黄河入海泥沙悬移输送机制的控制试验

以三维斜压动力—悬沙模型ECOMSED联合第三代海浪模型SWAN及Grant-Madsen浪流耦合底边界层模型,对黄河入海泥沙悬移扩散的时空变化过程进行了数值模拟。通过5项控制试验,初步揭示了不同动力因子对黄河入海泥沙悬移输送的贡献和影响。研究结果表明,单纯潮流作用下黄河入海悬沙不能形成长距离输送。风海流作用下,绝大部分悬沙直接沉降在黄河三角洲的附近,只有非常小的部分发生长距离输送。风场作用下,黄河入海悬沙主要向北－西北方向输送,部分输往莱州湾的悬沙继续向北输送。环流作用下,悬沙输送具有明显的三维结构,分层结构与环流结构基本一致,而深度平均的悬沙输送通量与环流结构有较大的差别。浪流联合作用下的悬沙浓度变化与底剪切应力都呈现为10天左右的变化周期,表明其变化主要是由风应力所控制。     

黄河下游泥沙输移数值模拟

本文从数学模型入手,探讨黄河下游在多年平均来水来沙条件下,泥沙输移与泥沙淤积的特性,得出黄河下游泥沙沿程淤积分布不均匀主要是由于粗沙、中沙沿程淤积不均匀造成的,如果使来沙减少42.6%,黄河下游可望达到冲淤平衡.     

黄河宁蒙段河道粗细双组分泥沙分选沉积特征

黄河宁蒙段河道淤积严重,阐明近源粗泥沙和远源细泥沙分选沉积规律对于河道淤积治理有重要意义。本研究基于120根河道钻孔泥沙样品,通过粒径分布和元素矿物组成,分析了河道>0.05 mm、>0.08 mm和>0.1 mm粗泥沙沿河分选沉积变化特征,并定量评估了近源粗泥沙和远源细泥沙沉积对于河道泥沙淤积的贡献。结果表明：黄河宁蒙段河道淤积的主要是来源于近源沙漠及其下伏砒砂岩区>0.08 mm的粗泥沙,而来源于上游黄土区<0.05 mm的细泥沙主要沉积在河道滩地,对河道淤积的贡献小于30%。因此,风水复合侵蚀引起的沿黄沙漠和下伏砒砂岩粗泥沙入黄是黄河宁蒙沙漠河段河道淤积的根源,也是该河段“悬河”的治理重点。     

黄河干流龙门至三门峡间泥沙沉积汇的研究

龙门-三门峡河段是黄河干流3大沉积汇之一.运用泥沙收支平衡方法,基于1920-2006年间长系列实测水沙资料,研究了这一沉积汇的存贮、释放和泥沙输移过程及其变化.研究表明.87年尺度上,龙门-三门峡沉积汇泥沙存贮量的变化可以划分为4个阶段:(1)1920-1959年,处于"准自然"状况下,泥沙存贮量缓慢增加:(2)1960-1967年,由于三门峡水库拦沙,导致泥沙存贮快速增加;(3)1968-1985年,三门峡水库先后经历"滞洪排沙"和"蓄清排浑"运用阶段,泥沙的存贮与释放接近于平衡;(4)1986-2006年,人类大量引水,在来沙量减小的情况下,泥沙存贮量增加.在年内,龙门-三门峡间泥沙沉积汇表现出泥沙的存贮-释放过程的交替,7月至8月主汛期,表现为泥沙存贮;9月至次年5月,泥沙存贮量为负值,表现为泥沙释放.公元155年至2006年的1800余年间,龙门-潼关沉积汇的沉积速率经历了一个由加速到减慢的旋回,其形成原因可以用人类活动方式与强度的变化来解释.在三门峡水库修建前的"准自然"时期,泥沙的存贮量和排沙比均与来水、来沙及其组合有密切的关系.总来沙量越大,含沙量越大,来沙系数越大,则泥沙存贮量越大而排沙比越小.     

黄河下游河道泥沙存贮-释放及其临界条件

确定了黄河下游河道处于泥沙存贮-释放临界状态的水沙临界条件。当场次洪水平均含沙量小于31.68 kg/m³,或者来自中游多沙粗沙区场次洪水来沙量小于4 543×10⁴ t,下游河道将由泥沙存贮状态变为泥沙释放状态。当河口镇以上清水区径流占场次洪水总径流量比率大于0.70时,也会由泥沙存贮状态变为泥沙释放状态。场次洪水泥沙输移比随洪水平均流量的增到而增大,流量为4 000 m³/s(相当于平滩流量)时达到峰值,此后有所减少。这表明,平滩流量时泥沙存贮最少,低于平滩流量和高于平滩流量时泥沙存贮均增大。     

黄河入海悬沙季节输送变化与输送机制的数值研究(英文)

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

黄河入海泥沙悬移输送机制的控制试验(英文)

Five diagnostic experiments with a 3D baroclinic hydrodynamic and sediment transport model ECOMSED in couple with the third generation wave model SWAN and the Grant-Madsen bottom boundary layer model driven by the monthly sediment load of the Yellow River, were conducted to separately diagnose effects of different hydrodynamic factors on transport of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea. Both transport and spatio-temporal distribution of suspended sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea were numerially simulated. It could be concluded that suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River cannot be delivered in long distance under the condition of tidal current. Almost all of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited outside the delta under the condition of wind-driven current, and only very small of them are transported faraway. On the basis of wind forcing, sediments from the Yellow River are mainly transported north-northwestward, and others which are first delivered to the Laizhou Bay are continuously moved northward. An obvious 3D structure characteristic of sediment transport is produced in the wind-driven and tide-induced residual circulation condition. Transport patterns at all layers are generally consistent with circulation structure, but there is apparent deviation between the depth-averaged sediment flux and the circulation structure. The phase of temporal variation of sediment concentration is consistent with that of the bottom shear stress, both of which are proved to have a ten-day cycle in wave and current condition.     

无定河流域的人工沉积汇及其 对泥沙输移比的影响

依据1956~1996年的资料,计算出了无定河流域历年的人工沉积汇、侵蚀量、泥沙输移比,进行了时间序列分析,并运用回归分析方法,建立了统计关系,揭示了无定河流域人工沉积汇对泥沙输移比的影响。研究表明,无定河流域侵蚀量和产沙量有明显的减小趋势;人工沉积汇先是增大,达到峰值后再减小;泥沙输移比先减小而后增大。这说明,无定河泥沙输移比的时间变化趋势,主要受人工沉积汇的控制。建立的多元回归方程表明,坝地面积增大对流域泥沙输移比减小的贡献最大;地表径流系数减小对流域泥沙输移比减小的贡献居第二位;在3个降水因子中,最大30日降水的贡献最大,汛期降水次之,最大1日降水再次之。在坡面措施和沟道措施中,沟道措施对流域泥沙输移比减小的影响要大于坡面措施。     

黄河泥沙冲/沉积区土壤有机碳不同组分空间特征及变异机制

黄河泥沙是黄河下游陆地地貌类型形成的物质来源,泥沙沉积改变了地表土壤结构和有机碳含量水平。基于室内外实验和空间地统计分析方法,文中对开封—周口土壤有机碳组分的空间特征和影响因素进行了分析。在0~100 cm土壤中TOC、AOC、NOC的含量分别为0.05~30.03 g/kg、0.01~8.86 g/kg和0.02~23.36 g/kg,表层0~20 cm的TOC、AOC、NOC高于下层,同一土层中TOC的变化幅度和含量差异性最大,AOC最小,NOC介于二者之间。NOC的含量对TOC的贡献大于AOC。空间地统计学研究显示,TOC、AOC、NOC的块金系数在0.50~0.67之间,具有中等程度的空间相关性,TOC、AOC、NOC的含量受结构因素和随机因素的共同作用,且二者的作用强度接近。空间上,自表层向下层,土壤TOC、AOC和NOC的整体变化趋势较为一致,高值区与低值区之间过渡明显,NOC和AOC的含量及空间变化能较好地反映TOC的空间变化和碳积累区域。分析发现,黄河泥沙冲/沉积区分布、农业耕作过程和耕作历史是影响区内土壤有机碳及其组成含量和空间分布的主要因素,而有机物的输入量、土壤颗粒物组成及二者的动态关系是影响土壤结构体形成和有机碳含量的关键因素,提高有机物的含量和改善土壤结构是提升土壤质量、实现区内农业持续发展的有效途径。     

Numerical simulation on seasonal transport variations and mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River to the Bohai Sea

Based on sediment and discharge flux data for the Yellow River, realistic forcing fields and bathymetry of the Bohai Sea, a suspended sediment transport module is driven by a wave-current coupled model to research seasonal variations and mechanisms of suspended load transport to the Bohai Sea. It could be concluded that surface sediment concentration indicates a distinct spatial distribution characteristic that varies seasonally in the Bohai Sea. Sediment concentration is rather high near the Yellow River estuary, seasonal variations of which are controlled by quantity of sediment from the Yellow River, suspended sediment concentration reaches its maximum during summer and fall. Furthermore, sediment concentration decreases rapidly in other seas far from the Yellow River estuary and maintains a very low level in the center of the Bohai Sea, and is dominated by seasonal variations of climatology wind field in the Bohai Sea. Only a small amount of sediments imported from the Yellow River are delivered northwestward to the southern coast of the Bohai Bay. Majority of sediments are transported southeastward to the Laizhou Bay, where sediments are continuously delivered into the center of the Bohai Sea in a northeastward direction, and part of them are transported eastward alongshore through the Bohai Strait. 69% of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited near the river delta, 31% conveyed seaward, within which, 4% exported to the northern Yellow Sea through the Bohai Strait. Wind wave is the most essential contributor to seasonal variations of sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea, and the contribution of tidal currents is also significant in shallow waters when wind speed is low.     

Diagnostic experiments for transport mechanisms of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea

Five diagnostic experiments with a 3D baroclinic hydrodynamic and sediment transport model ECOMSED in couple with the third generation wave model SWAN and the Grant–Madsen bottom boundary layer model driven by the monthly sediment load of the Yellow River, were conducted to separately diagnose effects of different hydrodynamic factors on transport of suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River in the Bohai Sea. Both transport and spatio-temporal distribution of suspended sediment concentration in the Bohai Sea were numerially simulated. It could be concluded that suspended sediment discharged from the Yellow River cannot be delivered in long distance under the condition of tidal current. Almost all of sediments from the Yellow River are deposited outside the delta under the condition of wind-driven current, and only very small of them are transported faraway. On the basis of wind forcing, sediments from the Yellow River are mainly transported north-northwestward, and others which are first delivered to the Laizhou Bay are continuously moved northward. An obvious 3D structure characteristic of sediment transport is produced in the wind-driven and tide-induced residual circulation condition. Transport patterns at all layers are generally consistent with circulation structure, but there is apparent deviation between the depth-averaged sediment flux and the circulation structure. The phase of temporal variation of sediment concentration is consistent with that of the bottom shear stress, both of which are proved to have a ten-day cycle in wave and current condition.     

黄河三角洲滨海地区植物生长季大气氮沉降动态

利用SCJ-302型降水降尘自动采样器在植物生长季对黄河三角洲滨海湿地的大气氮沉降进行监测,对沉降物中水溶性离子、干、湿沉降氮输入量、铵态氮和硝态氮在总沉降量中的贡献率及月变化动态等分析表明：黄河三角洲植物生长季,大气干、湿沉降中SO₄^2-和NO₃^-占阴离子总量的92%以上,和Na⁺和Ca²⁺占阳离子总量的80%以上,总N沉降量约为2 264.24 mg/m²,且69%集中在降雨量较丰沛的6-8月。其中干沉降氮贡献率约为32.02%,主要集中在春季。N的湿沉降量与降雨量呈显著正线性相关（R²=0.82）,在降雨量丰沛的8月,达到最大值675.64 mg/m²。该地区大气干沉降的氮素形态以硝态氮为主,约占氮素输入量的57.21%,湿沉降中以铵态氮为主,约占氮素输入量的56.51%。植物生长季中,大气沉降中的硝态氮与铵态氮含量对表层10 cm土壤的月平均贡献率分别为约31.38%和20.50%,可见大气氮沉降是黄河三角洲滨海区域土壤主要氮素来源之一。     

黄河中游悬移质泥沙粒径与流域环境的关系

以黄河中游多沙粗沙区为研究区，在流域泥沙粒径、降雨、地面物质组成、地面形态、植被和高含沙水流等资料采集的基础上，采用“环境要素法”和多元回归分析来阐明泥沙粒径空间分异的机理。研究表明，随降雨不均匀系数的减小，断面最大含沙量的减小，流域内黄土覆盖面积的增大，以及植被盖度的增大和沟谷密度的减小，悬移质泥沙粒径趋于变细，反之，趋于变粗。其中，流域地面物质对泥沙粒径组成起最重要的控制作用，其次是植被，高含沙水流、沟谷密度和降雨影响作用相对较小。     

大型水库运行下内蒙古河道泥沙侵蚀淤积过程

 通过1954—2000年黄河泥沙资料分析,黄河内蒙古河段侵蚀淤积过程对上游水库运行的响应主要表现为:①盐锅峡和三盛公首先将黄河输沙能力由7.33 kg·m-3降为6.27 kg·m-3, 使内蒙古河道由自然淤积状态转变为侵蚀下切状态,小于0.1 mm泥沙侵蚀速率高于大于0.1 mm泥沙淤积速率,河道发生粗化现象;②）刘家峡和青铜峡水库将黄河输沙能力降为3.91 kg·m-3,促使黄河河道中大于0.01 mm泥沙淤积速率大于小于0.01 mm泥沙侵蚀速率,使内蒙古河道发生粗化淤积现象;③龙羊峡水库将黄河输沙能力进一步降为 3.48 kg·m-3,加剧黄河内蒙古河道淤积现象, 大于0.01 mm泥沙和小于0.01 mm泥沙均呈现出淤积状态,淤积速度与黄河上游无水库运作时的自然状态相似。     

试从气候和人类活动看黄河问题

该文从气候和人类活动的角度出发 ,选取了人类历史时期的两个时间段 (194 9年以前和以后 ) :在第一阶段 ,从农牧业界线的变迁、黄河下游的河湖变迁、黄河曲率的变化、历史时期的气候和黄河在历史时期的决淤泛滥频率的对比与关系方面分析 ,得出黄河下游的决淤泛滥有两个最关键的因素 ,即人类活动叠加于气候的变迁之上 ;在第二阶段 ,黄河下游及河口三角洲延伸缓慢 ,主要原因应是气候的变化 ,所以黄河中游的生态建设切不可掉以轻心。     

黄河源区多年冻土空间分布变化特征数值模拟

基于IPCC第五次评估报告预估的气温变化情景,采用数值模拟的方法对黄河源区典型冻土类型开展模拟,推算过去及预测未来黄河源区冻土分布空间变化过程和发展趋势。结果表明：1972-2012年源区多年冻土只有少部分发生退化,退化的冻土面积为833 km²,季节冻土主要集中在源区东南部的热曲谷地、小野马岭以及两湖流域南部的汤岔玛地带;RCP 2.6、RCP 6.0、RCP 8.5情景下,2050年多年冻土退化为季节冻土的面积差别不大,分别为2224 km²、2347 km²、2559 km²,占源区面积的7.5%、7.9%、8.6%;勒那曲、多曲、白马曲零星出现季节冻土,野牛沟、野马滩以及鄂陵湖东部的玛多四湖所在黄河低谷大片为季节冻土;2100年多年冻土退化为季节冻土的面积分别为5636 km²、9769 km²、15548 km²,占源区面积的19%、32.9%、52.3%;星宿海、尕玛勒滩、多格茸的多年冻土发生退化,低温冻土变为高温冻土,各类年平均地温出现了不同程度的升高。到2100年,RCP 2.6情景下源区多年冻土全部退化为季节冻土主要发生在目前年平均地温高于-0.15 oC的区域,而-0.15~-0.44 oC的区域部分发生退化;RCP 6.0、RCP 8.5情景下目前年平均地温分别为高于-0.21 oC以及-0.38o C的区域多年冻土全部发生退化,而-0.21~-0.69 oC以及-0.38~-0.88 oC的区域部分发生退化。