签约服务情境下全科医生岗位胜任力自评量表的开发与信效度检验

背景 随着我国基层医疗卫生机构全科医生签约服务的启动和落实,全科医生岗位胜任力逐渐成为国家推进分级诊疗、实现基层医疗卫生服务有效供给的基础。目标明确、操作性强并以胜任力为导向的日常考核和评价机制,能够正向激励全科医生的工作并促进签约服务不断提质增效。目的 编制全科医生岗位胜任力自评量表,为科学评价我国全科医生的岗位胜任能力提供适用的工具。方法 基于全科医生岗位胜任力模型,通过文献回顾并参考相关岗位胜任力量表进行了测量题项拟定和初始量表设计。并于2021年4—8月对全国主要省级行政区域的基层全科医生进行问卷调查,最终收集了402份有效问卷数据。将有效样本（n=402）平均随机分为两部分,样本A(n=201)用于探索性因子分析,样本B(n=201)用于验证性因子分析,并在此基础上对最终量表进行了信效度检验。结果 最终的全科医生岗位胜任力量表包括4个维度（全科服务能力、人文执业能力、团队协作能力、学习发展能力）、21个条目。总量表的Cronbach’s α系数为0.929,全科服务能力、人文执业能力、团队协作能力、学习发展能力4个维度的Cronbach’s α系数分别为0.877、0.850...     

签约服务情境下基于扎根理论的全科医生胜任力模型构建研究

背景 当下医疗卫生资源存在“供需错配”现象，落实家庭医生签约服务是突破困境、完善分级诊疗体系建设的有力抓手，因此加快全科医生队伍建设并确保培养质量成为当务之急。目的 探讨签约服务情境下全科医生胜任力的概念及其结构维度，挖掘胜任力的隐性部分，以构建系统且全面的全科医生胜任力模型，为全科医生培养的“量质并举”和签约服务的“提质增效”提供参考。方法 于2020年12月至2021年9月，对江苏省镇江市、泰州市、苏州市和广东省佛山市10所基层医疗卫生机构的38位提供签约服务的全科医生进行半结构化访谈。依据扎根理论对访谈数据进行三级编码分析，并进行理论饱和度检验，以构建全科医生胜任力模型。结果 签约服务情境下全科医生胜任力模型由全科服务能力、人文执业能力、团队协作能力、学习发展能力4大维度、10项胜任特征构成。其中，全科服务能力和学习发展能力是全科医生胜任力的外在表现和外在驱动，属于胜任力的外显层面，决定了全科医生提供签约服务的能力水平；人文执业能力和团队协作能力是全科医生的内在特质与能力，属于胜任力的内隐层面，决定了全科医生提供签约服务的能力潜质。结论 本研究充分挖掘胜任力的内隐层面，构建出完整...     

广西乡镇卫生院全科医生岗位胜任力模型的构建研究

目的 构建广西乡镇卫生院全科医生岗位胜任力模型。方法 抽取广西南宁市7所乡镇卫生院、钦州市3所乡镇卫生院、玉林市2所乡镇卫生院共12所乡镇卫生院的各类相关人员作为调查对象。采用文献研究方法、问卷调查法、德尔菲专家咨询法、行为事件访谈法及核检表法,构建广西乡镇卫生院全科医生岗位胜任力模型。并采用同时交叉效度法验证胜任力模型的有效性。结果 建立了广西乡镇卫生院全科医生岗位胜任力模型,包括28项胜任力特征指标：相关知识和技术专长、首诊服务能力、基层服务意识、基层沟通能力、计划执行、决策能力、培养指导、影响能力、组织协调、创新能力、分析性思维、归纳思维、信息收集、自主学习能力、成就动机、关注细节、积极主动、坚持不懈、应急能力、人际交往、自控能力、自信心、诚信正直、全局观念、团队合作、责任心、组织承诺、全科医学工作理念。其中9项胜任力特征指标（首诊服务能力、基层服务意识、基层沟通能力、应急能力、全科医学工作理念、自主学习能力、信息收集、关注细节、创新能力）构成了全科医生鉴别胜任力,10项胜任力特征指标（相关知识和技术专长、责任心、团队合作、积极主动、人际交往、诚信正直、决策能力、坚持不懈、组织协调、自信心）构成了全科医生基准胜任力。结论 本研究构建了广西乡镇卫生院全科医生岗位胜任力模型并得到了验证,各项胜任力特征具有较强的区分能力,能够有效地区分和鉴别优秀全科医生和普通全科医生。     

临床教师胜任力评价模型研究

目的 以麦克利兰胜任力模型为理论基础,建立临床教师胜任力的评价模型。方法 采用文献查阅、专家访谈、行为事件访谈法（BEI）和问卷调查等方式研究临床教师胜任力的有关核心因素,形成临床教师胜任力问卷,获得有关胜任力特征项数据,对调查数据进行探索性和验证性因子分析。结果 利用探索性因子分析建立了包含6个一级因子和20个二级因子的“临床教师胜任力特征项分布及分级模型”,经验证性因子分析证明了有效性和稳定性,并对每个二级因子指标进行了三级等级测评的分级。结论 本文构建了一个经过验证的临床教师胜任力评价模型,其理论基础充分、因子指标体系全面、等级说明清晰,对提升临床教师教学评价的科学性,进而改善临床教师的教学能力,提高教学质量具有较强的指导意义。     

社区卫生服务机构全科医师胜任力实证研究

目的 构建我国社区卫生服务机构的全科医师胜任力模型.方法 通过文献查阅分析及相关专家的深度访谈,初步建立包含16项因子的全科医师胜任力模型,并设计包含16项胜任特征的调查量表.选择江苏省镇江市7个区的社区卫生服务机构的部分医务人员进行全科医师胜任力问卷预调查(n=55)和实证研究(n=201).采用Likert五级量表进行度量,要求调查对象判断各个胜任特征的重要程度,并根据重要程度从5～1进行记分;采用SPSS和LISREL软件对调查量表收集的数据进行探索性因子分析和验证性因子分析.结果 探索性因子分析显示:各胜任力特征项的载荷系数均达到0.5以上,总体α系数在0.9以上,人力资本、心理资本和关系资本3个因子的方差解释量为84.876％,说明最表具有良好的信度和效度.实证性因子分析显示:人力资本是全科医师最为主要的胜任力特征,其中非专业知识的修养、综合管理能力和分析判断能力更为重要;事业心是心理资本最为重要的胜任特征;在关系资本方面,最为影响全科医师绩效的胜任特征是与签约的社区居民的关系.结论 构建的全科医师胜任力模型得到了验证,具有较高的拟合度和稳定性.     

基层全科医生岗位胜任力评价指标体系的构建研究

背景 分级诊疗制度是深化医药卫生体制改革、建立中国特色基本医疗卫生制度的重要内容。基层医疗卫生机构是分级诊疗服务体系的必要组成部分,承担居民健康“守门人”的职责。全科医生作为基层医疗卫生机构的核心人才要素,其岗位胜任力直接影响医疗机构的服务能力。目的 构建基层全科医生岗位胜任力评价指标体系,为基层医疗卫生机构开展全科医生岗位胜任力评价提供依据。方法 于2022年9—12月,通过德尔菲专家咨询法对13位行业专家进行咨询;运用层次分析法与熵值法确认指标权重。结果 本研究通过两轮德尔菲专家咨询对指标体系进行优化筛排,最终构建了由5个一级指标、27个二级指标组成的基层全科医生岗位胜任力评价指标体系。通过层次分析法结合熵值法明确各级指标权重,其中基本公共卫生服务能力指标权重最高,为核心指标。指标体系通过小样本信效度检测,均处于可接受水平。结论 初步构建了基层全科医生岗位胜任力评价指标体系,有助于基层医疗卫生机构选贤任能,为评价基层全科医生岗位胜任力评价提供参考依据。     

中外全科医生岗位胜任力模型分析与借鉴

全科医生是居民健康的守门人,提高全科医生的综合能力直接影响社区人群健康水平和卫生服务质量,以岗位胜任力为基本切入点,建立与完善全科医生培养与评价体系,有助于强化全科医生队伍建设和提高基层医疗卫生水平。现就国内外全科医生岗位胜任力模型进行比较研究,通过分析国内模型异同之处,为建立我国全科医生岗位胜任力模型提供重要依据。     

我国全科医生岗位胜任力评估指标体系研究进展

背景　全科医生作为居民健康的“守门人”，其能力评价逐渐受到全科医学领域相关学者的关注。目的　了解目前国内全科医生岗位胜任力评价指标体系研究现状，为科学评价全科医生岗位胜任力提供依据。方法　2020年9月15-25日，检索中国知网、维普、万方数据知识服务平台中关于全科医生岗位胜任力指标体系构建相关文献。采用高级检索，构建检索策略：（岗位胜任力+胜任力模型+能力）*（全科医生+全科医师+家庭医生+基层医疗卫生人员）*（评价+评估+指标+工具），以“中文摘要”或“题目”为检索条件，匹配方式为“精确匹配”，检索时限为“发表时间不限-至今（2020年9月）”。应用文献计量学和内容分析法对符合纳入标准的文献进行分析。结果　共检索文献763篇，最终纳入分析的文献31篇。其中27篇中文期刊，4篇学位论文。研究涉及的指标构建方法有9种，使用最多的是文献研究法（22篇，71.0%），其次为定性访谈法（14篇，45.2%）、问卷调查法（14篇，45.2%）、Delphi法（14篇，45.2%）。最常见的参考模型是世界家庭医生组织（WONCA）树模型，有7篇（22.6%）研究在该框架的基础上构建指标体系。指标体系条目数量不一，最少14个，最多113个，指标数超过40个的有7篇研究。全科医生的岗位胜任力指标体系内容涵盖广泛，基本符合中国全科医生岗位的能力要求。结论　近年来中国学术界在全科医生岗位胜任力评价指标体系方面展开了丰富的研究，但缺乏实际应用，未来的研究可致力于中国全科医生岗位胜任力评估体系的实际应用和完善。     

全科医生岗位胜任力指标的探索性分析

背景　全科医生在社区卫生服务中心任职方向多样,而现有的培训和评估体系却未对接社区各岗位能力要求。且现有对岗位胜任力的研究,由于对全科医生岗位细分程度不足而难以在机构内特定岗位人才选拔发挥实用价值。目的　探讨分析社区全科医生岗位胜任力指标,为机构全科医生人才选拔和培养提供参考。方法　于2018年7-10月,以2010-2018年为搜索年限范围,对国家卫生健康委员会、上海卫生健康委员会等政府官网进行检索,了解政策层面对全科医生的职责要求。于2018-09-05和2018-10-29,邀请马陆镇社区卫生服务中心（以下简称“马陆社区卫生中心”）管理层代表、全科医生代表以及其他岗位全科医生9人参与小组会议,回顾文献在政策层面对全科医生职责要求,结合马陆社区卫生中心全科医生工作实际情况,总结全科医生岗位职责的具体表现。于2018年7-10月,计算机系统检索PubMed、Medline（Ovid）、中国知网、万方数据知识服务平台、中国生物医学文献数据库中与全科医生综合能力、胜任力研究有关的文献,检索时间范围为2008-2018年。于2018年11月,邀请上海市嘉定区5位荣获上海市十佳家庭医生提名奖荣誉称号的全科医生参与一对一的深度访谈,访谈主要内容为：要做好全科医生岗位职责范围内的各项工作,全科医生应具备什么样的能力、素质或个人品质？经分析归纳形成全科医生岗位的胜任力指标。结果　目前社区全科医生岗位的职责主要分为业务类和保障类两大类,其中业务类又可细分为基本医疗类、公共卫生类和其他类。全科医生岗位胜任力体现在基本医疗服务能力、公共卫生服务能力、人文执业能力、人际交往能力、教育学习能力、综合管理能力6个方面,具体涉及临床专业知识、临床诊疗技能、综合医疗服务能力、预防服务能力、信息应用能力、卫生监督协管、医学人文关怀、职业态度与素养、沟通交流能力、团队协作能力、自主学习能力、教学科研能力、资源利用能力、团队管理能力14项能力评价指标。结论　全科医生岗位职责实践与政策要求的差异主要在于实践中增加了保障类职责,这源于机构运营的需要;而6个方面14项全科医生岗位胜任力指标提示,社区卫生服务机构需要从临床、沟通、管理等多方面遴选和培养全科人才。     

全科医生专长化：我国全科医生继续教育的新理念

为适应新时代医疗体制改革政策的落实,促进基层医疗卫生服务供给侧能力提升,实现全科医疗与专科医疗服务的无缝对接;研究者通过文献研究、专家论证和现场调查,提出以“注重全科基础、强调专长教育、坚持分工统筹”为内涵的全科医生专长化概念;分析其产生背景和概念内涵,尝试探索“以人的全生命周期和器官系统”为依据的专长教育模式,展望全科医生专长化发展前景并思考需要解决的问题,旨在为我国全科医生继续教育、提升基层服务效能提供借鉴。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Electro-Acupuncture Combined with the Trigger Point Needle-Embedding for Treatment of Primary Trigeminal Neuralgia in 31 Cases

In recent years, the author of this essay has applied electro-acupuncture combined with the trigger point needle-embedding for treatment of primary trigeminal neuralgia in 31 cases, yielding satis- factory results as reported in the following.     

Investigation of Matrix Metalloproteinase -1, 2 and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 in Endometriosis

Objective： To explore the role of matrix metalloproteinase-1,2 （MMP-1, MMP-2） and tissue inhibitor of matrix metalloproteinases-1 （TIMP-1） in endometriosis. Methods： The eutopic and ectopic endometria from 40 subjects suffering from endometriosis and regular.endometria from 40 subjects （excluding endometriosis） were collected and examined by in situ hybridization technology and western blot assay. Results： Both expressions of MMP-1 and -2 were stronger in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium than in normal endometrium. On the contrary, the expression of TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium and eutopic endometrium was lower. The differences were significant （P 〈 0.01 ）. Moreover, there was no relationship among the expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 in ectopic endometrium. Conclusion： The expressions of MMP-1, 2 and TIMP-1 lose balance and lack of periodic changes in ectopic endometrium , which explains the biological invasive behavior of endometriosis. It was suggested-that regulating the balance between the MMPs and TIMP-1 should be an ideal therapeutic target to endometriosis.     

Shi Da-zhuo (史大卓) —An outstanding cardiologist of integrative medicine

Prof. SHI Da-zhuo, Ph.D., male, was born on March 20, 1960. Prof. SHI entered the Ph.D. program in 1990 at the China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences under the supervision of Prof. CHEN Ke-ji, majoring in the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. After receiving his Ph.D. degree in 1993, Prof. SHI started working at the Cardiovascular Center in Xiyuan Hospital affiliated to China Academy of Chinese Medical sciences.     

Persist in and Carry Forward the Integrative Medical Research——Speech at the 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine by Academician CHEN Zhu,Minister of Ministry of Health

The 6th National General Congress of Chinese Association of Integrative Medicine （CALM） was convened at 19-20, April 2008 in Beijing. Academician CHEN Zhu, the minister of Ministry of Health indicated at the congress that the integration of Chinese and Western medicine is very well in keeping with the situation of our country and the general rule of development in medical science; and as a good integration of Chinese medicine and Western medicine, it is mutually beneficial and advantageous to both of them. Seeing the creativity shown in integrative medical investigation in theoretic and methodological sides, we should and must persist in and develop it.