不同砧木嫁接对薄皮甜瓜成熟期品质、香气合成相关酶活性及基因表达的影响

【目的】明确不同砧木嫁接对薄皮甜瓜成熟期品质、主要香气组分和含量及相关酶活性与基因表达的影响。【方法】以薄皮甜瓜‘玉美人’为接穗,白籽南瓜‘圣砧1号’(G1)、‘甜砧2号’(G2) 和厚皮甜瓜‘PG22HF1’(G3) 为砧木,测定成熟果实的相关品质及香气合成关键酶活性,并对醇脱氢酶（alcohol dehydrogenase, ADH）和醇酰基转移酶（alcohol acyltransferase, AAT）的基因表达进行实时荧光定量PCR分析。【结果】3种砧木嫁接不同程度地延迟了果实成熟,表现为果实硬度大,果皮颜色退绿慢,可溶性固形物含量低,G2比自根果实延后2 d,而G1和G3延后程度更大。G2砧木嫁接后显著提高了成熟甜瓜果实中非乙酸酯类种类和含量以及乙酸乙酯等主要酯类的含量,其非乙酸酯类含量是花后相同天数自根果实的1.5倍;而其它两个砧木嫁接后显著降低了主要酯类的含量,且3种砧木嫁接果实中均检测到自根果实中没有的草酸烯丙基异己酯。对于成熟一致的果实,嫁接没有显著降低香气合成相关酶活性,而且G2还提高了脂氧合酶（lipoxygenase, LOX）、ADH和AAT的活性,但是,嫁接抑制了香气合成关键酶的基因表达。【结论】不同砧木对成熟果实品质影响不同。‘甜砧2号’利于提高果实品质,其它两个砧木降低了相关品质。嫁接一方面是通过延迟果实成熟而影响果实品质和香气合成相关酶的活性,另一方面,从转录水平降低了香气合成相关酶基因的表达,最终影响果实的香气成分和品质。     

甜瓜不同品种类型芳香物质和营养品质的比较分析

试验采用固相微萃取(SPME)和气相色谱.质谱联用技术(GC-MS)等方法测定了10个不同品种类型的甜瓜芳香物质,结果表明薄皮甜瓜芳香物质的种类比厚皮甜瓜多,在薄皮甜瓜中分离出的芳香物质以乙酸乙酯、乙酸-2-甲基丙酯和乙酸正己酯等乙酸酯类为主;在厚皮甜瓜中,哈密瓜的芳香物质主要以正辛醇、2-辛醇和辛醛等醇醛类物质为主;网纹甜瓜和薄皮型厚皮甜瓜中甜1号以(Z,Z)-3,6-壬二烯醛、(Z)-6-壬烯醛和正壬醇等饱和与不饱和的九碳脂肪醛和脂肪醇为主;光皮型厚皮甜瓜中,白兰瓜和伊丽莎白甜瓜主要以乙酸甲酯、乙酸乙酯和乙酸-2-甲基丙基酯等低分子的酯类物质为主,这与薄皮甜瓜的芳香物质相似,但在白兰瓜和伊丽莎白中没有分离出醛类物质,光皮型厚皮甜瓜心里美2号、元首和天蜜以(Z,Z)-3,6-壬二烯醛、壬醛和正壬醇等饱和与不饱和的九碳脂肪醛和脂肪醇为主.对十个品种的营养品质分析表明,薄皮甜瓜之间的营养品质含量都有显著性差异;在厚皮甜瓜中,光皮型厚皮的营养品质优于其它厚皮甜瓜;薄皮甜瓜的糖酸比显著低于厚皮甜瓜.     

不同类群薄皮甜瓜成熟果实品质及蔗糖代谢相关酶的研究

对五大类群薄皮甜瓜代表品种"玉美人"、"龙甜三号"、"高甜黄金道"、"日本甜宝"和"香沙蜜"等成熟果实品质和蔗糖代谢酶的测定,结果表明,"玉美人"的水分、氨基酸、苹果酸、酒石酸、总的有机酸和蔗糖的含量较高,"高甜黄金道"的果糖含量较高,"日本甜宝"果实的蛋白质、Vc、葡萄糖和总糖含量较高;"日本甜宝"果实的酸性转化酶(AI)活性最强,"龙甜三号"果实的中性转化酶(NI)活性最强,"玉美人"果实的蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SP)活性最强.不同类群薄皮甜瓜的营养品质各具特点,口味各有特色.     

嫁接对薄皮甜瓜糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响

试验选用玉美人、永甜6号薄皮甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)作接穗,世纪星白籽南瓜(Cucurbita moschata Duch.)作砧木,以自根苗为对照,研究嫁接对薄皮甜瓜果实糖含量及蔗糖代谢相关酶活性的影响。结果表明:嫁接提高了薄皮甜瓜果肉中酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)的活性,降低了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)和蔗糖合成酶(SS)的活性;降低了薄皮甜瓜果肉的果糖、葡萄糖、蔗糖和总糖的含量。     

夜间低温对薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及代谢相关酶活性的影响

 【目的】探讨夜间低温胁迫下薄皮甜瓜果实糖代谢的变化规律。【方法】以薄皮甜瓜(Cucumis melo L.)‘玉美人’为试材,利用人工气候室模拟设施生产中的夜间低温胁迫环境,研究夜间低温对薄皮甜瓜果实糖含量及其代谢相关酶活性的影响。【结果】不同的夜间低温胁迫对果实糖含量的影响程度不同。夜间9℃处理3 d后显著降低了果糖和葡萄糖含量,在处理的中后期蔗糖、棉籽糖和水苏糖含量才显著降低而肌醇半乳糖苷无显著差异;同时,夜间9℃处理3 d后,果实中总糖含量极显著低于对照,且随处理时间的延长差异更大;夜间9℃处理3～12 d,果实中淀粉含量明显高于对照。夜间12℃处理对果实中可溶性糖含量无明显影响,但明显增加了淀粉含量,且后期差异极显著。从不同的夜间低温对果实内糖代谢相关酶活性的影响来看,夜间9℃处理增强了酸性转化酶（AI）、中性转化酶（NI）、碱性α-半乳糖苷酶活性,降低了蔗糖合成酶（SS）、蔗糖磷酸合成酶（SPS）活性,差异均达到显著或极显著水平。夜间12℃处理对各种酶活性影响不大,差异不显著。【结论】夜间9℃处理严重影响薄皮甜瓜果实糖积累及其代谢相关酶活性;夜间12℃处理对果实糖积累及其代谢相关酶活性无明显影响,夜间12℃可能是薄皮甜瓜果实中糖代谢发生改变的临界低温。以上表明,夜间9℃胁迫条件下,薄皮甜瓜果实中蔗糖代谢、水苏糖代谢及淀粉代谢能力的下降共同影响果实的膨大生长和品质。     

5个薄皮甜瓜品种的比较

通过亭林雪瓜、禾山密宝、嘉丰青皮绿肉甜瓜、青皮绿肉甜瓜和脆甜5个甜瓜品种比较试验,结果表明:亭林雪瓜品质好,产值最高,达107250元/hm2,比其他品种增收4%～48.6%。     

庆阳市薄皮甜瓜栽培优势品种及其特征特性

近年来,薄皮甜瓜种植成为促进庆阳地区农业增效、农民增收的优势产业之一。品种决定品质,为了更好地满足种植户对优质高产甜瓜品种的需求,通过引选、实地调查研究,筛选出10个适宜庆阳地区栽培的优势薄皮甜瓜品种,介绍了其特征特性,以期为瓜农选择薄皮甜瓜品种提供参考。     

甜瓜成熟过程中芳香物质形成及其与乙烯的关系

为了研究不同品种甜瓜果实成熟过程中香气物质成分,采用顶空固相微萃取技术(HSSPME)提取不同品种甜瓜果实成熟过程中的香气成分,用气相色谱质谱联用仪(GC-MS)进行测定分析。结果表明,Elizabeth和创新1号甜瓜在果实未成熟时期的芳香物质以醛类和醇类物质为主。之后是醛类和醇类物质向酯类物质转化的时期。甜瓜果实成熟期香气成分以酯类物质为主,仅有少量的醛类和醇类物质。同时研究了2种甜瓜成熟过程中乙烯的释放、乙烯合成前体及其合成关键酶活性的差异对芳香物质形成的影响,随着果实成熟,乙烯大量释放,芳香物质也发生明显变化,不同成熟阶段的甜瓜果实芳香物质无论从种类还是含量上都具有显著的差异。说明乙烯在调控香气生成中有重要作用,内源乙烯的自动催化使乙烯生成增加进而促进香气物质生成的增加。     

湖州6个薄皮甜瓜品种比较试验

在湖州对6个品种的薄皮甜瓜进行比较试验,结果表明:甜蜜宝品种,果皮淡黄色,扁圆形,果实发育期33 d,单果重0.60 kg,中心可溶性固形物最高,为13.57％,质地松脆,食用口感佳,667 m2产量为1449 kg;湖香1号品种,乳白色果皮,圆柱形,果实发育期32 d,单果重0.47 kg,中心可溶性固形物含量12....     

薄皮甜瓜果实相关性状的灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联分析法对15个薄皮甜瓜品种的9个果实相关性状进行了分析。结果表明,与产量关联度最大的性状是单果重、果肉厚和种子千粒重;与单果重关联度最大的性状是果肉厚、首花节位和种子千粒重;与可溶性固形物含量关联度最大的性状是首花节位、果横径和种子千粒重;与果形指数关联度最大的性状是果纵径、单果重和首花节位。     

Co-Treatment of EFF and 1-MCP for Enhancing the Shelf-Life and Aroma Volatile Compounds of Oriental Sweet Melons （Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino）

Compared to other melon types, oriental sweet melon （Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino） is quite a different species with a shorter shelf-life due to its typical climacteric behavior and thin pericarp. The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of co- treatment of enhanced freshness formulation （EFF） and 1-methylcyclopropene （1-MCP） on physiological changes and the content of aroma volatile compounds introduced by them of two oriental sweet melon cultivars （Yumeiren and Tianbao） during storage. The melons were stored in incubators with temperature of 15~C and a relative humidity of 85% for 24 d during which fruit quality and related physiological index were measured. Compared to the control, both treatments delayed fruit weight loss rate and kept the fruit firmness, water content and soluble solids content. Ascorbate peroxidase （APX） and phenylalanine ammonia lyase （PAL） activities showed fluctuations in treated melons, while lipoxygenase （LOX） activity （P〈0.01） and malondialdehyde （MDA） content （P〈0.05） decreased compared to control. During the early stage of storage, alcohols and aldehydes were the main volatile compounds, and esters gradually increased during storage. Of all the esters, acetic esters were the main components, followed by oxalic acid esters and other esters. The total content of aroma volatile compounds, esters, alcohols and aldehydes of co-treated melons were all higher than those of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In addition, the aroma volatile peak of co-treated melons occurred later than that of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In summary, co-treatment of EFF and 1-MCP was more beneficial than 1-MCP treatment to delay ripening and senescence, maintain fruit quality, enhance shelf-life and improve levels of aroma volatile compounds.     

Co-Treatment of EFF and 1-MCP for Enhancing the Shelf-Life and Aroma Volatile Compounds of Oriental Sweet Melons (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino)

Compared to other melon types, oriental sweet melon (Cucumis melo var. makuwa Makino) is quite a different species with a shorter shelf-life due to its typical climacteric behavior and thin pericarp. The purpose of this experiment is to explore the effects of co- treatment of enhanced freshness formulation (EFF) and 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) on physiological changes and the content of aroma volatile compounds introduced by them of two oriental sweet melon cultivars (Yumeiren and Tianbao) during storage. The melons were stored in incubators with temperature of 15°C and a relative humidity of 85% for 24 d during which fruit quality and related physiological index were measured. Compared to the control, both treatments delayed fruit weight loss rate and kept the fruit firmness, water content and soluble solids content. Ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) activities showed fluctuations in treated melons, while lipoxygenase (LOX) activity (P<0.01) and malondialdehyde (MDA) content (P<0.05) decreased compared to control. During the early stage of storage, alcohols and aldehydes were the main volatile compounds, and esters gradually increased during storage. Of all the esters, acetic esters were the main components, followed by oxalic acid esters and other esters. The total content of aroma volatile compounds, esters, alcohols and aldehydes of co-treated melons were all higher than those of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In addition, the aroma volatile peak of co-treated melons occurred later than that of 1-MCP treated and control melons. In summary, co-treatment of EFF and 1-MCP was more beneficial than 1-MCP treatment to delay ripening and senescence, maintain fruit quality, enhance shelf-life and improve levels of aroma volatile compounds.     

沿江地区薄皮甜瓜秋延大棚栽培关键技术研究

根据沿江地区秋季高温多雨的气候特点,从良种选择、育苗、整地、定植、田间管理和采收等方面总结了薄皮甜瓜秋延大棚栽培关键技术,以期为生产者提供指导和参考。     

接种枯萎病菌对甜瓜木质素合成相关酶活性及CmCADs表达的影响

【目的】明确接种枯萎病菌对甜瓜幼苗植株表型、木质素含量、木质素合成相关酶活性及肉桂醇脱氢酶（cinnamy alcohol dehydrogenase,CAD）基因表达的影响,找出响应枯萎病菌的CmCADs成员。【方法】选用抗枯萎病品种薄皮甜瓜‘彩虹7号’为试验材料。在甜瓜幼苗长至“三叶一心”时接种枯萎病菌-尖孢镰刀菌(Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. melonis)。以长势相同的健康植株浇灌等量无菌水为对照。在接种后0、1、3、5、7和9 d观察甜瓜植株表型变化,并测定其营养器官中的木质素含量、木质素合成关键酶（苯丙氨酸解氨酶（PAL）、过氧化物酶（POD）和CAD）活性及CmCADs的表达量。【结果】接种枯萎病菌后,甜瓜植株表型发生明显变化。在接种枯萎病菌后5 d甜瓜植株叶片出现轻微萎蔫,接种后9 d植株全部叶片均已萎蔫。甜瓜营养器官中木质素含量及木质素合成相关酶PAL、POD和CAD活性在接种枯萎病菌后与对照相比均有不同程度的升高。其中木质素含量在根、茎和叶中呈现出一致的变化趋势,即木质素含量均随着接种枯萎病菌后天数的延长而增加,且显著高于对照。PAL活性在甜瓜根和茎中呈现先升高后下降的变化趋势,在叶片中整体呈现升高的趋势且显著高于对照。POD活性在各时期均高于对照并呈现出不同的变化趋势。CAD活性在甜瓜根、茎、叶中变化趋势一致,均呈现先升高后下降的趋势。接种枯萎病菌后,CmCADs各成员在甜瓜营养器官中的表达表现出组织特异性。根中除CmCAD4外,其他4个成员均在接种后7 d受强烈诱导。茎中各成员均无表达,而叶中CmCAD2和CmCAD5在接种后5 d受到强烈诱导。【结论】与对照相比,甜瓜营养器官中木质素含量及木质素合成相关酶PAL、POD和CAD活性在接种后均升高,表明木质素合成途径可能在甜瓜抵御枯萎病中起重要作用,根和叶中均受枯萎病菌诱导表达的CmCAD2和CmCAD5可能是响应枯萎病菌的CmCADs成员,并在甜瓜抗枯萎病中起一定作用。     

嫁接对薄皮甜瓜果皮和果肉中主要酯类、游离氨基酸及酯类合成相关酶活性的影响

目的研究嫁接对薄皮甜瓜不同发育时期果皮和果肉中主要酯类、氨基酸以及相关酶活性的影响,以期明确嫁接对薄皮甜瓜果实中芳香物质影响的初步机制,并阐明氨基酸与酯类物质形成的关系。方法利用固相微萃取法(SPME)和气相色谱法(GC)结合定量检测4种主要挥发性酯类物质含量,测定游离氨基酸的种类和含量及酯类合成关键酶醇脱氢酶(ADH)和醇酰基转移酶(AAT)活性。结果嫁接提高了果皮和果肉中乙酸乙酯含量,降低了乙酸己酯和乙酸苯甲酯含量;提高了果皮中乙酸-2-甲基-1-丁酯含量,但降低了其在果肉中含量。共检测到16种游离氨基酸,氨基酸含量随着果实成熟逐渐升高,且嫁接果实氨基酸含量在前期高于自根,而在发育中后期低于自根,并验证了缬氨酸、亮氨酸、异亮氨酸参与了乙酸-2-甲基-1-丁酯的合成。嫁接极显著地降低了果皮中ADH和AAT活性,显著降低了果肉中AAT和ADH活性。结论嫁接改变了甜瓜果皮和果肉中主要酯类含量,成熟期果皮中酯类含量高于果肉。嫁接使大部分游离氨基酸含量降低,其中部分氨基酸参与了支链酯类的合成。嫁接总体上降低了ADH和AAT活性。     

Effects of abiotic stress and hormones on the expressions of five13-CmLOXs and enzyme activity in oriental melon(Cucumis melo var.makuwa Makino)

Lipoxygenases(LOXs) are a group of non-heme,iron-containing enzymes and extensively involved in plant growth and development,ripening and senescence,stress responses,biosynthesis of regulatory molecules and defense reaction.In our previous study,18 LOXs in melon genome were screened and identified,and five 13-LOX genes(CmLOX08,CmLOX10,CmLOX12,CmLOX13 and CmLOX18) were predicted to locate in chloroplast.Phylogenetic analysis result showed that the five genes have high homology with jasmonic acid(JA) biosynthesis-related LOXs from other plants.In addition,promoter analysis revealed that motifs of the five genes participate in gene expression regulated by hormones and stresses.Therefore,we analyzed the expressions of the five genes and LOX activity in leaves of four-leaf stage seedlings of oriental melon cultivar Yumeiren under abiotic stress:wounding,cold,high temperature and hydrogen peroxide(H_2O_2),and signal molecule treatments:methyl jasmonate(MeJA),abscisic acid(ABA) and salicylic acid(SA).Real time qPCR revealed that wounding and H_2O_2 induced the expressions of all the five genes.Only CmLOX08 was induced by cold while only CmLOX13 was suppressed by high temperature.ABA induced the expressions of CmLOXIO and CmLOX12 while inhibited CmLOX13 and CmLOX18.MeJA increased the 3 genes expressions except CmLOX08 and CmLOX13,whereas SA decreased the effect,apart from CmLOX12.All the abiotic stresses and signal molecules treatments increased the LOX activity in leaves of oriental melon.In summary,the results suggest that the five genes have diverse functions in abiotic stress and hormone responses,and might participate in defense response.The data generated in this study will be helpful in subcellular localization and transgenic experiment to understand their precise roles in plant defense response.     

月季切花水插期间的呼吸、乙烯和酶活性的变化

为了研究月季切花的保鲜问题 ,生理变化规律 ,采用红外气体分析仪 ,气相色谱仪对月季切花的呼吸速率、乙烯生成率等生理指标进行了测定 .结果表明 :月季切花水插期间的呼吸速率与内源乙烯生成率呈缓慢下降——上升——再下降趋势 ,且有峰值的变化 ;可溶性蛋白质在插花后的 72 h前不断上升 ,以后逐渐下降 ;过氧化物酶活性总体为不断上升趋势 ;不同瓣位花瓣表现出从外花瓣到内化瓣逐渐衰老的生理特点     

盐胁迫对3种甘薯品种抗氧化酶及可溶性蛋白含量的影响

[目的]研究NaCl胁迫对3个品种甘薯(Dioscorea esculenta)抗氧化酶和可溶性蛋白含量的影响,探讨其耐盐性机理。[方法]以徐薯25、徐薯26和徐薯18为材料,分析浇灌不同浓度(0、50、100、150、200 mmol/L)NaCl后其幼苗超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性、丙二醛(MDA)含量及可溶性蛋白含量。[结果]随着NaCl浓度增大,徐薯25、徐薯26和徐薯18幼苗的SOD活性、CAT活性和可溶性蛋白质含量呈现先增后减的趋势,而MDA含量均呈现上升的趋势。其中徐薯18的各项指标与其他2个品种存在很大差异,显示出良好的耐盐能力。[结论]徐薯18的耐盐性最高,徐薯26次之,徐薯25较差,这可为甘薯耐盐栽培和扩大种植提供科学指导。     

硒对镉胁迫下不同基因型油菜镉积累、光合特性及抗氧化活性的影响

为研究硒对油菜镉毒害的缓解作用,采用水培实验研究了硒(0.3 mg·L^-1)对镉(0.5 mg·L^-1)胁迫下不同基因型("WH-19"和"WH-95")油菜镉含量、光合特性及抗氧化活性的影响。结果表明:与镉单施相比,硒的添加并未显著改变"WH-19"油菜根、茎、叶中镉含量,显著降低了"WH-95"油菜根、茎、叶中镉含量,分别降低了8.51%、34.61%和46.14%;"WH-19"的净光合速率和蒸腾速率显著提高,分别提高了18.96%和22.77%,气孔导度略有提高,胞间二氧化碳浓度显著降低至镉单独作用时的72.61%;"WH-95"的净光合速率和蒸腾速率略有提高,气孔导度无显著变化,胞间二氧化碳浓度显著降低为镉单独作用时的85.96%;"WH-19"的SOD活性显著降低了29.03%,CAT活性和POD活性无显著变化;"WH-95"的CAT活性略有提高,为镉单独作用时的1.09倍,SOD活性和POD活性无显著变化。硒对镉胁迫下不同基因型油菜镉含量和抗氧化酶活性的影响不同,而对2个品种油菜光合特性的影响趋势基本一致,不同基因型油菜的光合能力均得到提高,缓解了镉对油菜的毒害。