Zeolite synthesis from coal fly ash for the removal of lead ions from aqueous solution

Fly ash samples from the Bayswater and Eraring power plants, located in New South Wales, Australia, were used in a preliminary study on zeolite synthesis by hydrothermal treatment with sodium hydroxide under various conditions. The treated fly ash was tested for the ability to remove lead ions from aqueous solution. Both fly ashes were partially converted to zeolite. The zeolites formed under the experimental conditions were zeolite Na‐P1 and sodalite octahydrate for the Bayswater ash and phillipsite, zeolite X, zeolite Na‐P1 and sodalite octahydrate for the Eraring ash. The type of zeolite formed was dependent on the treatment time and sodium hydroxide concentration. In the case of the Bayswater ash, zeolite Na‐P1 was formed by treatment with 4 mol dm^?3 NaOH for 48 h while treatment with 5 mol dm^?3 NaOH for 96 h produced sodalite octahydrate at the expense of zeolite Na‐P1. In the case of the Eraring ash, phillipsite was formed following treatment with 3 mol dm^?3 NaOH, zeolite X and zeolite Na‐P1 were formed following treatment with 4 mol dm^?3 NaOH and sodalite octahydrate was formed following treatment with 5 mol dm^?3 NaOH. A maximum cation exchange capacity of ～400 meq/100 g was achieved by both treated ash samples. Treatment of a solution with a lead ion concentration of 120 ppm using 0.5 g of both treated ash samples (S/L ratio = 0.25 g/100 cm³) achieved complete removal in 5 min, whereas treatment with 0.1 g of each material (S/L ratio = 0.05 g/100 cm³) achieved complete lead ion removal after 24 h. © 2001 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of ZSM‐5 from diatomite: a case of zeolite synthesis from a natural material

A highly crystalline ZSM‐5 product was obtained from diatomite, a natural raw material, both with and without the presence of diethanolamine. The synthesis process took 40 h, and was carried out under hydrothermal conditions, at autogenic pressure, and at a temperature of 180 °C. The resulting crystals were identified as ZSM‐5 by X‐ray diffraction and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermal gravimetry and differential thermal analysis. Copyright © 2004 Society of Chemical Industry     

Synthesis of mordenite from diatomite: a case of zeolite synthesis from natural material

A high mordenite product was obtained from a natural raw material, diatomite, either with or without the presence of diethanolamine. The synthesis process took 2 days, and was carried out under hydrothermal conditions, at autogenic pressure, and at a temperature of 180 °C. The resulting crystals were identified as mordenite by X‐ray diffraction and characterized by scanning electron microscopy, and differential thermal and gravimetric analyses. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Preparation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose from paper sludge

BACKGROUND: This paper describes the reuse of paper sludge, an industrial solid waste, for the preparation of sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC). The process includes pretreatment, basification and etherification. RESULTS: The optimal pretreatment condition involved the addition of 6.7% hydrochloric acid to the paper sludge for 30 min at 70 °C. The order of factors influencing the effect of reaction was: etherification temperature > sodium hydroxide dose > basification temperature > etherification time > sodium chloroacetate dose. The optimal preparation condition of CMC was: m_papersludge: m_{sodiumhydroxide}: m_{sodiumchloroacetate} = 0.9:0.8:1.15; basification at 40 °C; etherification at 60 °C for 1 h. Under these conditions, certified CMC with viscosity less than 20 mPa· s, DS more than 0.50 and purity more than 90% was produced. The results of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) spectra analyses indicated that the product has characteristics of high degree of substitution (DS) and low crystallinity. The coated paper using CMC prepared from paper sludge as a water retention agent can meet the quality standards of GB/T 10335.1‐2005. CONCLUSION: Preparation of CMC from paper sludge can be considered a feasible alternative, generating value‐added product and contributing to solving environmental problems resulting from paper sludge. Copyright © 2008 Society of Chemical Industry     

粉煤灰合成13X型沸石的实验研究

利用工业废渣粉煤灰为原料,探讨了合成13X型沸石分子筛的工艺条件,并对该工艺下制得的13X型沸石分子筛产品进行了分析测试.在合成沸石产品的过程中,晶化温度、晶化时间、反应物液固比、碱液的浓度等对合成产品的质量具有明显影响, 实验确定的最佳工艺条件为:晶化时间8 h,晶化温度100 ℃,NaOH浓度1.4832 mol/L,液固比4∶1.     

粉煤灰沸石合成影响因素研究进展

综述了利用粉煤灰传统水热反应和碱熔-水热反应合成沸石过程中的影响因素。传统水热反应法的影响因素包括原料组成（硅铝比）、碱液种类及浓度、液固比、反应时间和温度等,碱熔-水热合成法除了传统法所涉及的因素外,还与活化剂种类、碱灰比、焙烧工艺及碱度等有关。对影响因素研究进展进行阐述,为水热合成法的应用提供理论依据。     

粉煤灰沸石的合成及应用研究进展

将粉煤灰合成沸石是有效利用资源的途径之一。综述了以粉煤灰为原料合成沸石的方法、影响沸石合成的因素、沸石的潜在应用领域。合成粉煤灰沸石的方法主要有一步水热合成法、两步水热合成法、碱熔融水热合成法、微波辅助合成法、添加晶种法、盐热合成法。影响粉煤灰沸石合成的因素主要有粉煤灰种类、碱液的量及浓度、反应温度、反应时间等。水处理、气体分离与净化、土壤改良是粉煤灰沸石的潜在应用领域。     

制备因素对粉煤灰-锰渣制备沸石分子筛钙离子交换能力的影响

以粉煤灰和锰渣为原料,采用碱熔融-水热合成法制备沸石分子筛.研究了煅烧温度、原料组成、硅铝比、碱浓度、水热时间和温度对钙离子吸附能力的影响,并利用XRD、SEM-EDS、FT-IR和TG-DSC等手段表征了产物的晶体形貌、骨架结构和热稳定性.结果表明,制备沸石分子筛的最佳工艺条件为:煅烧温度800 ℃,锰渣掺量40%,硅铝比3.5,碱浓度3 mol· L-1,水热温度90 ℃,水热时间16 h,在此条件下制备的NaX型沸石分子筛结晶度较高,700℃下骨架结构未发生坍塌,具有较好的热稳定性,钙离子交换量高达392.58 mgCaCO3/g.     

粉煤灰微波-水热合成法制备分子筛的研究进展

煤炭燃烧与转化过程产生大量的固体废弃物粉煤灰,其大量排放与堆积造成的环境污染已引起人们的广泛重视,以粉煤灰为原料制备分子筛是粉煤灰资源化利用的重要途径。传统水热合成加热方式所需合成时间较长,能量消耗量大;微波加热可极大地缩短反应时间,并对产物晶粒大小、纯度和分子筛产品性能有明显改善。本文介绍了微波-水热合成法将粉煤灰转化为不同类型分子筛的反应机理及其所制备的分子筛产品的应用,分析了粉煤灰制备分子筛过程中阴离子和阳离子、前驱液的碱度、晶种、加热方式等关键因素的影响,讨论了粉煤灰经过分级处理和除杂后,用微波-水热相结合替代传统加热对分子筛产品纯度、晶粒尺寸、孔径分布的调控和优化规律,为粉煤灰合成不同种类分子筛提供了重要的理论指导与发展方向。同时提出了将煤粉炉粉煤灰经除杂和分级处理获取其中的硅铝组分、通过调控硅铝比以微波-水热合成制备方沸石的新工艺,为粉煤灰资源化利用开辟了新途径。     

粉煤灰合成沸石的研究进展

本文综述了用粉煤灰合成沸石的方法,详细叙述了传统碱性溶液下粉煤灰转化成沸石实验过程,强调在不同的实验条件下可以合成不同类型的沸石.粉煤灰合成沸石主要采用两种方法:直接转化法和两步转化法.文中还讲述了不同种类沸石在废水处理中表现出的潜能,根据文献中的实验数据表明从废水中去除重金属离子是沸石的主要性能之一,不同种类的沸石在废水处理中吸附重金属离子能力不同.并为粉煤灰合成沸石提出新的发展方向.     

Reduction of chlorophenols and sludge management from paper industry wastewater using electrocoagulation process

ABSTRACT

In this study, electrocoagulation (EC) was used to determine the optimum conditions on the basis of maximum chemical oxygen demand (COD) and color removal. At the optimum conditions chlorophenols (CPs), biological oxygen demand and total organic carbon (TOC) were determined. The biodegradability of wastewater was increased significantly with 63% COD, 98% color, 61% TOC and overall 65.51% reductions in CPs. Further, the electro-coagulated sludge was characterized by using different analytical techniques to assist the physicochemical and elemental phases, to find-out better management option, reusability for plant growth and safe disposal. Additionally, aluminum content (70.62%) was successfully recovered from sludge.     

云南寻甸硅藻土精制工艺研究

针对云南寻甸硅藻土的特点,采用煅烧-酸处理工艺进行处理,使精制硅藻土具有合适的化学组成、孔结构、比表面积和良好的热稳定性,以用于硫酸生产钒催化剂载体。在实验室试验中对煅烧温度、时间、酸浓度等条件进行试验,然后在工业装置中进行放大试验,结果令人满意。     

利用煤系高岭土制备4A沸石的研究

利用煤系高岭土作为合成 4A沸石的原料 ,经过煅烧活化、成胶反应、晶化、过滤等工序 ,生产出高品质的 4A沸石。并从理论上、实践上作出了有益的探讨 ,摸索出各工艺参数对产品性能的影响关系 ,从而得出结论 :利用煤系高龄土制备 4A沸石大有可为。     

硅藻土合成片状托贝莫来石及其机理研究

以硅藻土为硅质原料,采用动态水热法合成了具有良好片状结构的托贝莫来石,并研究了原料中铝组分及十二烷基硫酸钠（SDS）对产物形貌的影响及其机理。结果表明：在合成温度为200 ℃、时间为6 h、液固比为20 mL/g、SDS添加量为2.4%、搅拌转速为160 r/min条件下,可以合成出片状结构良好的托贝莫来石产物;以纯二氧化硅为硅源作为对比,当硅藻土作为硅源时,硅藻土中的含铝组分是片状托贝莫来石生成的主要因素之一;铝原子可通过对桥联四面体中硅原子的取代阻碍硅氧四面体双链的生成,进而促使晶体向片状的晶形生长;此外,十二烷基硫酸钠作为一种阴离子型表面活性剂,可与托贝莫来石（001）晶面的H—O发生键合,阻碍晶体在（001）晶面的生长,对片状晶形的生长同样具有促进作用。     

Zeolite P synthesis based on fly ash and its removal of Cu(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) ions

Zeolite P was synthesized through hydrothermal method based on a kind of Class C fly ash(FA). X-ray diffraction(XRD), scanning electron microscopy(SEM), and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller(BET) were used to analyze and characterize the synthetic sample. The kinetics and thermodynamics of copper and nickel ions removed by the zeolite samples were experimentally explored in detail. The results of kinetic treatment showed the second-order exchange second-order saturation model(SESSM) can well describe the removal process of copper ions, while the first-order empirical kinetic model(FEKM) is the best kinetic model for nickel ions. Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were used to fit the equilibrium concentration of Cu(Ⅱ) or Ni(Ⅱ) under certain conditions. Whether for copper or nickel ion, the Langmuir model is in good agreement with the experimental equilibrium concentration.The apparent theoretical removal capacities for Cu(Ⅱ) and Ni(Ⅱ) can reach to 138.1 mg·g~(-1) and 77.0 mg·g~(-1),respectively.     

Influence of the fineness of sewage sludge ash on the mortar properties

Sewage sludge ash (SSA) is a recycled material and can be used in cement mortar as pozzolan. To improve the mortar properties, this research utilized mechanical grinding to adjust the fineness of SSA. Finely ground SSA with Blaine fineness of 500-1000 m²/kg was added to mortar to replace 20% of portland cement. The initial and final setting times of SSA-cement paste simultaneously prolonged when SSA fineness increased. Because of the lubricant effect and morphology improvement, the workability of SSA mortar increased when fineness increased. In addition, the pozzolanic activity of SSA and the compressive strength of mortar increased when SSA fineness did. The strength activity index (SAI) value approximately increased 5% when SSA fineness increased per 100 m²/kg. According to the results, the application of mechanical grinding to adjust SSA fineness was an effective modification to improve SSA mortar properties including workability and compressive strength.     

Utilization of paper mill sludge for removal of cationic textile dyes from aqueous solutions

ABSTRACT

The present study is concerned usage of paper mill sludge (PMS) as an effective adsorbent to remove the two cationic character dyes (Basic Blue 3 [BB3] and Basic Yellow 28 [BY28]) from aqueous solutions. The surface morphology and some characteristics of PMS were determined by Fouirer Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Brunauer Emmett Teller (BET). The parameters affecting the process – temperature (10–55°C), adsorbent dose (0.5–10 g/l), initial pH (2–10 pH), initial concentration (50–250 mg/l) and contact time (0–24 h) – were examined in the batch adsorption experiments. Maximum adsorption capacities (q_max) of two dyes at 1 g/l dose and pH value of 7 were also calculated as 89.35 and 79.81, respectively. Adsorption phenomena of BB3 and BY28 cationic dyes onto PMS is controlled by pseudo-second-order model. Thereafter, equilibrium experimental data were applied to Langmuir, Freundlich and Dubinin–Redushkevich (D-R) isotherms, and Langmuir isotherm is the best represent the equilibrium adsorption process for both dyes. The processes occurred by physical adsorption because of calculated activation values (E_a) of BB3 and BY28 dyes were 19.43 and 9.35 kJ/mol, respectively. In addition, based on thermodynamic calculations such as free energy (ΔG°), enthalpy (ΔH°) and entropy (ΔS°), the results clearly demonstrated that the adsorption process were of exothermic and spontaneous nature for both dyes. At the light of obtained findings, it can be stated that PMS can be used effectively in removal of cationic dyes from textile wastewaters and is an alternative to commercial adsorbents due to its low-cost and abundance in the paper industries.     

Morphology and properties of nanocomposites from organoclays with reduced cation exchange capacity

Organoclays with different levels of reduction in the original cation exchange capacity (CEC) were prepared to characterize the morphology and Young's modulus of their melt‐processed nanocomposites made from nylon 6 (PA‐6) and polypropylene/polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride (PP/PP‐g‐MA). Wide‐angle X‐ray scattering (WAXS), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and Young's modulus data are reported. Three different levels of CEC reduction were obtained; WAXS analysis and percentage loss on ignition (LOI) calculations for these organoclays showed a reduction in both the intergallery spacing and in the amount of organic modifier contained in the clay with CEC reduction. The morphology and modulus results show that these reduced‐CEC organoclays led to lower exfoliation and modulus enhancement for both PA‐6 and PP/PP‐g‐MA nanocomposites. The results may be influenced by differences in layer charge and charge distribution that could have been produced during the charge reduction process. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 2007