帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛对妇科术后自控硬膜外镇痛效果的影响

目的 探讨帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛对妇科术后患者自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA)效果的影响.方法 90例择期妇科手术的患者随机分成三组,均采取硬膜外阻滞麻醉方式,Ⅰ组于切皮前10 min静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg,Ⅱ组于手术结束时静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg;Ⅲ组不应用帕瑞昔布钠.三组术毕均留置硬膜外导管以0.12%罗哌卡因行患者自控硬膜外镇痛(PCEA).记录术后4、8、12、24、48 h的VAS评分及术后48 h内罗哌卡因用量及不良反应.结果 Ⅰ组48 h镇痛满意度(8.3±2.1)、Ⅱ组镇痛满意度(7.2±1.8)明显高于Ⅲ组镇痛满意度(5.7±2.6)(P<0.05).Ⅰ组VAS评分分别为8 h(2.64±0.18)、12 h(1.33 ±0.52)、24 h(1.08±0.57),明显低于Ⅲ组8 h(4.65±0.54)、12 h(3.86±0.77)、24 h(3.09±0.67)(P<0.05)三个时点的VAS评分.Ⅲ组有效按压次数(9.69±8.68)明显高于Ⅰ组(5.56±6.34)(P<0.05);Ⅲ组实际按压次数(18.36±12.59)明显多于Ⅰ组的实际按压次数(11.67±15.16)(P<0.05).Ⅲ组罗哌卡因总用药量(239.78±19.31)明显高于Ⅰ组(187.46±22.59)和Ⅱ组(209.39±19.12)(P<0.05)的用药量.Ⅲ组患者恶心、呕吐发生率明显高于Ⅰ组(P<0.05).结论 帕瑞昔布钠超前镇痛在一定程度上能提高妇科术后患者硬膜外自控镇痛效果,并减少硬膜外自控镇痛期间局麻药的用量.     

膝关节腔内注射罗哌卡因复合新斯的明对膝关节镜术后镇痛效果观察

目的 研究膝关节腔内联合运用罗哌卡因和新斯的明对膝关节镜术后镇痛效果.方法 将40例膝关节镜手术患者分为Ⅰ组和Ⅱ组各20例,每组分别在术毕向膝关节腔内注入新斯的明0.5 mg+0.2%罗哌卡因30 ml(Ⅰ组),0.2%罗哌卡因30 ml(Ⅱ组),并进行镇痛效果评估.结果 术后4小时和8小时,Ⅰ组VAS评分均明显低于Ⅱ组(P<0.05).但在12、24、48小时VAS评分差异无显著性意义.结论 新斯的明与罗哌卡因联用可明显增强术后8小时左右的镇痛效果.加快了起效时间,极少发生不良反应,是一种安全有效的膝关节手术后镇痛方法.     

腘窝坐骨神经阻滞术中合用盐酸氢吗啡酮对罗哌卡因镇痛时效的影响

目的观察腘窝坐骨神经阻滞术中合用盐酸氢吗啡酮对罗哌卡因镇痛时效的影响。方法前瞻性选取北京同仁医院拟行足踝手术病人68例,随机分为单纯罗哌卡因组(R组)及罗哌卡因联合盐酸氢吗啡酮组(RH)两组,各34例。所有患者全麻前给予超声引导下腘窝坐骨神经阻滞。R组局麻药为0.4%罗哌卡因30 ml神经周围注射;RH组在0.4%罗哌卡因中加入0.01 mg/kg盐酸氢吗啡酮共30 ml神经周围注射。观察阻滞后12 h、24 h及36 h病人VAS评分及镇痛持续时间。结果 RH组在给药后24 h VAS评分(1.2±0.5)明显低于R组(3.5±1.2),RH组镇痛持续时间(27.5±2.1 h)明显长于R组(22.3±1.8 h),差异均有显著性。两组术后镇痛相关的不良反应发生率无显著差异(P0.05)。结论腘窝坐骨神经阻滞时,与单纯应用0.4%罗哌卡因相比,在0.4%罗哌卡因中加入盐酸氢吗啡酮可以明显延长镇痛持续时间,并减轻阻滞作用消退时病人的反跳性疼痛。     

右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因股神经阻滞用于膝关节镜术后镇痛的临床研究

目的对比观察右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因用于膝关节镜术后镇痛的临床效果。方法拟行膝关节镜手术的患者60例,随机分为罗哌卡因组(A组,n=30)和右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因组(B组,n=30)。两组患者在喉罩全麻后,分别在超声引导下行单次股神经阻滞,A组注入0.25%罗哌卡因注射液30 ml,B组注入0.25%罗哌卡因及100μg右美托咪定混合液30 ml。观察两组患者术后4 h(T0),8 h(T1),12 h(T2)及24 h(T3)的视觉模拟评分(VAS),当VAS评分大于5分时,静脉注射氟比洛芬酯50 mg。结果两组间在T0、T1、T2时间点的VAS评分分布无统计学差异(P0.05)。B组在T3时间点的VAS评分分布优于A组,两者比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。A组氟比洛芬酯的用量(68.33±35.92 mg)明显高于B组(18.33±30.75 mg),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论右美托咪定联合罗哌卡因较单纯罗哌卡因行单次股神经阻滞镇痛时间长,术后辅助氟比洛芬酯镇痛剂量小。     

人工全髋关节置换术中运用多模式镇痛的疗效评价

目的研究多模式镇痛对人工全髋关节置换术患者功能锻炼的镇痛效果。方法选择拟行人工全髋关节置换术的患者105例,随机分为观察(A、B)组和对照组,3组例数分别为35、36、34例。观察A组患者术前给予"多模式镇痛"理念的宣教,术中接受静脉注射用帕瑞昔布钠40mg和关节腔周围注射盐酸罗哌卡因注射液100 mg;观察B组患者术前给予"多模式镇痛"理念的宣教,术中接受关节腔周围鸡尾酒样注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg以及关节周围注射盐酸罗哌卡因注射液100mg。观察A、B组术后均给予注射用帕瑞昔布钠、盐酸曲马多缓释片、塞来昔布(西乐葆),并予指导行功能锻炼。对照组术中行关节周围注射盐酸罗哌卡因注射液100 mg和术后使用静脉自控式镇痛泵48 h、盐酸曲马多缓释片、塞来昔布,并予指导行功能锻炼,比较各组镇痛疗效。结果观察组的静息疼痛VAS评分与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。观察A组与B组相比,比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。3组不良反应比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。观察A、B组康复不依从率较对照组低,但比较差异未达统计学意义(P=0.058)。结论在人工全髋关节置换术中运用多模式镇痛,术后镇痛效果良好,不良反应少。     

帕瑞昔布钠联合PCEA对肛肠手术患者术后镇痛的效果观察

目的探讨帕瑞昔布钠联合硬脊膜外自控镇痛（PCEA）对肛肠患者术后的镇痛效果。方法60例肛肠手术患者随机均分为2组,每组各30例。帕瑞昔布钠组（P组）,于手术结束时静脉注射帕瑞昔布钠40 mg（生理盐水4 mL稀释）＋PCEA;对照组（C组）单纯使用PCEA;均于手术结束离室时启用PCEA镇痛（罗哌卡因15 mg＋曲马多注射液0.5 g,用生理盐水稀释成100 mL）。2组术后4、8、12、24 h进行视觉模拟疼痛（VAS）评分,记录术后24 h镇痛药用量、镇痛泵（PCA）按压次数及不良反应。结果2组术后4、8、12 h VAS评分P组低于C组（P〈0.05或P〈0.01）,24 h PCA按压次数、镇痛药用量及不良反应P组均低于C组（P〈0.01或P〈0.05）。结论帕瑞昔布钠联合PCEA对肛肠患者术后镇痛效果更佳,不良反应发生率也较低。     

罗哌卡因与利多卡因联合用于膝关节镜术后镇痛的随机双盲安慰剂对照试验

目的研究膝关节腔内联合应用罗哌卡因与利多卡因的镇痛效果。方法采用随机双盲安慰剂对照的试验方法,将90例膝关节镜手术患者分为3组,每组分别在术毕膝关节腔内注入0.9%生理盐水(NS组)和罗哌卡因(R组)、罗哌卡因 利多卡因(R L组),并进行镇痛评估,记录术后补救性镇痛药总用量。结果R组术后2h休息时、术后1~8h运动时的视觉模拟评分(VAS评分)明显低于NS组(P<0.05)。RL组术后0.5～2h休息时及术后清醒至术后24h运动时的VAS评分明显低于NS组(P<0.05)。结论膝关节腔内注射罗哌卡因能明显减轻患者术后疼痛程度。罗哌卡因 利多卡因关节腔内注射能减轻患者术后清醒即刻的疼痛程度,达到术后早期镇痛的目的。     

右美托咪定不同给药途径联合股神经阻滞用于膝关节镜日间手术后的镇痛

目的观察右美托咪定的不同给药途径复合相同浓度的罗哌卡因联合超声引导下的股神经阻滞对膝关节镜手术的术后镇痛效果。方法选择行日间膝关节镜检查的患者75例,随机分为A、B、C三组各25例。其中A组采用0. 15%的罗哌卡因30 ml患侧股神经阻滞,50 ml生理盐水泵注; B组:0. 15%的罗哌卡因+0. 5μg/kg的右美托咪定共30 ml行单侧股神经阻滞,50 ml生理盐水泵注; C组:0. 15%的罗哌卡因30 ml行患侧股神经阻滞,0. 5μg/kg的右美托咪定50 ml泵注。均采用静推地佐辛5 mg/次作为术后镇痛的补救方法。记录手术持续时间以及患者苏醒时间,对患者的股四头肌肌力进行术前和术后的评估,记录术后2、5、9、12、16、20小时的VAS评分、Ramsay评分、不良反应发生例数、行镇痛补救例数。结果三组手术持续时间、患者苏醒时间、股四头肌肌力差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05)。术后6、9、12、16、20小时的VAS评分、Ramsay评分,B、C组A组,差异有统计学意义(P 0. 05),B、C组间比较差异无统计学意义(P 0. 05); B、C组需镇痛补救例数少于A组,三组不良反应发生例数差异无统计学意义。结论 0. 5μg/kg的右美托咪定静脉使用或者作为神经佐剂分别复合0. 15%的罗哌卡因联合超声引导下的神股经阻滞应用于膝关节镜手术能有效并同等程度延长术后镇痛的持续时间。     

连续股神经阻滞复合氯诺昔康用于膝关节置换术后镇痛

目的:评价连续股神经阻滞复合氯诺昔康用于膝关节置换术后镇痛效果及氯诺昔康围术期用于中老年患者的安全性。方法:单侧全膝关节置换的病人84例,随机分为氯诺昔康组和对照组。两组患者均在全身麻醉前行连续股神经阻滞,并单次给予0.5%罗哌卡因30 ml,术毕持续输注0.2%罗哌卡因,设置背景剂量5 ml/h,单次追加剂量5 ml,锁定时间30 min,持续至术后48 h。氯诺昔康组术毕及术后每间隔12 h经静脉给予氯诺昔康8 mg(2 ml),对照组对应时间给予生理盐水2 ml,持续至术后72 h。观察并记录术后静息视觉模拟疼痛评分rest(visual analogue scale,RVAS),术后第3、4天功能锻炼时疼痛评分和术后第5天下地活动情况,术后24 h、48 h的罗哌卡因用量及病人自控按压次数,患者镇痛满意度,补充镇痛情况,不良反应和凝血功能等。结果:除术后4 h外,氯诺昔康组所有时间点静息疼痛评分均明显低于对照组(P<0.05);但术后第3、4天功能锻炼时VAS评分及术后第五天下地活动情况无统计学差异(P>0.05);氯诺昔康组患者镇痛满意度明显高于对照组(P=0.012);氯诺昔康组患者住院期间胃肠道不良反应发生率有增高趋势(发生率为22.8%vs 8.3%),但组间比较总体不良反应无显著性差异。结论:氯诺昔康能够改善股神经阻滞的静息镇痛效果,且病人满意度高。     

氢吗啡酮复合罗哌卡因用于胸腹腔镜联合食道癌根治术后硬膜外自控镇痛的效果观察

目的观察氢吗啡酮复合罗哌卡因用于胸腹腔镜联合食道癌根治术后硬膜外自控镇痛(PCEA)的效果及安全性。方法选择浙江省台州医院拟在全身麻醉复合硬膜外麻醉下行胸腹腔镜联合食道癌根治术的患者60例,随机分为氢吗啡酮复合罗哌卡因PCEA组(H组)和舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因PCEA组(S组),每组各30例。H组:氢吗啡酮10μg/mL+罗哌卡因1.25 mg/mL;S组:舒芬太尼0.3μg/mL+罗哌卡因1.25 mg/mL。给药方案:负荷剂量为6 m L,维持剂量4 mL/h,自控剂量每次5 mL,锁时30 min。记录术后4、8、12、24和48 h静息和咳嗽时的视觉模拟评分(VAS)及下肢运动神经阻滞程度(改良Bromage分级)。记录术后48 h内PCEA的有效按压次数(D1)和实际按压次数(D2),并计算D1/D2,以评价镇痛满意度。记录术后48 h内不良反应发生情况和镇痛补救情况,并计算镇痛补救率。结果 H组术后4、8、12、24和48 h静息和咳嗽时VAS评分明显较S组低(P 0.05)。H组术后48 h内PCEA的D1、D2和镇痛补救率明显低于S组(P 0.05),D1/D2和镇痛满意度明显高于S组(P 0.05)。两组患者术后4、8、12、24和48 h的改良Bromage分级和术后48 h内不良反应发生情况比较,差异均无统计学意义(P 0.05)。结论氢吗啡酮复合罗哌卡因用于胸腹腔镜联合食道癌根治术后,PCEA效果确切,不良反应少,且镇痛效果优于舒芬太尼复合罗哌卡因,患者满意度更高。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profile of Shigella species isolated from children with moderate to severe diarrhea in northeastern Brazil

Molecular characterization of virulence and antimicrobial resistance profiles were determined for Shigella species isolated from children with diarrhea in Fortaleza, Brazil. Fecal specimens were collected along with socioeconomic and clinical data from children with moderate to severe diarrhea requiring emergency care. Shigella spp. were isolated by standard microbiological techniques, and we developed 4 multiplex polymerase chain reaction assays to detect 16 virulence-related genes (VRGs). Antimicrobial susceptibility tests were performed using disk diffusion assays. S. flexneri and S. sonnei were the predominant serogroups. S. flexneri was associated with low monthly incomes; more severe disease; higher number of VRGs; and presence of pic, set, and sepA genes. The SepA gene was associated with more intense abdominal pain. S. flexneri was correlated with resistance to ampicillin and chloramphenicol, whereas S. sonnei was associated with resistance to azithromycin. Strains harboring higher numbers of VRGs were associated with resistance to more antimicrobials. We highlight the correlation between presence of S. flexneri and sepA, and increased virulence and suggest a link to socioeconomic change in northeastern Brazil. Additionally, antimicrobial resistance was associated with serogroup specificity in Shigella spp. and increased bacterial VRGs.     

护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响分析

目的研究护理干预对面部中重度寻常型痤疮的临床疗效影响。方法选取本院在2014年4月~2016年7月诊治的136例面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者,随机分为研究组与对照组,每组68例;所有患者均依据其情况给予对应的治疗,其中对照组在治疗期间给予常规护理,研究组在对照组的基础上再给予综合性护理干预,比较两组的治疗效果及护理满意度情况等。结果患者在接受治疗和护理后,研究组中度与重度患者的治疗效果较对照组均明显提高(P0.05),研究组护理满意度较对照组明显增高(P0.05)。结论对面部中重度寻常型痤疮患者在其治疗期间给予综合性护理干预,具有良好的效果。