高原牧区雪灾的数值模拟

使用中科院的ＬＡＳＧη模式对１９９１年４月１６－２３日的高原牧区雪灾过程进行了降水模拟和成因分析,揭示了造成这次雪灾天气的主要原因,首次证实了该模式对雪灾天气有一定的预报能力。     

青藏高原雪灾天气的数值模拟

使用中科院的LASGη模式对1991年4月16日-19日、1992年3月16日-17日、1996 年11月16日 -18日和1998年3月18日-20日四次高原牧区雪灾过程进行了降水模拟和成因分析,揭示了造成这次雪灾天气的主要因素,模拟雨量与实况吻合较好,证明了该模式对冬季高原降雪天气过程有一定的预报能力.     

高原牧区雪灾的数值模拟

使用中科院的LASGη模式对1991年4月16-23日的高原牧区雪灾过程进行了降水模拟和成因分析,揭示了造成这次雪灾天气的主要原因,首次证实了该模式对雪灾天气有一定的预报能力.     

青藏高原对邻近地区天气系统影响的数值模拟研究

利用ＬＡＳＧη坐标有限区域数值预报模式,模拟了１９９８年４月２８日和８月９日四川盆地的两次暴雨过程中高原地形高度变化对５００ｈＰａ和２００ｈＰａ高度场、温度场和流场的影响。模拟结果表明：（１）高原地形高度的降低使本地的大尺度系统进一步加强,中小尺度的天气系统进一步加强,中小尺度的天气系统减弱或消失;（２）高夺地形高度降低,本地温度升高,盆地的温度下降,而且春季的影响比夏季大得多;（３）高原地形对流     

松花江流域大—暴雪分析

对１９９６年３月１６－１８日松花江流域大－暴雪天气过程分析，试图从天气形势演变，物理量场平面图和剖面图分析及卫星云图特征进行探讨，寻找暴雪形成的大尺度环流背景和物理机制。     

青藏高原东部牧区冬季雪灾天气的形成及其预报

对青藏高原东部牧区 ( 1967— 1996年 )冬季发生的成灾性降雪天气过程进行了较为详细的分析。探讨了北冰洋低压槽、贝加尔湖低压、东亚大槽和南支槽等欧亚大型天气系统活动对高原冬季降雪天气形势形成的作用。归纳出两种高原冬季成灾性降雪天气形成的模型。重点讨论了高原气流波动不稳定对高原波槽形成的量化指标 ,找出了若干高原低温—降雪过程预报的统计关系 ,并对高原冬季的雪灾预报提出了着眼点     

图形模式识别方法及其在中期雪灾天气预报中的应用

文章介绍了一种将计算机图形识别技术与数值预报产品相结合, 预报中期天气过程的图形模式识别方法和模式基元识别过程。 利用 ECM WF 的产品, 建立川西北高原雪灾中期预报模型。 在计算机中模仿预报员的思维步骤, 自动分类推理判别, 滚动预报未来 3～ 5 日内雪灾天气发生日期。 1998 ～ 1999 年雪灾中期预报效果显著。     

中国地区对流层臭氧变化和分布的数值研究

利用三维中尺度非静力模式ＭＭ５和化学模式,对１９９４年８月１６～１８日,１９９５年１月７～９日冬夏两个不同时期中国大陆大气对流层臭氧及其前体物质的分布进行了数值模拟。同时深入地分析了青藏高原地区夏季对流层臭氧的分布。模拟结果地面臭氧和ＮＯｘ的分布与观测结果基本一致,人类活动和光化过程是决定地面臭氧和ＮＯｘ的主要因子。对流层臭氧浓度的分布与气流的辐合辐散存在较好的对应关系,辐合区臭氧浓度较高,辐散区臭氧浓度较低。夏季,青藏高原中低空存在很强的辐合气流,使周边臭氧向高原辐合;而高原高空,受南亚高压控制存在很强的反气旋环流,臭氧由高原向周边辐散。冬季,受西风气流控制,臭氧分布表征大尺度特征。西风急流区臭氧浓度偏低,而急流两侧臭氧浓度偏高。     

阿拉善盟强沙尘暴的成因及治理对策

阿拉善盟强沙尘暴的成因及治理对策王长根（内蒙古农牧业气象中心）１９９３年５月５日、１９９４年４月６—８日和１９９５年５月１６日，内蒙古阿拉善盟（以下简称阿盟）连续３年出现了３次强沙尘暴天气。这３次强沙尘暴给阿盟和甘肃、宁夏、青海等省区的工农牧业生产及...     

青海南部高原冬半年气温、降水异常的时空分布及其与雪灾的关系

利用１９５９—１９９３年冬半年（１０月—次年３月）青南高原１５个台站的月平均降水量和月平均气温距平资料，采用时空综合的经验正交函数分析方法，对青南高原地区冬半年降水、气温异常的时空分布特征进行了诊断研究，得到了降水与气温异常的典型配置及其反映这些典型场的年际演变规律的时间系数，并在此基础上进一步分析了降水、气温异常的时变特征与青南高原不同区域出现较严重雪灾年份之间的关系。结果表明，青南高原地区发生较严重雪灾的年份与时间系数出现极大（小）值的年份存在较好的对应关系     

加强业务管理提高测报质量

我局从1999～2003年,测报工作连续4年未出现错情,在此期间共有1个250个班,9个百班无错通过上级业务部门验收.在仪器保管、使用、维护上符合要求,对外报送的各种表、簿都能做好出门合格.     

On the forecast of the onset and end of the convective season in the Amazon

Summary ?Some features of the climate system that can be considered predictors of the onset and end of the convective season over the Amazon were identified using one-month lag correlations and field composites. The fields analyzed were sea surface temperature (SST), outgoing long-wave radiation (OLR), vertical velocity and upper tropospheric winds. Warm (cold) anomalies in the SST in the tropical North Atlantic and the Caribbean Sea tend to be associated with delayed (early) onsets. Likewise, there is a tendency towards a delayed (early) end of the convective season with cold (warm) anomalies in these ocean regions. In addition, the SST in the cold tongue region of the equatorial Pacific is negatively, though weakly correlated with the onset date. The signal of this SST is more evident in the case of the end date, which is earlier with respect to its mean date in most of El Ni?o cases. The convective activity intensity itself conditions the onset and the end of the convective season, as it is evidenced by the behavior of the OLR and the vertical velocity fields. The more (less) intense the convective activity over South America during the preceding month, the earlier the onset and the later the end of the convective season on the Amazon region. The prediction of the onset and end dates of the convective season in the Amazon region was explored using a simple multiple regression technique based on the variables that have shown precursor signals with respect to these dates. The correlation coefficient between the predicted and the observed onset date is 0.81, and in the case of the end date, it is 0.76. The skill to predict early, delayed and normal categories was high, since in more than two thirds of the cases the category was successfully predicted, and there were no predictions of categories opposed to those observed. Received July 23, 2001; revised February 22, 2002; accepted April 26, 2002     

Comparing the theoretical versions of the Beaufort scale, the T-Scale and the Fujita scale

2005 is the bicentenary of the Beaufort Scale and its wind-speed codes: the marine version in 1805 and the land version later. In the 1920s when anemometers had come into general use, the Beaufort Scale was quantified by a formula based on experiment. In the early 1970s two tornado wind-speed scales were proposed: (1) an International T-Scale based on the Beaufort Scale; and (2) Fujita's damage scale developed for North America. The International Beaufort Scale and the T-Scale share a common root in having an integral theoretical relationship with an established scientific basis, whereas Fujita's Scale introduces criteria that make its intensities non-integral with Beaufort. Forces on the T-Scale, where T stands for Tornado force, span the range 0 to 10 which is highly useful world wide. The shorter range of Fujita's Scale (0 to 5) is acceptable for American use but less convenient elsewhere. To illustrate the simplicity of the decimal T-Scale, mean hurricane wind speed of Beaufort 12 is T2 on the T-Scale but F1.121 on the F-Scale; while a tornado wind speed of T9 (= B26) becomes F4.761. However, the three wind scales can be uni-fied by either making F-Scale numbers exactly half the magnitude of T-Scale numbers [i.e. F′half = T / 2 = (B / 4) − 4] or by doubling the numbers of this revised version to give integral equivalence with the T-Scale. The result is a decimal formula F′double = T = (B / 2) − 4 named the TF-Scale where TF stands for Tornado Force. This harmonious 10-digit scale has all the criteria needed for world-wide practical effectiveness.     

准两年振荡对大气中微量气体分布的影响

NCAR的包含化学、辐射、动力相互作用的两维模式（SOCRATES）移植回国后进行了初步的模拟试验,用以研究某些对环境问题重要的微量气体的化学、辐射、动力传输过程。在不考虑极地平流层云和气溶胶表面非均相化学等情况下,模式积分多年,计算结果稳定,模拟的风场、温度场显示出正常的季节变化,模拟的微量气体分布与卫星实测资料对照,结果也比较一致。为了探讨热带平流层风场的准两年周期振荡（QBO）对平流层微量气体分布的影响,我们做了QBO强迫的数值试验,即在模式中加入QBO强迫,并与不考虑QBO强迫的模拟结果对比。结果表明,QBO与其相关的次级环流所引起动力输送的变化,使平流层微量气体分布发生变化。     

Analysis of the Characteristics of the Low-level Jets in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River during the Mei-yu Season

Here, we analyze the characteristics and the formation mechanisms of low-level jets(LLJs) in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River during the 2010 mei-yu season using Wuhan station radiosonde data and the fifth generation of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts(ERA5) reanalysis dataset. Our results show that the vertical structure of LLJs is characterized by a predominance of boundary layer jets(BLJs) concentrated at heights of 900–1200 m.The BLJs occur most frequently at 230...     

Quantifying the uncertainty of the annular mode time scale and the role of the stratosphere

The impact of high resolution modern vegetation cover on the West African climate is examined using the International Centre for Theoretical Physics Regional Climate Model implementing the NCAR Community Land Model. Two high resolution 25 km long-term simulations driven by the output from a coarser 50-km resolution simulation are performed for the period 1998–2010. One high resolution simulation uses an earlier and coarser-resolution version of plant functional type distribution and leaf area index, while the other uses a more recent, higher-quality, and finer-resolution version of the data. The results indicate that the new land cover distribution substantially alters the distribution of temperature with warming in Central Nigeria, northern Gulf of Guinea and part of the Sahel due to the replacement of C4 grass with corn; and cooling along the coastlines of the Gulf of Guinea and in Central Africa due to the replacement of C4 grass with tropical broadleaf evergreen trees. Changes in latent heat flux appear to be largely responsible for these temperature changes with a net decrease (increase) in regions of warming (cooling). The improved land cover distribution also results in a wetter monsoon season. The presence of corn tends to favor larger precipitation amounts via more intense events, while the presence of tropical broadleaf evergreen trees tends to favor the occurrence of both more intense and more frequent events. The wetter conditions appear to be sustained via (1) an enhanced soil moisture feedback; and (2) elevated moisture transport due to increased low-level convergence in regions south of 10N where the most substantial land cover differences are present. Overall the changes induced by the improved vegetation cover improve, to some extent, the performance of the high resolution regional climate model in simulating the main West African summer monsoon features.     

流场配置及地形对西南低涡形成的动力作用

本文采用定常二层模式讨论较小地形及高、低层流场配置对西南低涡形成的动力作用。指出了西南低涡的形成是与盆地、河谷以及其上气流分层有关的一种定常态.在上、下为西风分层时期,低层的浅薄暖湿西风有利于西南低涡的形成.在上、下为东、西风分层时期,上层浅薄东风亦有利于西南低涡的形成.小型的凸起山脉对西南低涡的形成没有作用.     

由中国历史气候记录对季风导致唐朝灭亡说的质疑

2007年1月4日杂志发表了Yancheva等10人的题为"Influence of the intertropical convergence zone on the East-Asian monsoon"(热带辐合带对东亚季风的影响)的论文[1],这是德国波兹坦地学研究中心气候动力与沉积学科的主管豪格(G.H.Haug)率领的科研小组的一项成果,认为是季风的变化引起的长期干旱导致了唐朝的灭亡.