小长蝽线粒体基因组全序列测定与长蝽总科系统发育分析

为了解小长蝽Nysius ericae(Schilling)线粒体基因组结构及长蝽总科的分子系统发育关系。本试验采用Illumina MiSeq测序平台对小长蝽线粒体基因进行测序,对基因组序列进行拼装、注释和特征分析,利用最大似然法和贝叶斯法构建基于12种长蝽总科昆虫线粒体全基因组核苷酸序列的系统发育树。小长蝽线粒体基因组全长为16 330 bp(GenBank登录号：MW465654),基因组包括13个蛋白编码基因(PCGs),22个tRNA基因,2个rRNA基因和1段非编码控制区。11个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子为典型的ATN;cox1,nad4l的起始密码子为TTG。cob的终止密码子为TAG,其余蛋白编码基因的终止密码子为TAA。只有trnS1缺少DHU臂,其余tRNA基因均能形成典型的三叶草结构。12种长蝽总科昆虫线粒体全基因组序列构建的昆虫系统发育树结果显示,小长蝽与Nysius plebeius具有更近的亲缘关系,且与传统形态学分类基本一致。小长蝽线粒体基因组符合长蝽总科线粒体基因组的一般特征。结果表明小长蝽与N.plebeius的亲缘关系更近。     

黄毛纺蚋线粒体基因组全序列测定与分析

利用PCR步移法对黄毛纺蚋的线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析。黄毛纺蚋线粒体基因组全长15904 bp(Gen Bank序列号KP793690),包括13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因以及长度为939 bp的非编码区。A、T、C、G碱基含量分别为39.1%、35.8%、10.4%、14.7%。9个蛋白编码基因和14个tRNA基因在J链编码,其余4个蛋白编码基因和8个tRNA基因在N链编码,基因排列顺序与其它已知双翅目昆虫相同。13个蛋白编码基因中除COI以TTG作为起始密码外,其余蛋白质基因均以ATN作为起始密码子,终止密码子多数为典型的TAA、TAG,只有COI和ND4L以单独的T作为终止密码子。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNASer(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构。     

武铠蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析

【目的】了解闪蛱蝶亚科属间及种间的分子系统进化关系。【方法】采用PCR步移法对武铠蛱蝶 Chitoria ulupi 线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析。基于线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因的核苷酸序列构建了38种鳞翅目昆虫的系统发育树。【结果】分析结果表明,武铠蛱蝶线粒体基因组全长15 279 bp,包括13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和一段长度为391 bp的A+T富含区,基因排列顺序与其他已知近缘种昆虫相同。武铠蛱蝶线粒体基因组中存在很高的A+T含量（79.9％）。13个蛋白质编码基因中,COII以TTG作为起始密码子,COI以CGA作为起始密码子外,其余均为昆虫典型的起始密码子ATN。COII和ND4基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均以典型的TAA为终止密码子。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNA^Ser(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构。与其他多数鳞翅目昆虫一样,武铠蛱蝶的A+T富含区中有一段由ATAGAA引导的保守的多聚T结构,长度为21 bp,并散布着一些长短不一的串联重复单元。系统发育树结果显示,总科级别的系统发育关系为：卷蛾总科＋（凤蝶总科＋（螟蛾总科＋(夜蛾总科＋蚕蛾总科＋尺蛾总科)））;在蛱蝶科物种中,武铠蛱蝶与猫蛱蝶Timelaea maculate 亲缘关系最近。【结论】基于分子标记构建的鳞翅目昆虫系统发育关系与传统的形态学分类结果基本一致。     

大紫蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列分析

通过PCR步移法对大紫蛱蝶Sasakia charonda coreana线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析。分析结果表明:大紫蛱蝶线粒体基因组全长15233bp,包括13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因以及长度为381bp的非编码区。A、T、C、G碱基含量分别为39.7%、40.2%、12.2%、7.9%。9个蛋白编码基因和14个tRNA基因在J链编码,其余4个蛋白编码基因和8个tRNA基因在N链编码,基因排列顺序与其它已知鳞翅目昆虫相同。13个蛋白编码基因中除COⅠ以CGA作为起始密码外,其余蛋白质基因均以ATN作为起始密码子,终止密码子多数为典型的TAA、TAG,只有COⅡ和ND4以单独的T作为终止密码子。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNA Ser(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构。与其它多数鳞翅目昆虫一样,大紫蛱蝶的非编码区序列中散在着一些长短不一的串联重复单元,在与其近缘物种非编码区的比较当中并未发现共同的保守序列区。     

ANALYSIS OF COMPLETE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME OF SASAKIA CHARONDA COREANA (LEPIDOPTERA, NYMPHALIDA)

通过PCR步移法对大紫蛱蝶Sasakia charonda coreana线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析.分析结果表明:大紫蛱蝶线粒体基因组全长15 233 bp,包括13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因以及长度为381bp的非编码区.A、T、C、G碱基含量分别为39.7％、40.2％、12.2％、7.9％.9个蛋白编码基因和14个tRNA基因在J链编码,其余4个蛋白编码基因和8个tRNA基因在N链编码,基因排列顺序与其它已知鳞翅目昆虫相同.13个蛋白编码基因中除COⅠ以CGA作为起始密码外,其余蛋白质基因均以ATN作为起始密码子,终止密码子多数为典型的TAA、TAG,只有COⅡ和ND4以单独的T作为终止密码子.在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNASer (AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构.与其它多数鳞翅目昆虫一样,大紫蛱蝶的非编码区序列中散在着一些长短不一的串联重复单元,在与其近缘物种非编码区的比较当中并未发现共同的保守序列区.     

扬眉线蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列测定和分析

【目的】了解扬眉线蛱蝶Limenitis helmanni线粒体基因组结构及其分子系统发育。【方法】采用PCR步移法对扬眉线蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列进行测定和分析。基于线粒体基因组13个蛋白质编码基因和2个rRNA基因的核苷酸序列构建了66种鳞翅目昆虫的系统发育树。【结果】扬眉线蛱蝶线粒体基因组全长15 178 bp(Gen Bank登录号:KY290566),包括13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和一段长度为346 bp的A+T富含区,基因排列顺序与其他已知近缘种昆虫相同。扬眉线蛱蝶线粒体基因组中存在很高的A+T含量(81.1%)。13个蛋白质编码基因中,COI以CGA作为起始密码子,ND5以GTT作为起始密码子,其余均以昆虫典型的ATN为起始密码子。COII和ND4基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均以典型的TAA为终止密码子。在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNASer(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构。与其他多数鳞翅目昆虫一样,扬眉线蛱蝶的A+T富含区中有一段由ATAGA引导的保守的多聚T结构,长度为20 bp,并散布着一些长短不一的串联重复单元。系统发育树结果显示,蛱蝶科亚科级别的系统发育关系为:(绢蛱蝶亚科+眼蝶亚科)+((蛱蝶亚科+闪蛱蝶亚科)+(釉蛱蝶亚科+线蛱蝶亚科))。【结论】线蛱蝶族与翠蛱蝶族的亲缘关系较近,丽蛱蝶族是该亚科较早分化出来的一支。基于线粒体基因组构建的线蛱蝶亚科物种系统发育关系与传统形态分类学研究结论不一致。     

一种石磺科贝类线粒体基因组全序列分析

石磺线粒体基因组全序列对研究石磺科分子系统进化具有重要意义。利用LA-PCR技术对一种石磺Platevin-dexmortoni线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析。结果表明,线粒体基因组序列全长13 991 bp,碱基组成分别为27.27%A、16.78%C、20.23%G、35.72%T;由22个tRNA、2个rRNA、13个蛋白编码基因和25个长度为2-118 bp的非编码区组成。4个蛋白质编码基因和5个tRNA基因从L链编码,其余基因均从H链编码。蛋白质基因的起始密码子,除ND2为GTG以外,均为典型的起始密码子ATN。ND2和Cytb基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均使用典型的TAA或TAG。预测了22个tRNA基因的二级结构,发现tRNASer和TrnaAsn缺少DHU臂,tRNASer和tRNAThr的反密码子环上有9个碱基,而不是通常的7个碱基。最长的非编码区含有两个类似于的tRNAGln和tRNAPhy的二级结构。     

THE COMPLETE MITOCHONDRIAL GENOME OF AQUARIUS PALUDUM (FABRICIUS) (INSECTA, HEMIPTERA,GERRIDAE)

昆虫纲半翅目异翅亚目黾蝽科圆臀大黾蝽Aquarius paludum(Fabricius,1794)已成为生物学研究的理想生物材料之一,为更全面了解其分子生物学特征,本研究测定了圆臀大黾蝽Aquarius paludum线粒体基因组全序列.该基因组全长15380 bP,为双链环状DNA分子,包含13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因及一个控制区.其基因排序与已报道的其它大部分异翅亚目类群排列方式相同.该基因组基因排列紧密,共观察到64 bp基因间隔(除控制区781 bp外)与33 bp基因重叠.全基因组AT含量为75.7％,而控制区AT含量仅为66.2％,密码子使用也显示出AT使用偏好.13个蛋白编码基因中,除COⅠ、ND5使用TTG作为起始密码子外,其余使用ATV.此外,7个蛋白编码基因使用常规三联终止密码子TAA,TAG作为终止密码子,其余以T作为终止密码子,下游为同链编码的tRNA基因.在tRNA-Ser (GGT)二级结构中,DHU臂缺失,未形成典型的三叶草结构.     

猫蛱蝶线粒体基因组全序列分析

采用PCR步移法对猫蛱蝶Timelaea maculata线粒体基因组全序列进行了测定和分析.分析结果表明:猫蛱蝶线粒体基因组全长15 178 bp,包括13个蛋白编码基因、22个tRNA基因、2个rRNA基因和一段长度为382 bp的A+T富含区,基因排列顺序与其它已知鳞翅目昆虫相同.猫蛱蝶线粒体基因组中存在很高的A+T含量(81.1％).13个蛋白编码基因中除CO Ⅰ以CGA作为起始密码外,其余蛋白质基因均以ATN作为起始密码子.COⅡ和ND4基因使用了不完全终止密码子T,其余基因均以典型的TAA、TAG为终止密码子.在所测得的22个tRNA基因中,除tRNAser(AGN)缺少DHU臂外,其余tRNA均能形成典型的三叶草结构.与其它多数鳞翅目昆虫一样,猫蛱蝶的A+T富含区中有一段由“ATAGAA”引导的保守的多聚T结构,长度为19 bp,并散在着一些长短不一的串联重复单元.     

骚扰阿蚊线粒体全基因组序列测定和分析

【目的】测定和分析骚扰阿蚊Armigeres subalbatus线粒体全基因组序列,并在线粒体基因组水平探讨阿蚊属Armigeres在库蚊亚科(Culicinae)中的系统发育地位。【方法】经PCR扩增和序列测定,首次得到骚扰阿蚊线粒体基因组序列;对其核苷酸组成和结构特点进行分析;基于蛋白质编码基因核苷酸序列,采用最大似然法(ML)和贝叶斯法(BI)构建库蚊亚科8个种的系统发育关系。【结果】骚扰阿蚊线粒体基因组全长14 891 bp(Gen Bank登录号:KY978578),包含37个基因,其中含13个蛋白质编码基因、22个tRNA基因和2个rRNA基因,各基因位置、排列顺序与蚊科已知物种的一致;基因组碱基组成具有明显的偏好性,全基因组AT-skew为正值,GC-skew为负值;13个蛋白质编码基因的起始密码子除COⅠ使用TCG外,其余均为ATN,终止密码子除COⅡ使用不完全的T外,其余均为TAA;22个tRNA基因中除tRNA~(Ser(AGN))缺失DHU臂,其余均可形成典型的三叶草式二级结构。基于库蚊亚科8个种的线粒体基因组系统发育关系为库蚊属Culex+(阿蚊属Armigeres+伊蚊属Aedes)。【结论】分析库蚊亚科的线粒体基因组系统发育关系发现,阿蚊属Armigeres与伊蚊属Aedes亲缘关系较其与库蚊属Culex更近,这与传统的形态分类学结果相吻合。     

Comparative mitochondrial genomic analysis of Macrophthalmus pacificus and insights into the phylogeny of the Ocypodoidea & Grapsoidea

Grapsoidea and Ocypodoidea, two of the most abundant and economically important groups in Brachyura, are of great commercial value to fisheries and aquaculture. However, the taxonomy of Ocypodoidea and Grapsoidea has long been highly disputed. Previous studies have investigated this problem through phylogenetic analysis based on limited taxonomic sampling, with different reports proposing either monophyly or paraphyly, but no definitive conclusion has been reached. In this study, the complete mitogenome of Macrophthalmus pacificus (Ocypodoidea, Macrophthalmidae) is reported on and the relationship between Ocypodoidea and Grapsoidea is further investigated. Sequencing the M. pacificus mitogenome, which is a closed circular molecule containing a typical 37 genes, preliminarily determined the ancestral gene order of Macrophthalmidae, which is consistent with previous studies. Comparative analyses of gene order among Ocypodoidea and Grapsoidea revealed that Varunidae (Grapsoidea) and Macrophthalmidae (Ocypodoidea) have the same rearrangement, which confirms previous research. Larger data analysis revealed that these two families (Varunidae and Macrophthalmidae) cluster into a monophyletic clade as sister groups. Rearrangement and phylogeny lines of evidence is concluded that Varunidae and Macrophthalmidae may be of common origin. Furthermore, the remaining Ocypodoidea and Grapsoidea families mix paraphyletically in the phylogenetic tree. Therefore, both gene rearrangement and phylogenetic analysis support the paraphyly of Ocypodoidea and Grapsoidea, which reinforces this view. These findings provide important information regarding Brachyura's phylogenetic relationships, which demonstrates the advantage of mitogenome sequence data in phylogenetic studies.     

The Entire Mitochondrial Genome of Macrophthalmus abbreviatus Reveals Insights into the Phylogeny and Gene Rearrangements of Brachyura

Brachyuran crabs comprise the most species-rich clades among extant Decapoda and are divided into several major superfamilies. However, the phylogeny of Brachyuran remains controversial, comprehensive analysis of the overall phylogeny is still lacking. Complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) can indicate phylogenetic relationships, as well as useful information for gene rearrangement mechanisms and molecular evolution. In this study, we firstly sequenced and annotated the complete mitogenome of Macrophthalmus abbreviatus (Brachyura; Macrophthalmidae). The mitogenome length of M. abbreviatus is 16,322 bp, containing the entire set of 37 genes and a control region typically observed in Brachyuran mitogenomes. The genome composition of M. abbreviatus was highly A+T biased 76.3% showing positive AT-skew (0.033) and negative GC-skew (??0.351). In M. abbreviatus mitogenome, most tRNA genes were folded into the clover-leaf secondary structure except trnH, trnS1 and trnC, which was similar to the other species in Macrophthalmidae. Phylogenetic analysis showed that all families form a monophyletic, and Varunidae and Macrophthalmidae clustered into a monophyletic clade as sister groups. Comparative analyses of rearrangement among Brachyura revealed that Varunidae (Grapsoidea) and Macrophthalmidae (Ocypodoidea) had the same gene order, which reinforced the result of phylogeny. The combined results of two aspects revealed that the polyphyly of Ocypodoidea and Grapsoidea were well supported. In general, the results obtained in this research will contribute to further studies on molecular based for the classification and gene rearrangements of Macrophthalmidae or even Brachyura.

     

Characterization of the complete mitochondrial genome of Uca lacteus and comparison with other Brachyuran crabs

Brachyuran crabs comprise the most species-rich clade among the crustacean order Decapoda and are divided into several major superfamilies. However, the monophyly of the superfamilies Ocypodoidea and Grapsoidea in their current compositions within the Brachyura remains inconclusive. In this study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Uca lacteus (Ocypodoidea, Ocypodidae) was sequenced, annotated, and compared with those of other Brachyuran crabs. The circular mitogenome of U. lacteus is 15,661 base pairs long and contains the entire set of 37 genes and an A + T-rich region typically observed in decapod mitogenomes. Secondary structures of several tRNAs are partly missing (trnS1), and the number of bases is significantly decreased (trnD and trnF), as discovered in many other metazoans. We compared the gene order of U. lacteus with other species of Ocypodidae and found that they are consistent. The gene rearrangement of Ocypodidae is also identical to that of the ancestor of Brachyura. However, the order of the trnH gene varies from the rearrangement of ancestral Decapoda. Accordingly, we hypothesized that this rearrangement of trnH underwent a translocation during the evolution from Decapoda to Brachyura. The phylogenetic relationship of the 81 Brachyura species and one outgroup was recovered based on 13 protein-coding genes. This analysis confirmed that U. lacteus belongs to the family Ocypodidae and established a paraphyletic relationship between Ocypodoidea and Grapsoidea.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Eterusia aedea (Lepidoptera,Zygaenidae) and comparison with other zygaenid moths

Zygaenidae comprises >1036 species, including many folivorous pests in agriculture. In the present study, the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of a major pest of tea trees, Eterusia aedea was determined. The 15,196-bp circular genome contained the common set of 37 mitochondrial genes (including 13 protein-coding genes, two rRNA genes, and 22 tRNA genes) and exhibited the similar genomic features to reported Zygaenidae mitogenome. Comparative analyses of Zygaenidae mitogenomes showed a typical evolutionary trend of lepidopteran mitogenomes. In addition, we also investigated the gene order of lepidopteran mitogenomes and proposed that the novel gene order trnA-trnR-trnN-trnE-trnS-trnF from Zygaenidae and Gelechiidae and most other gene rearrangements of this tRNA cluster evolved independently. Finally, the mitogenomic phylogeny of Lepidoptera was reconstructed based on multiple mitochondrial datasets. And all the phylogenetic results revealed the sister relationships of Cossoidea and Zygaenoidea with both BI and ML methods, which is the first stable mitogenomic evidence for this clade.     

The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the black-capped capuchin (Cebus apella)

The phylogenetic relationships of primates have been extensively investigated, but key issues remain unresolved. Complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) data have many advantages in phylogenetic analyses, but such data are available for only 46 primate species. In this work, we determined the complete mitogenome sequence of the black-capped capuchin (Cebus apella). The genome was 16,538 bp in size and consisted of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 tRNAs, two rRNAs and a control region. The genome organization, nucleotide composition and codon usage did not differ significantly from those of other primates. The control region contained several distinct repeat motifs, including a putative termination-associated sequence (TAS) and several conserved sequence blocks (CSB-F, E, D, C, B and 1). Among the protein-coding genes, the COII gene had lower nonsynonymous and synonymous substitutions rates while the ATP8 and ND4 genes had higher rates. A phylogenetic analysis using Maximum likelihood and Bayesian methods and the complete mitogenome data for platyrrhine species confirmed the basal position of the Callicebinae and the sister relationship between Atelinae and Cebidae, as well as the sister relationship between Aotinae (Aotus) and Cebinae (Cebus/Saimiri) in Cebidae. These conclusions agreed with the most recent molecular phylogenetic investigations on primates. This work provides a framework for the use of complete mitogenome information in phylogenetic analyses of the Platyrrhini and primates in general.     

Insufficient resolving power of mitogenome data in deciphering deep phylogeny of Holometabola

The mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) is one of the most widely used markers for phylogenetic analysis. Compared with whole-genome data, mitogenome data are less expensive to obtain and easier to manipulate. However, compositional bias and accelerated evolutionary rate reduce the effectiveness of the mitogenome in determining insect phylogeny. This study shows that mitogenome data are not suitable to reconstruct deep holometabolan evolution, even with a most comprehensive data coding scheme and the more realistic CAT model. For the deep levels of divergence within Holometabola, protein-coding genes only retain weak phylogenetic signals, leading to peculiar interordinal relationships. Consensus relationships in the Holometabola phylogeny, such as the monophyly of Holometabola, the most basal position of Hymenoptera, and the sister group relationship between the Strepsiptera and Coleoptera were rarely resolved in our analyses. The relationships of the holometabolan groups as inferred by mitogenomes are highly vulnerable to gene types, data coding regimes, model choice, and optimality criteria, and no consistent alternative hypothesis of Holometabola's relationships is supported. Thus, we suggest that the slowly evolving nuclear genes or genome-scale approaches may be better options for resolving deep-level phylogeny of Holometabola.     

Complete mitochondrial genome of Neochauliodes parasparsus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) with phylogenetic consideration

We sequenced the complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Neochauliodes parasparsus. The 15,995-bp mitogenome contained the standard set of 13 protein-coding genes, 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and a putative control region, with a gene arrangement that was identical to that reported for most other megalopteran species. We also predicted the secondary structure of all the RNA genes and analysed the preferred codon usage of the protein-coding genes. The putative 1265-bp control region contained two tandem repeated regions and several microsatellite-like elements. The phylogenetic analysis of available neuropteridan mitogenomes, based on the 13 protein-coding genes, appeared to support the current view of the neuropteridan phylogeny, and among the Neochauliodes spp., N. parasparsus was the most closely related to N. punctatolosus.     

Structure and evolution of the mitochondrial genome of Exorista sorbillans: the Tachinidae (Diptera: Calyptratae) perspective

The first complete mitochondrial genome (mitogenome) of Tachinidae Exorista sorbillans (Diptera) is sequenced by PCR-based approach. The circular mitogenome is 14,960?bp long and has the representative mitochondrial gene (mt gene) organization and order of Diptera. All protein-coding sequences are initiated with ATN codon; however, the only exception is Cox I gene, which has a 4-bp ATCG putative start codon. Ten of the thirteen protein-coding genes have a complete termination codon (TAA), but the rest are seated on the H strand with incomplete codons. The mitogenome of E. sorbillans is biased toward A+T content at 78.4?%, and the strand-specific bias is in reflection of the third codon positions of mt genes, and their T/C ratios as strand indictor are higher on the H strand more than those on the L strand pointing at any strain of seven Diptera flies. The length of the A+T-rich region of E. sorbillans is 106?bp, including a tandem triple copies of a13-bp fragment. Compared to Haematobia irritans, E. sorbillans holds distant relationship with Drosophila. Phylogenetic topologies based on the amino acid sequences, supporting that E. sorbillans (Tachinidae) is clustered with strains of Calliphoridae and Oestridae, and superfamily Oestroidea are polyphyletic groups with Muscidae in a clade.     

The complete mitochondrial genome of Parasesarma pictum (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Sesarmidae) and comparison with other Brachyuran crabs

Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is an extrachromosomal genome which can provide important information for evolution and phylogenetic analysis. In this study, we assembled a complete mitogenome of a crab Parasesarma pictum (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Sesarmidae) from next generation sequencing reads at the first time. P. pictum is a mudflat crab, belonging to the Sesarmidae family (subfamily Sesarminae), which is perched on East Asia. The 15,716 bp mitogenome covers 13 protein-coding genes (PCGs), 22 transfer RNA genes (tRNAs), 2 ribosomal RNA genes (rRNAs), and one control region (CR). The control region spanns 420 bp. The genome composition was highly A+T biased 75.60% and showed negative AT-skew (−0.03) and negative GC-skew (−0.47). Compared with the ancestor of Brachyura, the gene order of Sesarmidae has several differences and the gene order of P. pictum is typical for mitogenomes of Sesarmidae. Phylogenetic tree based on nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial 13 PCGs using BI and ML determined that P. pictum has a sister group relationship with Parasesarma tripectinis and belongs to Sesarmidae.