微孔塑料挤出快速降压口模的数值模拟

应用FLUENT软件对微孔塑料连续挤出成型过程中的快速降压口模内的熔体流动进行数值模拟,经过简化及边界处理,分别研究了微孔塑料在不同CO2浓度、不同流量和不同温度条件下微孔塑料连续挤出过程中快速降压口模中的压力和速度分布情况。结果表明:压力降随熔体温度和CO2浓度的升高而降低,随熔体流量的升高而增大。导管中的速度也几乎均匀分布,在毛细管人口处中心线速度突然增大。熔体流量和CO2浓度的变化对口模压降和口模速度的影响比较大,而温度的变化对其影响要小得多。     

聚合物熔体在任意长径比圆锥口模的挤出胀大唯象研究

深入讨论了聚合物熔体在不同长径比、不同角度圆锥口模的挤出胀大现象及机理。对口模长径比较小的挤出胀大,由于熔体入口拉伸弹性变形来不及松弛,产生较大的挤出胀大;对长径比较大的口模,熔体在平直流道内停留时间较长,入口弹性形变逐渐松弛,这时主要是流动剪切应变引起的弹性变形,产生较弱的挤出胀大,比长径比小的挤出胀大来得小,并且聚合物熔体的挤出胀大随着长径比的增大而趋向一恒定值。结果还表明:聚合物熔体在圆锥口模的挤出胀大受到挤出口模入口角影响。当L/D较小时,挤出胀大与口模入口角有关;当L/D较大时,口模入口角对挤出胀大影响较小。     

表面张力对微挤出流场的影响

针对表面张力对微挤出成型流场的影响,利用Polyflow软件进行了微圆管流场的数值模拟,研究了表面张力的尺度效应及熔体表面张力系数和接触角对微挤出流场的影响。结果表明,挤出口模尺寸越小,表面张力对熔体挤出胀大的影响越明显;挤出口模尺寸及熔体法向进口速度不变时,表面张力系数增大,熔体挤出胀大增大,挤出口模内熔体的进出口压强增大,自由表面出口负压增大;随着接触角的增大,熔体挤出胀大减小、挤出口模内熔体的进出口压强减小,自由表面出口负压先增大后减小。     

管壁厚度对微挤出成型的影响分析

基于Bird-Carreau黏度模型,运用有限元方法对三维等温微管挤出成型流动模型进行了数值分析,主要研究了管壁厚度对微管挤出成型过程中挤出胀大、速度分布、剪切速率和口模压降等重要指标的影响。结果表明,当熔体入口体积流率相等时,随着管壁厚度的增大,挤出物挤出胀大率和横截面尺寸变化量增大;口模出口端面上熔体的二次流动增强,但挤出速度和剪切速率减小;熔体在口模内的压力降明显下降;适当增加管壁厚度,有利于提高微管挤出质量。     

聚合物粘弹流变性能参数对口模挤出胀大的影响

针对聚合物口模挤出成型过程的特点,基于流变学和流体动力学理论,建立了描述其成型过程的三维等温粘弹性理论模型,并通过有限元数值模拟,系统研究了粘弹流变性能参数(松弛时间、粘度和材料常数α)对口模挤出胀大的影响规律。结果表明,当进口压力一定时,挤出胀大随着粘度的增大而减小,然而当进口流量一定时,粘度对胀大的影响不明显,而挤出胀大随松弛时间的延长而增大;并通过理论分析,揭示了其挤出胀大机理;该数值模拟研究结果与传统的挤出实验研究结论相吻合。     

不同角度圆锥口模对聚合物熔体挤出胀大的影响

从理论上和实验上研究了圆锥挤出口模的几何结构对挤出胀大的影响,引入口模入口角、流动自然收敛角来计算圆锥型口模的挤出胀大比,从理论上和实验上指出聚合物熔体在圆锥口模的挤出胀大受到挤出口模入口角影响的一些规律.结果表明,不同角度圆锥口模挤出过程中,熔体在收敛流道受到拉伸流变,导致强烈的入口弹性效应,表现出熔体在不同角度圆锥口模挤出时有不同的挤出胀大比.当L/D较小时,挤出胀大与口模入口角有关,口模入口角θ为15°、30°时,挤出胀大较小,当口模入口角θ=45°～120°时,挤出胀大较大,但在这个圆锥口模入口角范围内,口模入口角的变化对挤出胀大影响很小;当L/D较大时,口模入口角对挤出胀大影响较小.     

牵引拉伸对微挤出成型影响分析

研究了聚合物挤出过程拉伸作用对口模出口处流体体系的形态、流变性能的影响。利用Polyfow软件对微管挤出成型过程进行数值模拟,分析了牵引拉伸作用对压力场、速度场及挤出胀大、边界位置变化的影响。结果表明,随着牵引速度的增大,人日压力降低;牵引速度对日模内速度场及挤出胀大影响较小,而对制品在挤出过程中截面尺寸的变化有明显影响。     

定型段长度对聚合物微管精密挤出成型的影响

基于流体动力学和聚合物流变学等理论建立了三维微管精密挤出流动模型,运用有限元方法进行了数值计算,通过对口模内外熔体各物理场量的分析,研究了定型段长度对微管挤出成型的影响。研究结果表明,口模压降、剪切速率随着定型段长度、熔体流率及熔体黏度的增大而增大;挤出胀大率随着定型段长度和熔体黏度的增大而减小,但受熔体流率的影响不明显。根据研究结果,获得了一定条件下定型段的最佳长度,进行实际口模设计时,若熔体流率或熔体黏度增大,可适当减小定型段长度,但当微管壁厚增大时,应适当增加定型段长度。     

C形口模共挤出胀大的三维黏弹数值研究

运用有限元方法,采用PTT本构方程和Arrhenius黏度对温度依赖方程,对C形共挤口模中的聚丙烯(PP)和聚苯乙烯(PS)两熔体进行了三维非等温黏弹数值研究,主要研究了口模入口端熔体层间界面位置（r）对挤出胀大率和界面位置稳定性的影响,研究表明,随着r的增大,口模出口处熔体的二次流动程度减弱,挤出胀大率减小;在两熔体入口流率相等的情况下,取使得两熔体入口面面积近似相等的r值,能保证口模内及口模出口端熔体层间界面位置稳定性较好。     

高填充性聚丙烯基纳米复合材料挤出胀大行为研究

使用毛细管流变仪考察了3种高填充聚丙烯（PP）纳米复合材料的挤出胀大行为,研究了口模温度、剪切速率、熔体压力、纳米粒子填充比例和纳米粒子形貌对PP纳米复合材料熔体挤出胀大比的影响。结果表明,3种PP纳米复合体系熔体的挤出胀大比均随口模温度的增加而减小,且大致呈线性关系;随着剪切速率的增大而增加,且随着填料填充比例的增加有减小的趋势;随着熔体压力的增大而增加,并且随着熔体压力的增加,其挤出胀大比随填料填充比例的增加而减小的幅度下降;3种颗粒形貌纳米粒子填充体系中,在相同的体积分数和温度下,片状结晶纳米氢氧化镁［Mg（OH）2］填充体系熔体挤出胀大比最小,球状纳米碳酸钙（CaCO3）填充体系熔体挤出胀大比最大,棒状粒子埃洛石纳米管（HNTs）填充体系熔体挤出胀大比介于两者之间。     

熔体挤出速度对共挤吹塑型坯离模膨胀影响的数值模拟

基于三维非等温黏弹性熔体多相分层流动有限元数值模拟技术,模拟研究了熔体挤出速度对多层共挤吹塑成型环坯离模膨胀和初始温度场的影响规律,揭示了型坯离模膨胀的产生机理。结果表明,多层共挤吹塑成型环坯离模膨胀是由熔体的二次流动诱发而产生,与熔体流出机头进入自由膨胀段的二次流动强度成正比,而其二次流动强度随着熔体挤出速度的增大而增强,因而导致环坯离模膨胀随着熔体挤出速度的增加而增大;多层共挤吹塑成型熔体的二次流动强度与其第二法向应力差成正比关联关系,这与Debbaut的试验研究结论完全吻合,表明二次流动是由第二法向应力差驱动而产生。     

超高分子量聚乙烯气辅挤出影响因素的数值模拟及分析

以超高分子量聚乙烯的圆形轴对称气辅口模挤出为研究对象,在采用Polyflow软件对气辅口模挤出时的等温流动进行数值模拟之后,就入口流率、松弛时间以及零剪切黏度等物性和工艺参数对挤出胀大、速度分布、口模压降和熔体外表面上剪切速率的影响进行了数值模拟和分析。分析表明:气辅挤出是克服超高分子量聚乙烯传统挤出时面临一系列困难的有效加工方式。     

A parallel coextrusion technique for simultaneous measurements of radial die swell and velocity profiles of a polymer melt in a capillary rheometer

This article proposes a new experimental technique to simultaneously measure radial die swell and velocity profiles of polystyrene melt flowing in the capillary die of a constant shear rate rheometer. The proposed technique was based on parallel coextrusion of colored melt‐layers into uncolored melt‐stream from the barrel into and out of the capillary die. The size (thickness) ratio of the generated melt layers flowing in and out of the die was monitored to produce the extrudate swell ratio for any given radial position across the die diameter. The radial velocity profiles of the melt were measured by introducing relatively light and small particles into the melt layers, and the times taken for the particles to travel for a given distance were measured. The proposed experimental technique was found to be both very simple and useful for the simultaneous and accurate measurement of radial die swell and velocity profiles of highly viscous fluids in an extrusion process. The variations in radial die swell profiles were explained in terms of changes in melt velocity, shear rate, and residence time at radial positions across the die. The radial die swell and velocity profiles for PS melt determined experimentally in this work were accurate to 92.2% and 90.8%, respectively. The overall die swell ratio of the melt ranged from 1.25 to 1.38. The overall die swell ratio was found to increase with increasing piston speed (shear rate). The radial extrudate swell profiles could not be reasoned by the shear rate change, but were closely linked with the development of the velocity profiles of the melt in the die. The die swell ratio was high at the center (～1.9) and low (～0.9) near the die wall. The die swell ratio at the center of the die reduced slightly as the piston speed was increased. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:1960–1969, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

Die design for rigid PVC—the effect of die land length on extrudate swell

PVC profile extrusion compounds have a unique morphology. While other polymers gradually decrease in extrusion die swell with increasing length/thickness (L/D) ratio, PVC profile extrusion compounds have a low die swell, quite independent of the die's L/D ratio in the range of 5 to 20. The fact that the die land length can be changed without changing the extrudate swell is an important consideration, which makes die design and balancing dies simpler and easier for PVC profile extrusion compounds. While other polymers substantially increase extrudate swell with increased shear rate, the swell of the PVC profile compounds is not much affected by shear or extrusion rate. This unique behavior allows wider processing latitude in profile extrusion and faster extrusion rates than with other polymers. Another unique factor in the rheology of PVC profile extrusion compounds is that extrusion die swell increases with increasing melt temperature, while other polymers have decreasing die swell with increasing melt temperature. The unusual rheology of PVC profile extrusion compounds is attributed to its unique melt morphology, where the melt flow units are 1 um bundles and molecules that have low surface to surface interaction and entanglement at low processing temperatures but increased melting and increased entanglement at higher processing temperatures. Other polymers, unlike PVC, have melt flow at the molecular level.     

Experimental studies on radial extrudate swell and velocity profiles of flowing PS melt in an electro‐magnetized die of an extrusion rheometer

This article investigates the radial extrudate swell and velocity profiles of polystyrene melt in a capillary die of a constant shear‐rate extrusion rheometer, using a parallel coextrusion technique. An electro‐magnetized capillary die was used to monitor the changes in the radial extrudate swell profiles of the melt, which is relatively novel in polymer processing. The magnetic flux density applied to the capillary die was varied in a parallel direction to the melt flow, and all tests were performed under the critical condition at which sharkskin and melt fracture did not occur in the normal die. The experimental results suggest that the overall extrudate swell for all shear rates increased with increasing magnetic flux density to a maximum value and then decreased at higher densities. The maximum swelling peak of the melt appeared to shift to higher magnetic flux density, and the value of the maximum swell decreased with increasing wall shear rate and die temperature. The effect of magnetic torque on the extrudate swell ratio of PS melt was more pronounced when extruding the melt at low shear rates and low die temperatures. For radial extrudate swell and velocity profiles, the radial swell ratio for a given shear rate decreased with increasing r/R position. There were two regions where the changes in the extrudate swell ratio across the die diameter were obvious with changing magnetic torque and shear rate, one around the duct center and the other around r/R of 0.65–0.85. The changes in the extrudate swell profiles across the die diameter were associated with, and can be explained using, the melt velocity profiles generated during the flow. In summary, the changes in the overall extrudate swell ratio of PS melt in a capillary die were influenced more by the swelling of the melt around the center of the die. Polym. Eng. Sci. 44:2298–2307, 2004. © 2004 Society of Plastics Engineers.     

气辅对L形异型材包覆共挤胀大影响的数值模拟

采用PTT本构方程,运用有限元方法对低密度聚乙烯/高密度聚乙烯（PE-LD/PE-HD）熔体的包覆共挤过程进行了三维等温黏弹数值模拟。对比分析了2种熔体在传统和气辅包覆共挤过程中挤出胀大及在不同条件下气辅包覆共挤熔体的挤出胀大。结果表明,气辅包覆共挤过程中,当芯层与壳层熔体的单位体积流率相等时,整体、芯层及壳层胀大率不随松弛时间的增加而变化,一直保持为零,而当芯层与壳层熔体的单位体积流率不等时,单位体积流率较大的熔体表现为挤出胀大,较小的表现为挤出收缩。     

LDPE熔体在圆锥型短口模挤出过程的粘弹行为研究

主要研究不同入口圆锥角短口模流道挤出流动过程中聚合物熔体的粘弹特性,以及在口模流动过程压力损失,入口弹性贮能和挤出胀大比之间的关系。对于不同的口模入口角,有不同的剪切速率与剪切应力的规律,流变曲线各自不同。同时,不同的圆锥入口角,表现出不同的Bagley校正因子对应不同的挤出胀大值,反映了聚合物熔体在不同圆锥入口角短口模挤出过程拉伸弹性形变特性的差异。聚合物熔体在不同入口圆锥角短口模挤出流动过程的压力降,依赖口模流道的几何形状(入口角、长径比)、温度、流动速率等,入口损失主要归因于拉伸形变的弹性贮能。