南海北部近岸海域鱼类体中石油烃与生源烃的气相色谱特征指纹分析

石油污染是南海北部近岸海域最严重的污染问题之一,为了掌握该海域海洋鱼类石油污染现状及特点,在近岸6个水域采集了蓝圆(Decapterus mareausi)、金线鱼(Nemipterus virgatus)、斑(鱼,祭)(Clupanodom punctatus)和花鲆(Tephrinectes sinensis)等4种鱼类样品,采用毛细管气相色谱法分析了鱼类样品的脂肪烃组分(f1).其正构烷烃相对分子质量分布范围(nC12～nC30)、f1UCN(12.9～35.1 mg/kg)、nC16指数(3.27～140)和CPI(0.73～2.61)等特征参数表明,鱼类样品体中的脂肪烃类组分主要来源于石油烃类,而其某些奇碳数正构烷烃优势组分的出现,表明少量的脂肪烃类组分来自海洋生源烃类.ΣnC14-30/f1UNC (0.000 2～0.002 31)、nC17/C19:0(0.06～1.90)和nC18/C20:0(0.03～1.93)比值分析表明,鱼类样品体内的石油烃已经经历了一定程度的降解和代解,反映出该海域低浓度持续性石油污染的特点.     

基于ArcSWAT模型的老鹳河流域面源氮识别和分析

进行老鹳河流域面源氮污染负荷估算和关键源、区识别,推进流域面源污染的溯源和控制,为流域非点源氮污染控制和治理提供理论支撑。通过模型数据库构建、流域空间单元划分以及参数率定和验证建立老鹳河流域氮污染过程的ArcSWAT模型;以2017年的气象资料为背景,设置4种情景模式,模拟估算流域不同面源氮的入河量,分析和识别不同污染源的关键期以及不同土地利用类型的关键污染源。结果表明,化学氮肥施用和大气沉降是老鹳河流域面源氮的主要污染源,分别贡献了47.6%和38.6%;大气沉降、畜禽养殖和化学氮肥施用入河氮量最大值均出现在3月,农村生活入河氮量最大值出现在8月,而4类污染源入河氮量的最小值均出现在12月;雨季是老鹳河流域控制面源污染氮的关键期;减控的关键污染源旱地、园地和水田是化学氮肥施用,林地和人居地分别是大气沉降和农村生活。应分时、分区、分类制定老鹳河流域面源氮污染减控方案,对于人为氮源（化学氮肥施用、畜禽养殖和农村生活）还要关注在作物播种期和生长季节进行减控。     

福建省海洋生物技术与海洋生物药源高值开发新兴产业的思考

21世纪是海洋世纪,生物技术革命为海洋生命科学研究和海洋经济发展创造了前所未有的良机。从海洋生物中寻求具有防病、治病作用的新药源,“向海洋要药物”是海洋生物技术研究和应用的重要方面,本文从海洋生物技术与海洋生物药源高值开发现状为切入点,浅谈福建省可选择发展的关键海洋生物技术及其产业化前景,探讨发展福建省海洋生物技术新兴...     

试述海洋经济与资源环境的协调发展

本文通过对福建海洋经济发展现状、存在问题、开拓方向等方面的调查思考,认为福建海洋经济要保持可持续发展,必须充分认识海洋经济发展与资源环境保护之间存在的一些相关适应性与不相适应性问题,才能提出海洋经济发展的创新思路,以期为政府决策与职能管理提供一些借鉴与参考。     

产酯酶海洋微生物的筛选、鉴定及系统发育分析

通过以三丁酸甘油酯和α-乙酸萘酯为底物,建立了一种快速、准确的酯酶产生菌的筛选方法,并从样品中分离到 1 株产酯酶活力和稳定性较高的菌株 EB-1,对其进行了形态学、生理生化特征鉴定和 16S rDNA 序列分析.结果表明,该菌株与Bacillus subtilis subsp. subtilis 模式菌株的同源性高达 99.79%;又根据其产黑色素这一特性,最终将其确定为Bacillus subtilis var. niger,其 16S rDNA 序列在 GenBank 的注册号为 EU016526.     

对虾中残留氯霉素的负化学源GC/MS分析

建立了对虾中残留氯霉素(CAP)负化学源(NCI)的GC/MS分析方法。样品中CAP用乙酸乙酯提取,脂肪用正己烷去除,过聚苯乙烯型DiaionHP-20吸附层析小柱纯化样品,BSTFA-TMCS衍生后用NCI源选择m/z为466的特征离子为目标离子,在SIM模式下进行GC/MS分析。被检测CAP质量浓度在5～500μg/L内,方法的线性关系良好,相关系数为0.9988。方法的最低检测限达到0.037μg/kg。当空白样品CAP水平为1～100μg/kg时,平均回收率达71.33%～95.29%,相对标准偏差为1.73%～7.45%。用此方法对市场上销售的人工养殖南美白对虾(Penaeusvan namei)肌肉样品进行测定,结果显示氯霉素残留量为(0.154±0.008)μg/kg,而野生脊尾白虾(Palaemoncarincauda)肌肉样品中未检出CAP残留。     

近海养殖对海洋渔业环境的影响分析

近海养殖业是海洋经济的重要增长方式,已成为海洋经济新的增长点。但是由于其自身生态结构的缺陷,近海养殖正日益成为海洋渔业环境的重要污染源。近海养殖业正面临着资源与环境的双重制约。文章从分析近海养殖污染源入手,在理论上阐明近海养殖影响海洋渔业环境的形成过程和作用机理,在实践上提出近海养殖可持续发展的对策。     

鳗源创伤弧菌的鉴定与血清型分析

本研究对分离自发病鳗鲡的疑似创伤弧菌进行鉴定及血清型分析,经生化鉴定,从发病鳗鲡中得到7株创伤弧菌;设计了创伤弧菌溶血素基因(vlly)特异性引物,并对分离菌进行了PCR检测,创伤弧菌均可扩增出溶血素基因352 bp的目标片段,而非创伤弧菌未扩增出相应的片段;制备了创伤弧菌抗O抗原血清,凝集反应显示所得到的鳗源创伤弧菌抗O抗原血清不能与人源创伤弧菌1.1758发生凝集反应,菌株FJ03-X2抗O抗原血清可与大部分的鳗源创伤弧菌发生凝集反应。以上研究结果表明,基于溶血素基因设计的PCR引物具有良好的特异性,可用于创伤弧菌检测,鳗源创伤弧菌血清型不同于其他来源的创伤弧菌,菌株FJ03-X2的O抗原具有良好的免疫原性,可作为创伤弧菌疫苗研发的候选菌株。     

6株鱼源嗜水气单胞菌的分子鉴定与毒力基因分析检测

为了分子鉴定6株鱼源嗜水气单胞菌,并从分子层面验证通过检测毒力基因以推测嗜水气单胞菌潜在致病性的可行性。实验采用PCR扩增16 S rDNA和gyrB基因并结合系统发育树的构建和分析进行菌种的分子鉴定,检测气溶素（ aerolysin, aer）、溶血素（ haemoly-sin, hly）、丝氨酸蛋白酶（ serine protease, ahp）、热稳定细胞肠毒素（ heat-stable cytotonic enterotoxin, ast）和热敏感细胞肠毒素（ heat-labile cytotonic enterotoxin, alt）5种毒力基因,且使用Mega 5．2对核苷酸和氨基酸序列进行分析。结果显示6株菌均为嗜水气单胞菌Aero-monas hydrophila,检测出5种毒力基因中的至少4种,其中均检测出溶血素和2种肠毒素,序列分析表明气溶素、溶血素和丝氨酸蛋白酶的氨基酸序列高度保守。本研究基于16 S rD-NA和gyrB基因可以准确地对嗜水气单胞菌进行分子鉴定,6株菌的毒力基因丰富预示着一定的致病性, aer、 hly和ahp基因相对保守,编码的毒力因子高度同源,在临床分子诊断中建议使用aer、 ahp和hly基因对嗜水气单胞菌的潜在致病性进行检测。     

刺参池塘底栖真核生物DGGE指纹结构与环境理化因子的相关性分析

采用基于18S rDNA PCR-DGGE技术对刺参池塘养殖系统底栖真核生物群落结构与环境理化因子进行分析.结果表明,刺参养殖池塘系统中附着基真核生物DNA指纹图谱均呈现出了丰富的多样性,成参养殖池塘分别获得26、25、25条扩增条带,幼参养殖池塘分别获得20、22条扩增条带;刺参养殖池塘中叶绿素、总磷、总氮、溶氧分别为2.037～5.383 μg/L、0.016～0.039 mg/L、1.863～3.562 mg/L、4.06～6.18mg/L,成参养殖池塘的各项理化指标值均高于幼参养殖池塘.通过指纹图谱和理化因子的聚类分析可以看出,附着基底栖真核生物DGGE指纹图谱与环境中理化因子聚类分析图相吻合,说明不同刺参养殖池塘底栖真核生物群落DNA指纹与养殖环境的理化因子密切相关.本研究通过DGGE技术分析刺参池塘附着基底栖真核生物指纹图谱,进而分析与环境中理化因子的关系,为建立底栖真核生物群落DNA指纹结构与水体理化指标之间的关系提供科学依据.     

Oil sardine (Sardinella longiceps) off the Malabar Coast: density dependence and environmental effects

Marine fish stocks are known for extensive variation in landings, with temporal fluctuations attributable to density-dependent as well as environmental effects. In this paper we analysed a 44-yr time-series of oil sardine Sardinella longiceps landings from the Arabian Sea off the Malabar Coast of India. Density dependence was detected in the landings of oil sardine, reinforcing the potential for sustainable yields. Significant environmental factors (precipitation and sea level reflecting the strength of upwelling) during the monsoon period (June–August) are hypothesized to affect the dynamics of landings by influencing spawning and recruitment success. Together, density dependence and environmental variability during the monsoon explained 80% of the among-years variance in landings. Our results have important consequences for understanding catch variability and are potentially useful for facilitating management of this commercially important fishery.     

海胆壳中具有抑菌活性物质的分离鉴定

观察海胆壳中化学成分对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制活性,对其进行分离纯化,并根据理化性质、波谱分析和文献对照的方法对所分离的化合物进行结构鉴定。用75%EtOH对粉碎的海胆壳进行热浸提,减压浓缩后依次用石油醚、乙酸乙酯和正丁醇进行萃取,得到各层提取物,对其进行抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物活性测定。进而,粗提物利用薄层层析、反复硅胶柱层析、半制备薄层色谱层析以及重结晶等手段进行分离纯化得到化合物。通过抑制金黄色葡萄球菌生物活性测定可知石油醚提取物、正丁醇提取物均有较显著的抑制金黄色葡萄球菌的活性。石油醚提取物经过反复硅胶柱层析和重结晶手段得到化合物HDB,结构鉴定为棕榈酸。正丁醇提取物经过反复硅胶柱层析、半制备薄层色谱以及重结晶等手段分离得到化合物HDA,结构鉴定其为(3β)-胆甾-5-烯-3-醇。     

鲆鲽类产地溯源编码设计及标识技术建立

溯源编码与标识技术是全程质量控制技术的关键,参照EAN.UCC全球统一标识系统,通过研究EAN/UCC-13码和EAN/UCC-128码,建立了基于EAN/UCC-128编码方式的鲆鲽类产地溯源的编码方案;在研究确定标签材料的基础上,通过比较研究尾部捆扎、不同部位嵌挂等不同标识方法,建立了单尾标签标识技术,系统的建立了产地标识方法,为鲆鲽类产品进行产地追溯提供了技术支持。该方法可借助电子信息技术,实现养殖到消费终端的全程可追溯。研究和示范结果表明,标识标签脱落率小于2%,标签浸泡30 d条码信息识别准确率可达到近100%。     

Methodology for the identification and quantitative measurement of chemical stimulants for penaeid shrimp

In a recently developed paradigm for the feeding behaviour of Crustacea, chemical stimuli are postulated to play a key role in mediating the various stages of feeding from initial excitation to sustained feeding. A hierarchical testing protocol for the screening of compounds or mixtures as chemical stimuli for Penaeus spp. was designed, utilizing: (a) a static chamber for an initial rapid assay for behavioural excitation; (b) a novel flow-through chamber for demonstrating chemotaxis; (c) a modified Y-maze choice chamber for more detailed studies on chemotaxis and feeding stimulation; and (d) aquarium feeding trials in which the most potent chemical attractants and/or feeding stimulants are incorporated into experimental feeds. In shrimp aquaculture, efficient feed utilization is of paramount importance to the economics of production and water quality. Identification and incorporation into the feed of ingredients that act as chemoattrac-tants and/or chemical feeding stimulants should lead to better food utilization, e.g. lower feed conversion ratios (FCRs), thereby producing quicker growth rates and lowering the incidence of water pollution and disease.     

RAPD fingerprinting of the eel-loaches Pangio filinaris and Pangio piperata: preliminary evaluation

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was applied to two morphologically similar species of the increasingly popular ornamental eel‐loaches, Pangio filinaris and P. piperata, collected from Kemat River, Terengganu and Padang Sanai River, Kedah, West Malaysia. Forty primers were tested in a preliminary screening. Of these, five (OPA‐03, OPA‐09, OPA‐11, OPA‐13 and OPA‐18) were chosen for their ability to provide consistent amplification. RAPD analysis differentiated the two species, with each showing different RAPD patterns for each primer used. The five primers generated a total of 82 scorable loci with up to 83% and 60% polymorphism in P. piperata and P. filinaris respectively. The RAPD banding patterns of these two species ranged from 2 to 14 fragments, with a size range of 250–2000 bp. Genetic similarity within species ranged from 0.610 to 0.985 (mean 0.799±0.14) for P. piperata and from 0.824 to 0.934 (mean 0.885±0.04) for P. filinaris respectively. The interspecies genetic similarity ranged from 0.386 to 0.486 with an average value of 0.434±0.040. Our study revealed RAPDs as useful genetic markers for the taxonomic clarification and assessment of genetic variability of the eel‐loaches.     

桑沟湾沉积物有机质的碳氮稳定同位素分析及其来源解析

本研究分析了桑沟湾表层沉积物的粒度、总有机碳(TOC)、总氮(TN)、碳和氮稳定同位素(δ13C和δ15N)的时空分布特征,估算了贝藻生物沉积对近海沉积物有机质的贡献。结果显示,桑沟湾沉积物成分组成以粉砂为主,且粒径分布与海水养殖和水动力学条件密切相关;TOC、TN的季节变化和平面分布均呈相似性,数值上总体表现为春季最高,秋季最低,季节差异不大,在贝藻、鱼贝和贝类养殖区域出现较高值;而δ13C和δ15N的季节变化和平面分布有较大差异。从相关性分析可以看出,TOC和TN呈极显著正相关(r=0.955, P<0.001),表明桑沟湾表层沉积物的TOC和TN具有同源性。根据对δ13C和C/N的综合分析表明,贝类生物沉积、海带(Saccharina japonica)和土壤有机质是桑沟湾沉积物有机质的主要来源。采用三元混合模型估算得到贝类生物沉积贡献率为67.52%,土壤有机质贡献率为26.47%,海带贡献率为5.97%。研究表明,海洋贝藻生物沉积对近海碳埋藏具有显著影响。     

How to protect a diverse,poorly known,inaccessible fauna: identification and protection of source and sink habitats in the epikarst

• 1. Aquatic subterranean species are often geographically and numerically scarce. Many of these species are denizens of epikarst, the uppermost zone of karst with semi‐isolated solutional openings and channels, and are only known from drip pools in caves where they accumulate as a result of animals dripping out of the epikarst.
• 2. The question of whether these pool communities adequately reflected the epikarst community was addressed by directly collecting animals from drips in a continuous collecting device.
• 3. The study area was six caves in Slovenia, where a total of 35 drips and associated pools were sampled for copepods for a period of approximately one year. A total of 37 copepod species were found, 25 of them stygobionts and 16 epikarst specialists.
• 4. Overall, the frequency of stygobionts was 1.5 times higher in drips compared with pools and the frequency of epikarst specialists was three times higher in drips compared with pools, and the frequency of immature individuals was higher in drips compared with pools, with the exception of one artificially enlarged pool in ?kocjanske jame. The cause of this difference is probably increased juvenile mortality in pools and reduced reproduction, indicating that pools are not source populations.
• 5. The results of this research suggest that epikarst per se, not just the sampling sites (including pools) in caves, needs to be the focus of conservation planning. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

     

Stringency of environmental regulation and aquaculture growth: A cross-country analysis

During the last three decades, aquaculture has been the fastest growing animal-food-producing sector in the world, accounting for half of the present seafood supply. However, there is a significant growth disparity among aquaculture-producing countries. The reasons why some countries have achieved remarkable growth in aquaculture while others have stagnated or even declined have not been determined. In this article, we investigate whether environmental regulations have an impact on aquaculture growth. Using a cross-country regression analysis, we show that stringent environmental regulations are negatively related to aquaculture growth, whereas GDP growth has a positive effect. Countries often face a difficult balancing act between growth and environmental considerations when devising regulations. Our empirical results suggest that stricter environmental regulations in developed countries have contributed to lower growth rates and that these countries are falling behind emerging and developing economies that have more lenient environmental regulations.     

“蓝色粮仓”行业发展现状、问题制约及对策建议

获取深海网箱养殖过程鱼群活动数据,开展鱼群监测是提升深海养殖效率、降低养殖成本的有效手段。基于水面红外相机,利用深度学习前沿技术,提出了一种鱼群智能监测方法。该方法涉及鱼群识别及计数、鱼体分割和鱼体游向判断3个功能模块。首先,通过红外相机采集鱼类的图像信息,并进行标注以构建数据集,然后采用改进的Faster RCNN 模型,以Mobilenetv2+FPN网络作为特征提取器,实现鱼类的准确识别,并输出包围框表征鱼类个体位置。其次,从框图内选择亮度前20%的像素点作为分割提示点,利用Segment Anything Model对图像进行分割,生成鱼体分割图。最后,通过对鱼体分割图进行椭圆拟合处理,可以判定鱼类的游向信息。改进的Faster RCNN 模型在进行100次迭代训练后,平均精确率达到84.5%,每张图片的检测时间为0.042 s。结果表明,在水面红外图像的鱼类数据集上,所提出的改进Faster RCNN 模型和椭圆拟合等关键技术能够实现对鱼群的自动监测。