福建沿海经济带生态地球化学调查与评价

介绍了福建省沿海经济带生态地球化学调查的主要成果。总体上该区地球化学环境质量优良,Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类土壤占全区总面积的98.44%,Ⅲ类和劣Ⅲ类土壤占全区总面积的1.56%,主要分布在中心城市内,主要污染元素为Hg、Cd、Cu;质量好、适合海水养殖的第一类沉积物样品占92.36%,质量较差的第二类沉积物样品占6.84%;地表水和浅层地下水样中大部分元素处于自然低背景含量状态,部分水样Mn、Fe超标。该区存在的生态地球化学问题有:①山地土壤pH值低,Ca、Mg缺乏;②岛屿、半岛及台地土地贫瘠;③河口平原土壤、海湾沉积物重金属元素含量高。较高的自然背景含量、强酸性的表生环境和工业污染的共同作用,造成部分农产品有害元素含量超标。     

山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查及生态问题浅析

介绍了山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查、评价工作取得的一些基本成果和存在的生态地球化学问题。认为在表生作用或人类活动等因素影响下,表层土壤中Zn、Pb、Cu、Se、Cd、S、P、Hg、N、有机碳(OrgC)等元素或指标含量明显大于深层土壤;该区总体上地球化学环境质量优良,Ⅲ类和劣Ⅲ类土壤仅占全区总面积的0.13%,主要分布在矿集区和城镇周边,超标元素为Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg。浅层地下水大部分元素或指标处于自然低背景含量水平,部分水样的总硬度、溶解性总固体、NO2-、F-含量超标,已不适合饮用。该区存在的生态地球化学问题是:山地丘陵区土壤pH值低;沿海地带土地贫瘠;局部表层土壤重金属明显富集,已对农作物安全产生影响。认为人类活动(采金污染、城市化、工业化发展等)和自然地质背景作用是引起该研究区局部土壤重金属富集的重要原因。     

山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查与评价

介绍了山东省东部地区农业生态地球化学调查与评价工作取得的一些基本成果以及该区存在的生态地球化学问题。调查与评价结果显示,Zn,Pb,Cu,Se,Cd,S,P,Hg,N,OrgC等元素或指标在表生作用或人类活动等因素影响下,使表层土壤含量明显大于深层;总体上该区地球化学环境质量优良,Ⅲ类和劣Ⅲ类土壤仅占全区总面积的0.13%,主要分布在矿集区和城镇周边,主要污染元素为Cd,Cr,Ni,Hg。浅层地下水大部分元素或指标处于自然低背景含量状态,部分水样总硬度超标,溶解性总固体、NO2-和F-等超标,已不适合饮用。该区存在的生态地球化学问题有：①山地丘陵区土壤pH值低,且表层土壤具有向强酸、强碱两极化发展的趋势,易引起重金属元素活化,危害人类健康;②沿海地带土地贫瘠,N,P和有机质等营养水平多属缺乏级;③莱州-烟台和牟平-乳山矿集区以及人口密集的城镇地带表层土壤Hg,Cd,Pb,Zn,Se,S等元素污染严重。地质高背景、酸性的表生环境和工业污染的共同作用,是造成环境中重金属元素含量较高的主要原因。     

山东烟台环境介质中重金属元素富集特征及与酸化土壤的关系

利用山东省烟台市生态地球化学调查及相关专题研究所取得的分析测试数据,通过高灵敏度的识别系统和多参数地球化学评价体系的建立,揭示了在重金属污染区内酸化的土壤环境中Cd、Hg、Pb、As等重金属元素活化迁移的地球化学机制、影响因素,以及浅层地下水和玉米等主要粮食作物籽实中重金属超标的原因及生态危害。与全国土壤基准值和背景值对比,研究区内Cd、Cr、Ni、Pb等元素的基准值相对偏高,Cd、Cr、Pb、Cu、Ni元素的背景值相对较高。As、Cd、Cr、Ni、Hg、Pb等存在于Ⅲ级及Ⅲ类以上土壤,是主要致污因子。典型金矿污染区内浅层地下水和玉米籽实中均检出超标重金属元素,影响浅层地下水环境质量的主要指标是Pb。达到Ⅲ类及以上水质标准的采样点数占研究区总采样点数的3.47%;玉米中的Cd含量相对较高。表层酸性、弱酸性土壤占土壤总面积的55.29%,土壤酸化趋势明显。随着土壤酸化程度的加深和范围扩大,导致土壤耕作层可给性营养元素的损失及某些毒性元素(Cd、Pb等)的释出和活化,提高了土壤中主要污染因子Cd、Hg、Ni、Pb、As等重金属的活化迁移能力;富含有机质的土壤中有利于对Cu、Zn、Pb、Cd的吸收,固重金属元素于土壤中,降低了土壤重金属污染的环境风险水平。研究结果为土壤修复、降低土壤重金属毒性提供了重要的科学依据。     

农田表层土壤中重金属潜在生态风险效应研究

皖江经济区南陵县是我国商品粮生产基地之一,该区农田表层土壤中重金属元素潜在生态风险效应研究对于提高粮食安全具有重要意义。文章以南陵县基本农田区作为主要研究区,按土地质量地球化学调查评价要求,布设和采集了0~20 cm深度的表层土壤样品500组,分别监测了土壤中Cd、Pb、Cr、Hg、As、Cu、Fe、Mn和Zn等重金属含量现状,并采用地质累积指数法和潜在生态风险指数法量化解析了这些重金属在土壤中的潜在生态风险效应。结果表明:（1）土壤中除了Cr元素,其余重金属元素都不同程度存在异常;（2）局部土壤中Cd、Hg和Fe等元素含量存在异常,平均含量分别是所在区域背景值的1.92,1.95,7.13倍,存在潜在生态风险的影响;（3）土壤中重金属元素的潜在生态风险值（平均RI值）为164.5,Cd和Hg元素为主要影响元素。     

浙西球川富硒耕地土壤地球化学特征及地下水影响因素

为系统研究球川富硒区耕地土壤地球化学特征及地下水影响因素,采集了研究区耕地232件表层土壤样和37件地下水样,分析了As、Hg、Cr、Cu、Zn、Ni、Cd、Pb8种重金属和Se等元素含量。通过测试结果统计分析探究了该区富硒土壤地球化学特征。结果表明：区内表层土壤硒含量主要集中于0.2～0.75 mg/kg,平均含量0.41 mg/kg,高于浙江省平均值,且硒含量高值区与荷塘组地层走向分布基本一致;富硒区土壤存在一定重金属污染风险,污染风险主要来自Cd,其次为Cu、As、Ni,Cd点位超标率达7.76%,超标点位分布总体与荷塘组黑色岩系分布位置一致;污染综合评价以清洁为主,占比86.64%,轻度以上污染样品数占总样品数2.57%,总体土壤重金属污染不严重;潜水样检测结果反映该区地下水并未受到污染,pH、Se、Cd、As、Pb、Cu、Zn及Cr6+各项地下水指标均低于《地下水质量标准》（GB/T 1448—2017）IV类限值标准,地下水质量综合评价为IV类。潜水Se、Cd含量与对应土壤Se、Cd含量都不相关,反映Se和重金属元素在土壤中纵向迁移表现不明显。     

安徽省宣城市南部地区土壤重金属元素地球化学特征

利用1∶25万土地质量地球化学调查数据分析和研究了安徽省宣城市南部地区土壤中As、Cd、Cr、Cu、Hg、Ni、Pb、Zn 8种重金属元素的地球化学特征以及重金属异常来源。调查发现地质背景是土壤元素含量的主控因素,调查区表、深层土壤重金属元素含量空间分布特征与地质背景、沉积环境表现出显著的空间一致性,重金属高含量成土母岩(荷塘组、皮园村组、蓝田组等地层)是土壤重金属元素高异常的主要影响因素,此外矿山开采、大气干湿沉降也是土壤重金属高异常的影响因素之一,土壤中Pb、Hg、Cd、Cr元素具有大气干湿沉降的输入来源。调查区土壤重金属污染风险主要影响指标为Cd,土壤Cd超过农用地土壤污染风险管制值的样品比例为2.56%,形态分析结果显示土壤Cd以离子交换态为主,结合农作物调查发现在土壤Cd高异常区存在一定的生态风险。     

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地表层土壤重金属元素分布与生态风险评价

为探索莱州湾南岸滨海湿地表层土壤重金属元素分布和生态风险,采集105件表层土壤样品,分析测定Cu、Cr、Zn、Ni、As、Pb、Cd和Hg 8种重金属元素含量。利用内梅罗综合污染指数法和Hakanson潜在生态危害指数法评价其污染程度,研究结果表明,该地区重金属元素含量均超标,内梅罗综合污染指数显示整体属于中度污染;相关性分析表明,研究区各重金属元素含量之间具有明显的正相关性,其中Cu、Zn、Cd、Pb和As的来源与工农业生产和交通活动相关,Cr、Ni的来源主要受到地质背景和地球化学作用的影响,Hg的来源主要受到大气沉降的影响;研究区土壤重金属元素单因子潜在生态危害程度为Hg>Cd>As>Cu>Pb>Ni>Cr>Zn,其中Hg处于较重危害程度,Cd处于中等危害程度,其他重金属元素处于低危害程度,大部分属于中、低程度生态危害。研究成果可为该地区土壤修复、生态环境保护提供数据支撑。     

山东省威海市区域地质背景下土壤Cd的地球化学特征

为获取威海市区域地质背景下土壤重金属元素Cd的地球化学特征,以区域表层和深层土壤Cd为研究对象进行讨论。统计分析得出Cd区域土壤背景值为0.090×10-6,基准值为0.056×10-6。区域Cd的土壤环境质量较好,全区仅3.42%的表层土壤、1.17%的深层土壤超出国家土壤质量一级标准限值,其中仅1.67%的表层土壤出现污染,超出国家土壤二级标准。研究区土壤Cd的物源主要表现为自然源和人为源两大类。自然源主导区占54.68%,自然属性特征明显,表层和深层土壤Cd的相关性较好,且Cd与其他重金属元素间具有较好的地球化学组合特征;表层土壤Cd的分布主要受母质影响,在丘陵区土壤Cd含量受中生代中酸性侵入岩的分布影响较大,而平原区受第四系沉积物影响较大,其中陆源为主的平原区土壤Cd相对含量较高,与海水有关的平原区Cd含量普遍偏低。人为源主导区占45.32%,自然属性较差,受人为源影响较大,与工矿点等人为活动密集区分布较吻合。     

山东省小清河沿岸土壤重金属污染分布及迁移规律

通过对山东省小清河流域土壤重金属污染现状的调查研究,查明土壤重金属污染状况,元素来源和分布迁移规律,从而为该区土壤重金属污染的科学治理提供有效依据。研究发现,小清河沿岸地区的重金属污染主要表现为As、Cd、Cr、Ni等元素的污染;依据内梅罗污染指数评价方法发现研究区存在重金属污染的土壤总面积为880.5 km2,未受到重金属污染的土壤面积为1 822.1 km2,分别占全区总土壤面积的32.58%和67.42%,其中上游的济南市城区北园镇至华山镇区域的小清河两岸是重污染区。对小清河流域土壤重金属来源的探析表明,大气干湿沉降是土壤重金属污染的主要来源;土壤重金属的生物有效性评价显示重金属元素Cd的活动态比例高达56.17%,活化迁移能力强,是该区对生态环境危害性最大的污染因子。此外,As、Cd、Cr、Pb等重金属元素的活动态含量明显受pH值和Corg含量的制约,在低pH值、高Corg含量的土壤区应高度重视As和Cd的污染问题。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.