从红河剪切带走滑运动看东亚大陆新生代构造

用U-Pb法对红河剪切带左行走滑运动进行了精细年代学分析,确定这一运动时期至少是从35Ma到22Ma,与南海张开的时间大致吻合。将这两个事件联系在一起,提出在太平洋板块加速俯冲的作用下,南海作为主动盆地发生的扩张活动,引起华南板块在晚白垩世到中新世中期发生了由SE向NW方向的运动,与印度板块一起推挤三角形青藏高原,使其发生第一次的隆升。与此同时,华南内部及周边地区发生强烈变形。印支块体在其两侧的印度和华南板块共同挤压下,向东南滑出,沿红河剪切带发生左行走滑运动。     

琼西南 NE向韧性剪切带构造特征及其40Ar-39Ar年代学约束

野外构造解析和显微构造分析表明,琼西南戈枕和冲卒岭两条近NE向韧性剪切带具NW向SE推覆兼NE向左旋剪切特征。采自戈枕和冲卒岭韧性剪切带内糜棱岩样品中的单矿物的40Ar-39Ar年代学研究表明,戈枕韧性剪切带04HN04样品中黑云母的40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为(227.4±0.2)Ma,冲卒岭韧性剪切带04HN24样品中的白云母给出了(229.6±0.3)Ma的坪年龄,均为印支期变形产物。上述两条剪切带的变形运动学和变形时序与华南内陆主要韧性剪切带(如雪峰山地区)具有很好的一致性,这为理解琼西南地区早中生代构造演化和华南印支块体拼合历史及其效应提供了新的信息。     

南海打开模式:右行走滑拉分与古南海俯冲拖曳

南海作为东亚大陆边缘最大的边缘海,位于太平洋、印澳和欧亚三个板块的夹持之下,处于特提斯构造域和太平洋构造域的联合作用部位,是揭示新生代两大动力学体系交接转换特征的良好场所。南海海盆为菱形洋盆,包括西北次海盆、东部次海盆和西南次海盆,均在古近纪—中中新世形成,同时伴随着南海北部、西部和南部盆地群发育,盆地边缘油气资源丰富,被称为第二个"波斯湾"。本文搜集了前人对南海洋盆深部形态、磁条带、转换断层等成果,以及南海周边盆地群的沉积体系、沉积相、不整合面相关资料,综合对比了南海北部、西部和南部盆地群的沉积序列、沉积相、沉积厚度,厘定了盆地群断裂体系、断裂组合特征,揭示了南海北部、南部盆地群及西部盆地群中的中建南和万安盆地都是在右行右阶走滑拉分背景下形成的。北部盆地群新生代古近系西厚东薄,新近系东厚西薄,NNE—NE向断裂体系活动早期西强东弱,而晚期东强西弱,从西向东依次停止。同时指出,南海是在NNE向断裂体系右行右阶走滑拉分和古南海俯冲拖曳的联合作用下打开:于34~32 Ma西北次海盆和东部次海盆受控于NNE向断裂的右行右阶走滑拉分作用,沿着NNE-SSW方向开启;32~23 Ma,NNE向走滑断裂活动自西向东逐步停止;于23 Ma左右,"消失"的南海以西的NNE向走滑断裂完全停止活动,同时由于婆罗洲地块逆时针旋转,古南海的俯冲带走向由近E-W向变为NE向,俯冲板块拖曳力也转变为NW-SE向并且占据主导地位,在拖曳力作用下礼乐—巴拉望地块后缘陆壳伸展,导致西南次海盆打开,东部次海盆的扩张方向由NNE-SSW转变为NW-SE向。于15Ma,礼乐—巴拉望地块与婆罗洲地块碰撞,南海停止扩张。     

都龙-Song Chay变质穹隆体变形与构造年代——南海盆地北缘早期扩张作用始于华南地块张裂的证据

南海盆地的扩张经历了早期(中生代晚期至新生代早期)和晚期(32~17Ma)2个快速阶段,但2阶段在时间上相继,在形成机制上也可能是一致的.然而由于南海盆地与周围板块侧向作用的关系复杂,对扩张机制的认识一直极具争议,新的构造分析和测年资料表明“弧后扩张”及“走滑扩张”模式均与事实有出入.对位于华南地块西南缘的都龙SongChay变质穹隆体的研究表明,在中生代至新生代时期,至少经历了2期重要的伸展构造: D₁期(237~228Ma)穹隆的隆升与表露阶段,代表了印支期造山作用前的伸展构造; D₂期(86~78Ma)叠加和改造阶段,并有可能始于176~146Ma,致使穹隆进一步隆升和表露.D₂期构造在发育时间、伸展方向及变形方式等上既与华南地块同时期区域伸展构造特征相一致,也与南海盆地北缘早期扩张特征相一致.因此,作为华南地块的组成部分,南海盆地北缘的早期扩张也是华南中生代晚期至新生代早期伸展构造的构成部分.由此推测,南海盆地扩张的动力学机制可能主要来自于华南地块的板内变形作用,而哀牢山-红河断裂带的左行走滑作用对南海盆地新生代的扩张起到推动和加强作用.      

澜沧江断裂带走滑变形及临沧锗矿的关系

建立在对断裂带的变形特征、运动学特征和变形岩石年代学的综合研究表明，澜沧江断裂带是一条左旋走滑断裂带，左旋走滑始于20Ma。印支地块由南北向北运动和保山地块的向南挤出，主要是通过红河断裂、怒江断裂的右旋走滑和澜沧江断裂的左旋走滑共同调节来实现的。澜沧江断裂带的左旋走滑制约了临沧帮卖盆地的形成演化、盆地内的热水活动、锗的富集成矿和锗矿床的空间分布。     

滇西南新生代走滑断裂运动学、年代学、及对青藏高原东南部块体运动的意义

依据走滑断裂的运动学和年代学,确认滇西腾冲地区新生代大型走滑断裂带变形作用的三个阶段:1)始新世初(54-56Ma),在槟榔江两岸出露的与新特提斯俯冲和两大陆碰撞相关的左旋走滑-逆冲断裂,由此推断腾冲地块西缘南北向展布格局是两大陆碰撞后发生顺时针旋转达90°的结果.2)渐新世-中新世,腾冲地块东缘的高黎贡右旋走滑断裂和西缘的那邦右旋走滑断裂存在两个走滑活动的峰期:24-19Ma和11-14Ma,早期与Tapponnier模式中挤出块体东边界红河-哀牢山左旋走滑断裂活动的时限相一致,指示高黎贡和那邦右旋走滑断裂在此时期是挤出的印支地块的西边界;晚期与安达曼海的扩张、缅甸境内实皆断裂的右旋活动相一致,可能是此期地块再次发生挤出的结果.3)中新世末,约5-8Ma间两大陆的进一步会聚,引起了腾冲地区岩石圈结构的重要变化,腾冲地块发生了向南的挤出和顺时针的旋转,促成了一系列与此前右旋走滑相关的盆地的折返和南北向凹陷盆地的形成,制约了腾冲火山岩的喷发和整个地区的快速抬升.腾冲地块及其周缘新生代断裂带多阶段运动的转换对揭示青藏高原东南部块体运动型式具有重要的研究意义.     

红河断裂两侧早第三纪古地磁研究及其地质意义

通过在红河两侧（大姚、景谷、江城、勐腊剖面）的早第三纪古地磁样品的研究，进一步证实了红河两侧由白垩纪古地磁研究所揭示的印支地块相对于华南地块存在的左旋相对运动。这一结果说明了印度支那地块在印度板块的挤压下，于早第三纪至中新世沿红河大断裂发生向南侧向滑移达1000km左右，它不仅使青藏高原的巨大构造缩短得到调整，而且在北部湾地区形成伸展构造，并引起南中国海的张开。印度支那地块北部各地区的差异性旋转和红河断裂共轭的剪切断裂系的发育，以及红河大断裂早第三纪至中新世左旋剪切作用密切相关。     

滇西澜沧江构造带及邻区几何学、运动学和构造年代学分析

滇西澜沧江构造带自北向南沿碧螺雪山和崇山连续延伸; 按照构造几何学特点和运动学特征我们把该构造带分为3段：北段、中段和南段; 本文对各段的构造、组构、运动学及构造年代学进行了翔实研究,得到以下认识：构造带呈双变质岩带,核部为强变形高级变质岩带,两侧为强变形低级变质岩带,部分剖面几何形态似“花状”构造; 宏观和微观组构特征均指示构造带北段和中?南段存在明显的运动学差异,北段为右旋走滑剪切,中、南段为左旋走滑剪切; 同构造浅色花岗质糜棱岩中分选出白云母(北段)和黑云母(中段),进行单颗粒矿物的激光熔化40Ar?39Ar定年,结果显示,糜棱岩化造成了花岗质岩石同位素时钟的重置和部分重置; 表面年龄指示了该构造带中新世的构造变形事件; 其中,北段右旋韧性剪切作用年龄为17.8～13.4 Ma或更早,至少持续到13.4 Ma,构造带中段记录了17.9～13.1 Ma的左行韧性剪切事件; 构造变形时代表现出同时代和同期次特点。综合分析认为,位于印度与欧亚大陆斜向汇聚带东缘的澜沧江构造带,是调节印支块体陆内变形的重要变形区域,为典型的新生代剪压应变区; 与区内哀牢山-红河构造带新生代左旋走滑相对应; 剪压应变和应变分解过程中,构造带东-西向减薄作用通过韧性物质垂向挤出和沿剪切方向的挤出平衡,垂向挤出导致地壳增厚和高应变体的抬升,形成现今的地貌高位,统一的陡立面理和亚水平拉伸线理是韧性物质沿剪切方向挤出的流变学响应; 构造带南段和北段运动学差异是澜沧江构造带新生代左旋剪压应变分解的必然产物和运动学要求。     

琼东南盆地新生代发育机制的模拟研究

琼东南盆地是南海西北陆缘上一个北东走向的伸展裂陷带,向西与北西走向的莺歌海盆地相接,因此其构造演化包含了较多红河断裂走滑活动的信息。综合地质分析与物理模拟实验,我们发现琼东南盆地的发育既受控于南海北部陆缘的南东向—南南东向伸展作用,而且受到红河断裂左行走滑作用的控制和影响。其中,中央坳陷带主要受控于南东至南南东向的伸展作用;南部坳陷带的发育主要受控于琼东南盆地的伸展及其沿北北西向边界断裂右行走滑作用的构造叠加;而北部坳陷带的发育主要受控于北西向断裂左行走滑作用。红河断裂左行走滑作用可能开始于晚始新世,晚于琼东南盆地的伸展裂陷作用,且早期走滑速率应小于琼东南盆地的伸展速率,早渐新世(T70)以后红河断裂左行走滑速率大于琼东南盆地伸展速率,导致琼盆西段的褶皱反转,以及一组北西—北北西走向张剪断裂的发育。     

云南崇山剪切断裂系显微构造特征及其40 Ar-39 Ar年代学约束

野外构造解析和显微构造分析表明:崇山剪切断裂系北部的崇山剪切断裂带为一条左旋走滑剪切带,变形温度为300～550℃,为绿片岩相至低角闪岩相;而南部的临沧剪切带是一条带有NWW-SEE向地壳缩短变形的左旋走滑剪切带,普遍为绿片岩相,变形温度为300～450℃,存在向SE的推覆事件。对采自崇山和临沧韧性剪切带内糜棱岩样品中矿物的40Ar-39Ar年代学研究表明:崇山韧性剪切带凤庆至小湾公路26km处02DX-139样品中黑云母40Ar-39Ar坪年龄为28.3±0.1Ma,临沧韧性剪切带双江粟义剖面02DX-51样品白云母给出了31.5±0.2Ma的坪年龄。崇山-临沧剪切断裂带变形运动学和变形时序与哀牢山-红河剪切断裂带具有很好的一致性,这为理解滇西地区新生代构造演化和亚欧-印度块体的拼合效应及南海海盆的打开提供了新的信息。     

A Comparative Study of the Coal‐forming Characteristics of Marginal Sea Basins and Epicontinental Sea Basins

The coal-forming characteristics,as well as the similarities and differences between epicontinental sea basins and continental marginal sea basins developed during different time periods,were analyzed in this study by adopting comparative analysis thoughts and methods.The results obtained in this study revealed that epicontinental basins and marginal sea basins are both characterized by the main development of thin coal seams or extremely thin coal seams.In addition,changes in sea levels were determined to be the main controlling factors for coal formation,and there were similarities in the continent-sea interactions and coal-forming sedimentary systems of the different basins.However,there were also significant differences observed in the sea level change events,basin basement structural characteristics,coal seam stability levels,accumulation and aggregation characteristics,and the migration patterns of coal-forming materials.For example,the marginal sea basins in the South China Sea were found to be characterized by strong tectonic activities,diversity and complexity.The basin structures showed complex patterns of depressions,uplifts and concave or sag uplifts,which tended to lead to greater complexity in the paleogeographic patterns of the coal formations.This had subsequently resulted in complex coal-forming processes and paleogeographic characteristics,in which the coal-forming zones displayed bead-like distributions,and the enrichment areas and centers were scattered.The practical significance of studying the similarities and differences of the coal-forming characteristics between epicontinental basins and marginal sea basins is that the results can potentially be used to guide the predictions of coal-measure coal seam distributions in South China Sea,as well as provide valuable guidance for future explorations of natural gas reservoirs related to coal measures in the South China Sea area.     

中西非裂谷盆地白垩系两类优质烃源岩发育模式

中西非裂谷系位于非洲中部,主要为沿中非剪切断裂带分布的被动裂谷盆地,进一步划分为中非裂谷系和西非裂谷系。针对国内外对勘探程度极低的中西非裂谷盆地白垩系优质烃源岩展布、发育机理及油气成藏模式认识薄弱的现状,笔者在开展大量中西非裂谷盆地上、下白垩统两类烃源岩样品的主微量元素等地球化学分析的基础上,从含油气盆地构造、烃源岩发育古环境、古气候、古生产力和有机质保存条件等分析出发,剖析了不同类型含油气盆地优质烃源岩发育主控因素,分别建立了中、西非裂谷系低勘探程度含油气盆地下白垩统、上白垩统优质烃源岩的发育模式：中非裂谷盆地(Bongor、Muglad、Melut盆地)下白垩统裂陷期快速沉降、温暖湿润气候条件下,勃发的水生有机质(藻类)控制的深水湖相优质烃源岩“生产力”单因素发育模式;西非裂谷盆地(Termit盆地)上白垩统拗陷期海侵、炎热潮湿气候条件下,陆源有机质输入为主,优越的保存条件(偏咸水体)优质海相烃源岩 “生产力+保存条件”双因素控制的发育模式。从而进一步锁定富油气凹陷和主力成藏组合,有效指导含油气盆地内选区选带,助推油气规模储量发现。     

中国西部大型盆地的深部结构及对盆地形成和演化的意义

地震层析成像是研究地球深部结构和动力过程的重要手段。文章简单介绍了岩石圈地震层析成像的几种基本方法。相对于人工震源地震勘探,基于天然震源的地震层析成像是提供盆地基底和周边深部背景的有效和极其经济的手段。笔者最近得到了中国大陆岩石圈高分辨率表面波层析成像的三维S波速度模型,该模型结合了地震和噪声互相关的数据,大大提高了射线覆盖,结果显示了中国西部与青藏高原接壤的三大盆地(塔里木、柴达木和四川盆地)共同特征:(1)盆地上地壳速度很低,反映了盆地沉积层很厚;(2)相对于周边山系,盆地中、下地壳的S波速度较快,上地幔顶部尤其明显;(3)盆地的地壳厚度比相邻的山脉区薄,同时莫霍深度在盆山结合带变化大。盆地内地壳和岩石圈地幔存在明显的横向结构,尤其是塔里木盆地和四川盆地。塔里木盆基底东西向中央古缝合带在地壳和岩石圈地幔的速度、莫霍面深度图中有清楚显示。笔者推测区域构造挤压的影响很可能涉及盆地的整个岩石圈,进而提出了一个简单的盆地形成的机械模型,即挤压隆升沉降模型,认为在挤压环境下,较弱的周边山系的岩石圈增厚和隆升,高强度的盆地块体在重力均衡下整体沉降,形成陆内叠合盆地。挤压应力可能导致巨大的塔里木和四川盆地产生岩石圈范围的褶皱变形。在西部盆地漫长的地质历史中,新生代的印藏碰撞和新元古代以来的多次构造运动产生的岩石圈挤压对西部盆地的形成和演化可能起了决定性的作用。     

中国北方中新生代沉积盆地铀矿勘查进展和展望

中国北方中新生代沉积盆地通过最近10多年一系列铀矿基础地质研究和区域评价工作,在铀成矿理论、时空分布规律、铀成矿区划、铀矿床分类、不同类型矿床成矿作用和控矿因素、铀成矿模式、预测评价准则、找矿判据等方面研究取得了丰硕成果,重点地区勘查取得了重大突破。但由于区域辽阔,投入十分有限,铀矿地质工作程度总体上还较低,勘查前景广阔。下一步应以"突出重点地区勘查、加大区域潜力评价的力度、加快落实新的后备基地"为基本方针,坚持"分层次部署、分区域推进"的部署原则,坚持"系统勘查、整体评价"的多类型找矿方向,从大基地勘查、区域评价和航空物探、重大基础地质问题研究等3个大的方面形成新的部署格局,推进我国北方中新生代沉积盆地铀矿勘查向纵深方向发展。     

岩石圈地幔结构及其对中国大型盆地的演化意义

P_n波是通过莫霍面下方的上地幔顶部的地震波.由于P_n波的速度随温度和物质成分而变化, 以及P_n波各向异性可以反映地幔形变的历史.因此P_n波的速度以及各向异性成为探索岩石圈结构的重要工具.中国岩石圈地幔的P_n速度的特征是很高速的异常区和很低速的异常区呈镶嵌状出现, 反映了地质结构的不均匀性.西部大型盆地(塔里木、准噶尔、吐哈、柴达木和四川盆地) 具有较高的P_n速度和较弱的各向异性, 反映出这些盆地的岩石圈是冷的和坚硬的, 其变形较小.大面积的华北地区, 在太古代的基底下具有明显的P_n波低速度.研究结果表明与这些地区裂谷、岩石圈减薄和地幔上涌区相一致.P_n波各向异性与在最新(和目前正在进行) 的大规模变形期间, 岩石圈地幔沿NNE向右旋简单剪切相一致.华北的金矿藏以及华北和松辽盆地的石油储藏的位置明显地与该区的低P_n波速度区相吻合, 表明该区金属成矿和油储的形成与中、新生代以来在岩石圈地幔中的热活动, 以及壳幔之间的相互作用过程密切相关.      

56Ma:华南岩石圈伸展和南海张开的重要转折时间

广东四会 吴川断裂带茂名、三水、河源、连平 南雄等盆地火山岩的年代学、岩石学和钕同位素资料表明 ,在 92～ 38Ma存在连续的火山作用 ,并在始新世早期 (约 5 6Ma)火山作用源区从下地壳突然转向上地幔 ,标志着华南岩石圈在这一时间出现大规模伸展减薄。这一重大转折事件与菲律宾海、南海等东亚边缘海盆的最早张开密切相关。     

中国班公湖流域区冰川补充编目及冰川特征

论述了中国班公湖流域区冰川补充编目的结果及冰川特征.1988年公布的中国班公湖流域区总共有冰川834条,冰川总面积642.77km²,冰储量为33.9246km³;经过补充编目,更正了以往部分简易目录后的冰川是959条,冰川总面积665.35km²,冰储量为39.2316km³.冰川数量增加的结果主要是利用小比例尺卫星相片编目时遗漏了面积≤1.00km²的小冰川所致.     

Source-Contacting Gas： Accumulation Mechanism and Distribution in China

Source-contacting gas, which is also called basin-center gas, deep basin gas, is the tightsand gas accumulation contacting closely to its source rocks. Having different accumulation mechanisms from conventional gas reservoirs that are formed by replacement way, the typical source-contacting gas reservoirs are formed by piston-typed migration forward way. Source-contacting gas accumulations exhibit a series of distinctly mechanic characteristics. According to the valid combination of these characteristics, the estimation for the type of discovered gas reservoirs or distributions of source-contacting gas reservoirs can be forecasted. The source-contacting gas is special for having no edge water or bottom water for gas and complicated gas-water relationships, which emphasizes the intimate association of reservoir rocks with source rocks, which is called the root of the gas reservoir. There are many basins having the mechanic conditions for source-contacting gas accumulations in China, which can be divided into three regions. Most of the basins with favorable accumulation conditions are located mainly in the central and western China. According to the present data, basins having source-contacting gas accumulations in China can be divided into three types, accumulation conditions and configuration relationships are the best in type A basins and they are the larger basins in central China. Type B basins with plain accumulation conditions exist primarily in eastern China and also the basins in western China. Accumulation conditions and exploration futures are worse in type C basins, which refer mainly to the small basins in southern China and China Sea basins. Main source-contacting gas basins in China are thoroughly discussed in this paper and the distribution patterns of source-contacting gas in five huge basins are discussed and forecasted.     

Continental growth at convergent margins facing large ocean basins: a case study from Mesozoic convergent-margin basins of Baja California, Mexico

Mesozoic rocks of the Baja California Peninsula form one of the most areally extensive, best-exposed, longest-lived (160 my), least-tectonized and least-metamorphosed convergent-margin basin complexes in the world. This convergent margin shows an evolutionary trend that may be typical of arc systems facing large ocean basins: a progression from highly extensional (phase 1) through mildly extensional (phase 2) to compressional (phase 3) strain regimes. This trend is largely due to the progressively decreasing age of lithosphere that is subducted, which causes a gradual decrease in slab dip angle (and concomitant increase in coupling between lower and upper plates), as well as progressive inboard migration of the arc axis.This paper emphasizes the usefulness of sedimentary and volcanic basin analysis for reconstructing the tectonic evolution of a convergent continental margin. Phase 1 consists of Late Triassic to Late Jurassic oceanic intra-arc to backarc basins that were isolated from continental sediment sources. New, progressively widening basins were created by arc rifting and sea floor spreading, and these were largely filled with progradational backarc arc-apron deposits that record the growth of adjacent volcanoes up to and above sea level. Inboard migration of the backarc spreading center ultimately results in renewed arc rifting, producing an influx of silicic pyroclastics to the backarc basin. Rifting succeeds in conversion of the active backarc basin into a remnant backarc basin, which is blanketed by epiclastic sands.Phase 1 oceanic arc–backarc terranes were amalgamated by Late Jurassic sinistral strike slip faults. They form the forearc substrate for phase 2, indicating inboard migration of the arc axis due to decrease in slab dip. Phase 2 consists of Early Cretaceous extensional fringing arc basins adjacent to a continent. Phase 2 forearc basins consist of grabens that stepped downward toward the trench, filled with coarse-grained slope apron deposits. Phase 2 intra-arc basins show a cycle of (1) arc extension, characterized by intermediate to silicic explosive and effusive volcanism, culminating in caldera-forming silicic ignimbrite eruptions, followed by (2) arc rifting, characterized by widespread dike swarms and extensive mafic lavas and hyaloclastites. This extensional-rifting cycle was followed by mid-Cretaceous backarc basin closure and thrusting of the fringing arc beneath the edge of the continent, caused by a decrease in slab dip as well as a possible increase in convergence rate.Phase 2 fringing arc terranes form the substrate for phase 3, which consists of a Late Cretaceous high-standing, compressional continental arc that migrated inboard with time. Strongly coupled subduction resulted in accretion of blueschist metamorphic rocks, with development of a broad residual forearc basin behind the growing accretionary wedge, and development of extensional forearc (trench–slope) basins atop the gravitationally collapsing accretionary wedge. Inboard of this, ongoing phase 3 strongly coupled subduction, together with oblique convergence, resulted in development of forearc strike-slip basins upon arc basement.The modern Earth is strongly biased toward long-lived arc–trench systems, which are compressional; therefore, evolutionary models for convergent margins must be constructed from well-preserved ancient examples like Baja California. This convergent margin is typical of many others, where the early to middle stages of convergence (phases 1 and 2) create nonsubductable arc–ophiolite terranes (and their basin fills) in the upper plate. These become accreted to the continental margin in the late stage of convergence (phase 3), resulting in significant continental growth.     

Evolution of Mesozoic Volcanic Basins and Red Basins in the Gan-Hang Tectonic-Volcanic Metallogenic Belt

This paper mainly proposes six major regional geological events in the active continental-margin mantle uplift zone and discusses the oscillation nature of the evolution of Mesozoic volcanic basins and red basins, origin of erosion in the late stage of red basins and mechanism of volcanism.