallic glasses do not allow the presence and movement of dislocations or deformation twinning. However, we demonstrated the metallic glasses also follow the well-established tenet for crystalline materials: i.e., smaller is stronger and can reach its theoretical elastic limit under appropriate testing conditions. In addition, for the tested size regime, we found that high-energy electron beam has no obvious effect on the mechanical properties of materials with metallic bond. However, for materials with covalent bond and ionic bond, significant electron beam effects have been confirmed.     

In Situ Particle Behavior of Cast Iron Powder by Suspension Plasma Spraying

An important issue for atmospheric plasma sprayed metal coatings is the oxidation involved during processing that significantly affects its phase composition and microstructure and thus the overall coating properties. In this study, suspension thermal spraying was used to manufacture cast iron coatings with high amounts of graphite carbon as solid-lubricant, because graphite structure is considerably diminished in molten droplets of the spray material due to the dissolution into molten iron and/or the oxidation. Additional graphite formation based on the soot reaction of liquid hydrocarbon was observed. Oxidation strongly affects the soot reaction during suspension thermal spraying. Therefore, setting-up of a shroud around the plasma plume is quite effective to prevent the oxidation of hydrocarbon.     

Neutron Diffraction Study of Annealing Textures in Drawn Body-Centered-Cubic Metals

The annealing textures of cold-drawn molybdenum, iron, and an iron base alloy containing 14 pet Al were investigated as a function of annealing temperature by using neutron diffraction techniques. Upon recrystallization, the [110] deformation texture was retained in all cases, and the texture became progressively sharper with increasing annealing temperature. At high temperatures, however, in the case of molybdenum, a new texture appeared. An anomalous diffraction effect was observed for iron; certain (110) plane orientations yielded more integrated intensity than others. Consideration of the problem showed a magnetostrictive effect to be improbable, and a hypothesis concerning the preferred distribution of grains deviating from the ideal [110] orientation is proposed.     

基于中子衍射和同步辐射X射线衍射的TWIP钢位错密度计算方法

本文详细梳理并介绍了被广泛应用于高强钢及其它结构金属材料位错密度计算的修正Williamson-Hall法,并结合中子衍射和同步辐射X射线衍射实验结果,以一种孪生诱发塑性(TWIP)钢为例,计算其在变形后的位错密度演化。本文详细介绍如何正确使用该方法以及如何避免常见的一些错误,并介绍其背后的原理及假设。