Bimorph piezoelectric vibration energy harvester with flexible 3D meshed-core structure for low frequency vibration

This paper proposes a bimorph piezoelectric vibration energy harvester (PVEH) with a flexible 3D meshed-core elastic layer for improving the output power while lowering the resonance frequency. Owing to the high void ratio of the 3D meshed-core structure, the bending stiffness of the cantilever can be lowered. Thus, the deflection of the harvester and the strain in the piezoelectric layer increase. According to vibration tests, the resonance frequency is 15.8% lower and the output power is 68% higher than in the conventional solid-core PVEH. Compared to the solid-core PVEH, the proposed meshed-core PVEH (10 mm × 20 mm × 280 μm) has 1.3 times larger tip deflection and the maximum output power is 24.6 μW under resonance condition at 18.7 Hz and 0.2G acceleration. Hence it can be used as a power supply for low-power-consumption sensor nodes in wireless sensor networks.     

基于双ZnO薄膜单元并联结构的微型压电振动能量采集器(英文)

报道了一种基于ZnO压电薄膜双单元结构的压电式微型振动能量采集器,其中的双压电元件是并联结构.采用射频磁控溅射技术制备ZnO压电薄膜,同时,该压电式振动能量采集器采用微加工技术制作.测试表明该器件的共振频率为1 300 Hz,基于ZnO薄膜双单元并联结构的压电式振动能量采集器比起具有同样尺寸的传统型压电振动能量采集器有更高的输出性能.在频率为1 300 Hz,加速度为10 m/s2的外界振动激励下,该压电式振动能量采集器在1 MΩ负载电阻上产生的电压为2.06 V;当负载电阻为0.6 MΩ时,输出功率最大为1.25μW.     

Electromagnetic energy harvester for harvesting acoustic energy

This paper reports a suspended coil, electromagnetic acoustic energy harvester (AEH) for extracting acoustical energy. The developed AEH comprises Helmholtz resonator (HR), a wound coil bonded to a flexible membrane and a permanent magnet placed in a magnet holder. The harvester’s performance is analyzed under different sound pressure levels (SPLs) both in laboratory and in real environment. In laboratory, when connected to 50 Ω load resistance and subjected to an SPL of 100 dB, the AEH generated a peak load voltage of 198.7 mV at the resonant frequency of 319 Hz. When working under the optimum load resistance, the AEH generated an optimum load power of 789.65 µW. In real environment, the developed AEH produced a maximum voltage of 25 mV when exposed to the acoustic noise of a motorcycle and generated an optimum voltage of 60 mV when it is placed in the surroundings of a domestic electrical generator.     

磁力非线性耦合的I-L组合压电梁俘能器发电性能试验研究EI北大核心CSCD

针对线性的压电振动俘能器俘能频带过窄,输出较低等问题,提出了一种磁力非线性耦合的I-L组合压电梁俘能器。俘能器由带永磁铁的I型压电梁和L型压电梁组成,可通过调节两永磁铁间的水平距离,得到不同的非线性磁力耦合效应。试验结果表明:存在最优电阻使压电俘能系统的输出功率最大;对比无磁力系统,磁力耦合的I-L组合压电梁俘能器共振频率发生了明显的偏移:I型压电梁向左偏移,L型压电梁向右偏移,拓宽了系统的俘能频带;当激励加速度为0.2 g水平距离为20 mm、激振频率为18.4 Hz时,俘能器最大可得到1.2 mW的输出功率。     

宽频压电振动能量采集器的力-电输出特性分析

压电振动能量采集器是一种新型的力(加速度)-电耦合转换输出器件,为了提高单自由度悬臂梁压电振动能量采集器的输出功率和工作频带,通过在单自由度悬臂梁压电振动能量采集器模型基础上增加一个弹性放大器的方法,构造形成了具有两自由度的宽频压电振动能量采集器。利用ANSYS有限元软件建立了宽频压电能量采集器的有限元力-电耦合模型,数值分析了模型中各参数(如质量比、阻尼比以及负载电阻等)对系统力特性(速度、加速度等)和电输出特性(电压、电流、输出功率等)的影响。研究结果表明：大的质量比和小的阻尼比能够提高压电悬臂梁能量采集器的输出功率并拓展其工作频带;短路谐振状态下的匹配电阻能够使能量采集器产生较大的输出电流,而开路谐振状态的匹配电阻能够使能量采集器产生较大的输出电压,优化后的短路谐振和开路谐振最大输出功率分别达到4386.5 mW/g2和4263.4 mW/g2。频带宽度达到10 Hz,且是SDOF系统的5倍。     

A Vibration-Based PMN-PT Energy Harvester

We report design, modeling, analysis, and experimental study of a vibration-based piezoelectric energy harvester. The energy harvester is made of a composite cantilever of a single crystal relaxor ferroelectric material, $(1-x)$Pb(Mg $_{1/3}$Nb $_{2/3}$)O $_{3-x}$PbTiO $_3$ (PMN-PT), and a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) base layer. A PDMS proof mass is constructed at the tip of the composite cantilever beam and is used as a means to tune the system natural frequency. The use of the PMN-PT piezoelectric material and an interdigited electrodes (IDEs) design improves the energy conversion efficiency. A dynamic systems modeling approach is employed to analyze the responses and the performance of the harvester design. We have demonstrated that a prototype of the harvester with a size of 7.4 mm $,times,$2 mm $,times,$110 $mu$m outputs a voltage of 10 V (0.3 mW power) under a vibration excitation with a peak-to-peak amplitude of 1 mm at a frequency around 1.3 kHz. Based on the experimental results, the power density prediction of the proposed harvester design shows a superior performance than that of the other reported piezoelectric harvesters.      

Low-frequency meandering piezoelectric vibration energy harvester

The design, fabrication, and characterization of a novel low-frequency meandering piezoelectric vibration energy harvester is presented. The energy harvester is designed for sensor node applications where the node targets a width-to-length aspect ratio close to 1:1 while simultaneously achieving a low resonant frequency. The measured power output and normalized power density are 118 μW and 5.02 μW/mm(3)/g(2), respectively, when excited by an acceleration magnitude of 0.2 g at 49.7 Hz. The energy harvester consists of a laser-machined meandering PZT bimorph. Two methods, strain-matched electrode (SME) and strain-matched polarization (SMP), are utilized to mitigate the voltage cancellation caused by having both positive and negative strains in the piezoelectric layer during operation at the meander's first resonant frequency. We have performed finite element analysis and experimentally demonstrated a prototype harvester with a footprint of 27 x 23 mm and a height of 6.5 mm including the tip mass. The device achieves a low resonant frequency while maintaining a form factor suitable for sensor node applications. The meandering design enables energy harvesters to harvest energy from vibration sources with frequencies less than 100 Hz within a compact footprint.     

悬臂梁压电振动能采集器的集总参数模型和实验验证

压电振动能采集器是无线传感节点的一种理想电源,近年来受到广泛关注．考虑质量块和逆压电效应影响,建立了在基础激励作用下的悬臂梁压电振动能采集器的集总参数运动微分方程,得到了采集器固有频率的解析表达式．引入了2个反映压电层连接方式的常数,建立了对单压电层、双压电层并联和双压电层串联的悬臂梁压电振动能采集器均适用的耦合电路方程．求解以上方程,得到了简谐基础激励下的输出电压表达式．实验结果表明,固有频率和输出电压表达式的相对误差分别小于10％和20％．     

Optimal design of cubic nonlinear energy harvester device for random vibrations

Linear energy harvesters have a narrow frequency bandwidth and hence operate efficiently only when the excitation frequency is very close to the fundamental frequency of the harvester. Consequently, small variations of the excitation frequency around the harvester’s fundamental frequency drop the energy output making the harvesting process inefficient. To extend the harvester’s bandwidth, some recent solutions call for using electromechanical devices with stiffness-type nonlinearities. This work deals with the optimisation of the performance of a single degree-of-freedom electromagnetic energy harvester whose mechanical behaviour has a Duffing-type nonlinearity, as for suspended masses, to reduce the size of energy harvesting devices without affecting their power output. The vibration input is assumed as a broadband Gaussian white noise base acceleration. It is analytically shown that the optimum load resistance of the device is different to that which is dictated by the principle of impedance matching.     

基于宽频-多模态的复合俘能器的解析模型与实验研究

为提高单频压电振动俘能器的能量转换效率和工作频带,结合压电和电磁能量转换机制,提出了一种新的混合俘能器系统。该系统由PZT悬臂梁、弹性悬挂磁铁块、粘附于悬臂梁末端磁铁块及谐振器等组成,引入谐振器及磁铁可实现增加系统模态数量和非线性。基于此混合振动俘能器建立了改进型连续体机电耦合解析模型,并由龙格-库塔算法进行了求解。在此基础上,研制了振动俘能器原理样机,并搭建了实验系统,通过实验和解析评估方法完成了单一式和复合式俘能器性能比对和评估;研究表明,所研究的混合型振动俘能器相对常规振动能量俘集原理可实现较宽的频率范围及多模态振动能量俘集,且能量俘集效率明显提高,具有较好的应用前景。     

Dynamic bending/torsion and output power of S-shaped piezoelectric energy harvesters

This paper studies the dynamic electromechanical response of S-shaped piezoelectric energy harvesters both numerically and experimentally. The resonant frequency and output voltage of the harvesters excited by bending/torsion vibration were analyzed by three dimensional finite element method. The resonant frequency and output voltage were also measured, and a comparison was made between analysis and experiment. The effects of waviness ratio, proof mass and load resistance on the dynamic electromechanical fields and output power were then discussed in detail.     

Growth and electrical characterization of the lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate (PMN-PT) single crystals for piezoelectric devices

The lead magnesium niobate-lead titanate is one of the new generations of piezoelectric materials with outstanding properties. Single crystals of 0.67Pb(Mg_1/3Nb_2/3)O₃-0.33PbTiO₃ (PMN-PT) show superior properties as compared to piezoelectric ceramics and piezoelectric films in device applications. Large size crystals are required for specific applications. Previously, transparent and high quality PMN-PT single crystals have been grown in our laboratory using the high temperature flux method. The size of the obtained crystals was small and varied from 2 to 8 mm³, mostly showing regular prismatic shape. In present attempt, PMN-PT crystals are grown from the vertical gradient freeze method with no flux using congruent melt. Processing conditions and growth parameters have been optimized to increase the size and yield of the perovskite crystals including cooling rate, soak time and soak temperature. The size of the grown crystals obtained by this method is very large relatively and varied from 5 to 30 mm³. The microstructure of the as grown single crystals is investigated by scanning electron microscopy. Piezoelectric properties of the grown crystals are also investigated. PMN-PT plates show excellent piezoelectric properties. Samples were poled under an applied electric field of 5 kV/cm. Dielectric properties at a frequency of 1 kHz are examined. Finally, the variation of pyroelectric coefficient with temperature is studied. The grown PMN-PT crystals show typical relaxor dielectric properties.     

间接激励压电发电机的建模仿真与试验研究

为满足旋转机械监测系统的自供电需求、解决现有压电发电机可靠性低及有效带宽窄等问题,提出一种基于移动凸轮间接激励并限幅的旋转式压电发电机(简称间接激励压电发电机).介绍了发电机的结构原理并进行了建模仿真与试验测试,获得了激励磁铁数量比、凸轮升程及升角对激振力形式/幅值、压电振子变形量/输出电压及发电机带宽等的影响规律.结...     

一次逆、二次正压电效应在自感知执行器上的应用

提出利用一次逆、二次正压电效应为同一压电体内的双向效应原理,进行传感器与执行器集成一体化——自感知执行器的研究.即利用一次逆压电效应输出一个微位移,作为执行器使用;利用二次正压电效应的输出电荷自感知执行器的输出位移,作为传感器使用.在准静态（电压0～50V）和低频（电压100V,频率10Hz）条件下,分别进行了一次逆压电效应输出位移、二次正压电效应输出电压的实验,并将得到的数据进行归一化处理.实验结果表明,通过测量二次正压电效应产生的电荷能够较好地自感知一次逆压电效应产生的位移.     

Sunset yellow dyed triglycine sulfate single crystals: enhanced thermal,mechanical, optical and di-/piezo-/ferro-/pyro-electric properties

Single crystals of pure and sunset yellow (SSY) dye doped (0.05 mol%) triglycine sulphate (TGS) were grown by slow evaporation solution technique with the vision to improve the properties of pure TGS crystal. The external morphology of TGS crystal was deduced from its internal crystal structure by using two of the well established models, namely Bravais–Friedel–Donnay–Harker model (B–F–D–H) and Hartman–Perdok (H–P) periodic-bound chain (PBC) vectors model. The selective nature of sunset yellow dye to selectively stain the particular growth sectors of TGS crystal was studied. The structural analysis of both the crystals was carried out using powder XRD and FTIR studies. UV–Vis–NIR spectroscopy was carried out on both pure and SSY dyed TGS crystals to study their linear optical properties and various optical parameters namely optical band gap, refractive index, extinction coefficient and optical conductivity were determined. The thermal stability, melting point, ferro- to para-electric transition temperature, piezoelectric charge coefficient, ferroelectricity and mechanical hardness got enhanced as an effect of SSY dye doping in TGS matrix. The piezoelectric conversion efficiency (d₂₂) got enhanced from ~?56 pm/V for pure TGS single crystal to ~?85 pm/V for SSY doped TGS single crystal. The true-remanent polarization was determined for dyed TGS crystal using ‘Remanent Hysteresis Task’ which showed the presence of very small contributions of non-switchable components. ‘Time-Dependent Compensated (TDC)’ hysteresis task revealed the absence of resistive leakage in SSY-Doped TGS crystal. The pyroelectric coefficient got enhanced from ~?761 µCm^?2/°C for pure TGS single crystal to ~?850 µCm^?2/°C for SSY doped TGS single crystal. Comparative optical, mechanical, dielectric, piezoelectric, ferroelectric and pyroelectric studies provide useful scientific information of an important class of TGS crystals and suggest SSY-Doped TGS crystal as a better alternative than pure TGS crystal for various opto-electronics and ferroelectric devices applications.     

Effect of subgrade on piezoelectric energy harvesting under traffic loads

Piezoelectric energy harvesting in roads generated by traffic loads was theoretically and experimentally investigated, and an indoor model of a layered road for piezoelectric transformation was developed using the traffic load model groove. Elastic double-layer beams resting on the subgrade soil were used to consider piezoelectric energy harvesting under traffic loads. Based on the vibration differential equations of elastic double-layer beams, the electromechanical equation was obtained using the Fourier transform. The experimental results of the piezoelectric energy harvesting were close to the theoretical ones, which indicated that the proposed method was useful in predicting piezoelectric energy harvesting from roads under traffic loads. The results also show that the influence of the transducer position on the output voltage and power should be considered, and that the thickness of the concrete panel and the condition of the subgrade soil can affect the output voltage and output power of the piezoelectric transducer. Moreover, the electrical energy was proportional to the vibration frequency and the excitation load.     

Conjuncted Pyro‐Piezoelectric Effect for Self‐Powered Simultaneous Temperature and Pressure Sensing

Ferroelectric materials use both the pyroelectric effect and piezoelectric effect for energy conversion. A ferroelectric BaTiO₃‐based pyro‐piezoelectric sensor system is demonstrated to detect temperature and pressure simultaneously. The voltage signal of the device is found to enhance with increasing temperature difference with a sensitivity of about 0.048 V °C^?1 and with applied pressure with a sensitivity of about 0.044 V kPa^?1. Moreover, no interference appears in the output voltage signals when piezoelectricity and pyroelectricity are conjuncted in the device. A novel 4 × 4 array sensor system is developed to sense real‐time temperature and pressure variations induced by a finger. This system has potential applications in machine intelligence and man–machine interaction.     

多方向压电振动能量收集装置及其优化设计

摘要：为实现对不同方向环境振动能量的收集,提出了一种新颖的多方向振动能量收集装置的设计结构,装置的换能部分采用了一种Rainbow型压电结构。为提高多方向振动能量收集装置收集能量的效果,以多方向振动能量收集装置输出的总电能为目标函数,综合考虑金属弹性基片的强度、装置振动的固有频率及装置的尺寸空间要求等多种因素,采用序列二次规划法对能量收集装置的结构参数进行了优化。该多方向振动能量收集装置经过优化后,在Y向激励时,其输出的总电能为37.146μJ,比优化前提高了30.82%,当沿装置体对角线方向激励时,结构装置输出的总电能为58.715μJ,比优化前提高了29.24%,装置的能量收集效果得到了明显提高。分析结果为多方向振动能量收集装置的设计、制造及应用提供了技术依据。     

Simulation Guided Coaxial Electrospinning of Polyvinylidene Fluoride Hollow Fibers with Tailored Piezoelectric Performance

Electrospun polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) piezoelectric fibers have high potential applicability in mechanical energy harvesting and self-powered sensing owing to their high electromechanical coupling capabilities. Strategies for tailoring fiber morphology have been the primary focus for realizing enhanced piezoelectric output. However, the relationship between piezoelectric performance and fiber structure remains unclear. This study fabricates PVDF hollow fibers through coaxial electrospinning, whose wall thickness can be tuned by changing the internal solution concentration. Simulation analysis demonstrates an increased effective deformation of the hollow fiber as enlarging inner diameter, resulting in enhanced piezoelectric output, which is in excellent agreement with the experimental results. This study is the first to unravel the influence mechanism of morphology regulation of a PVDF hollow fiber on its piezoelectric performance from both simulation and experimental aspects. The optimal PVDF hollow fiber piezoelectric energy harvester (PEH) delivers a piezoelectric output voltage of 32.6 V, ≈3 times that of the solid PVDF fiber PEH. Furthermore, the electrical output of hollow fiber PEH can be stably stored in secondary energy storage systems to power microelectronics. This study highlights an efficient approach for reconciling the simulation and tailoring the fiber PEH morphology for enhanced performances for future self-powered systems.     

Single crystal PMN-PT/epoxy 1-3 composite for energy-harvesting application

One key parameter in using electroactive materials to harvest electric energy from mechanical sources is the energy conversion efficiency. Recently, it was shown that, in the relaxor ferroelectric PMN-PT single crystals, a very high longitudinal electromechanical coupling factor (>90%) can be obtained. This paper investigates energy harvesting using 1-3 composites of PMN-PT single crystals in a soft epoxy matrix. It is shown that 1-3 composites enable the single crystals operating in the longitudinal mode to achieve high efficiency for energy harvesting, and the soft-polymer, matrix-supported single-crystal rods maintain high mechanical integrity under different external loads. For comparison, 1-3 composites with piezoceramic PZT also are investigated in energy-harvesting applications, and the results show that the high coupling factor of single crystal PMN-PT 1-3 composites leads to much higher electric energy output for similar mechanical energy input. The harvested energy density of 1-3 composite with single crystal (22.1 mW/cm3 under a stress of 40.4 MPa) is about twice of that harvested with PZT ceramic 1-3 composite (12 mW/cm3 under a stress of 39 MPa). At a higher stress level, the harvested-energy density of 1-3 PMN-PT single crystal composite can reach 96 mW/cm3.