Using Multiple Antibiotic Resistance and land use characteristics to determine sources of fecal coliform bacterial pollution

Multiple Antibiotic Resistance (MAR) analysis and regression modeling techniques were used to identify surface water areas impacted by fecal pollution from human sources, and to determine the effects of land use on fecal pollution in Murrells Inlet, a small, urbanized, high-salinity estuary located between Myrtle Beach and Georgetown, South Carolina. MAR analysis was performed to identify areas in the estuary that are impacted by human-source fecal pollution. Additionally, regression analysis was performed to determine if an association exists between land use and fecal coliform densities over the ten-year period from 1989 to 1998. Land-use variables were derived using Geographic Information System (GIS) techniques and were used in the regression analysis.MAR analyses were conducted by comparing the frequency and patterns of antibiotic resistance found in Escherichia coli isolates derived from surface water samples and from sewage sources in the Murrells Inlet sewage collection system. The MAR results suggest that the majority of the fecal pollution detected in the Murrells Inlet estuary may be from non-human sources, including fecal coliforms isolated from areas in close proximity to high densities of active septic tanks.A MAR Index, which measures the frequency of antibiotic resistance, was calculated for each of twenty-three water samples and nine sewage samples. The antibiotic resistance pattern comparisons were performed using cluster analysis. Although the MAR indices indicated that several surface water sites had potential human-source contamination, the cluster analysis suggests that only one sampling site had MAR patterns that were similar to those found in the sewage samples. This site was in close proximity to several large pleasure boats as well as a sewage collection system lift station, but was not near areas with active septic tanks. The results of the regression analysis also suggest that sewage sources and rainfall runoff from urbanized areas may contribute to fecal pollution in the estuary.     

Estimation of Heavy Metals in Different Berberis Species and Its Market Samples

Popularity of herbal drugs is increasing all over the world because of lesser side effects as compared to synthetic drugs. Besides, it costs less and easily available to poor people particularly in developing countries. But quality assurance of herbal drugs is very necessary prior to its use. Because in today's polluted environment, even herbal drugs are not safe. Berberis spp. is very important medicinal plant, having various medicinal properties. It is also included in Indian and British pharmacopoeias. Its demand is quite high in herbal drug market. So, to check the quality of market samples of this drug, ten different samples were procured from different drug markets of India for heavy metal estimation. Besides, genuine samples of four species of Berberis viz. B. aristata, B. chitria, B. lycium, B. asiatica were also collected from natural habitats to compare heavy metal concentration in both market and genuine samples. It was found that market samples were much more contaminated than genuine samples. Lead (Pb) concentration is far beyond from WHO permissible limit (10 ppm) for herbal drugs, reaching to maximum 49.75 ppm in Amritsar market sample. Likewise, concentration of all other metals like Cd, Cr and Ni were also very high in market samples as compared to genuine samples.     

Heavy Metals Content in N. OleanderLeaves As Urban Pollution Assessment

Nerium oleanderL. (Oleander) leaves grown in Palermo city (Sicily, Italy) were collected from six sampling sites representing either areas of high traff{i}c and urbanisation density or areas far away from traffic (e.g. city gardens). Concentration of Al, Ba, Cr, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Mn, and Zn were determined in leaf samples during two years. Multivariate analysis classified the sampling sites in four groups based on the metal content in vegetal leaves in agreement with traffic and human activity site. Many elements studied (Al, Ba, Fe, Mn Mg) arise from the soil composition and others such as Cr, Cu, Pb and Zn as pollutant of the soil. On the other hand, about 30% of Al, Fe Cr, Cu and Pb originate from aerial deposition on leaves. Although the results presented should be handled with caution N. oleandercan be considered as a means of assessing dust contamination in the urban environment.     

南通市近岸海域主要海产品重金属残留监测与评价

对南通市近岸海域捕捞的多获性鱼类6种,甲壳类2种,养殖的贝类7种,藻类2种共17种海产品158份样品重金属残留进行调查分析。采用样品超标率、内梅罗综合污染指数等指标对海产品重金属残留状况进行综合评价,结果表明,南通市近岸海域海产品中人工养殖的贝类、藻类重金属污染大于捕捞的鱼类、甲壳类,重金属及As在海产品中的残留为:Cd、As污染>Pb、Hg、Cu、Cr。     

北江底泥中重金属污染特征及生态危害评价

测定了北江五个监测断面的底泥中重金属镉、铬、铜、铅、锌的含量,镉含量在11.7-76.0mg/ks之间,铬含量在46.5-112.3mg/kg之间,铜含量在62.0～173.7mg/kg之间,铅含量在148.7-491.0mg/kg之间,锌含量在303.3-1453.0mg/kg之间,这五种重金属含量均超出广东省土壤背景值和我国湖泊底泥中重金属的平均值.经计算,北江底泥中这五种重金属具有较强的相关性(相关系数在0.89～0.99之间),表明其具有同源性.采用瑞典学者Hakanson提出的潜在生态危害指数法对北江五个底泥监测断面的镉、铬、铜、铅、锌进行了潜在生态危害评价,其潜在生态危害指数均大于600,表明北江五个底泥采样断面的重金属潜在生态危害均为很强.     

铅锌尾矿库周边土壤重金属污染特征及环境风险

以尾矿库周边土壤为研究对象,用改进BCR法探讨Zn、Pb、Ni、Cu、Cr形态特征,用污染因子Cf和风险评价代码RAC评估环境风险。结果表明:Pb污染最重,总量是区域背景值的2倍多,污染剖面各重金属总量垂向分布均匀,污染已扩散至1 m深;5种金属均主要以残渣态存在,有效态、可交换态Pb质量占比均高于其他4种金属,与表层土壤相比,中、下层污染剖面各金属以更稳定的形态存在;Zn、Ni、Cu、Cr在表层或污染剖面土壤均存在低风险,部分点位Pb存在中度风险。     

上海市浦东新区大气细颗粒物中重金属污染特征及来源解析

于2017年对浦东城区和郊区大气PM2.5中的重金属特征和来源进行了分析。结果表明,K、Fe、Na、Ca、Mg、Al等矿物元素为浦东新区PM2.5中含量最高的金属元素,其中K的年均值为297.3 ng/m^3。浦东城区的不同元素在季节变化上呈现较为不同的变化规律,郊区的金属元素值大部分呈现春季先逐月下降,在夏、秋季有起伏波动,在10月之后逐渐上升;沙尘+道路源+建筑扬尘、煤燃烧、工业排放、金属冶炼、船舶排放、海盐+垃圾焚烧+生物质燃烧为浦东城区PM2.5中重金属元素的6大类主要来源。其中沙尘+道路源+建筑扬尘对Ca的贡献率为82.7%,煤燃烧对As的贡献率为86.6%,工业排放对SO4^2-的贡献率达到65.9%,金属冶炼对Cr的贡献率为75.7%,船舶排放对V的贡献率为97.5%、海盐+垃圾焚烧+生物质燃烧对Cl^-的贡献率为93.0%。煤燃烧和金属冶炼主要来自于西部方向。船舶排放分布在长江口及其延伸带。浦东新区PM2.5中重金属元素的质量浓度与本地源排放强度、外界传输和大气扩散条件均有密切关系。     

电子废弃物拆解园区重金属排放特征和周边土壤重金属污染来源解析及风险评价

对某典型电子废弃物拆解园区排放的废气以及周边土壤中的重金属进行监测分析。结果显示,拆解过程中排放的重金属总量由高到低依次为：锡（Sn）、铬（Cr）、镍（Ni）、铅（Pb）、铜（Cu）、锑（Sb）、锰（Mn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）、汞（Hg）;从处理工艺来看,几个主要拆解工序均有重金属排放,排放量由高到低依次为：加热烤板、火法冶炼、塑料造粒和湿法冶炼工序。园区周边土壤中的Hg、Cd、Cu、Pb平均质量分数超过珠三角土壤污染风险筛选值。相关性和主成分分析结果表明,Pb、Cu、Cd、Ni、Zn等重金属来源于电子废弃物拆解过程,包括废水排放、大气干湿沉降和固体废弃物随意堆放等途径,Cr可能主要来源于成土母质,Hg有电子废弃物之外的其他来源。土壤生态风险评价结果表明,该区域属于很强生态风险,其中Cd和Hg对生态危害的贡献率达到91.6%。土壤环境容量评价结果表明,该区域仅有As和Cr的土壤现存容量较大,Zn和Ni的土壤现存环境容量较小,已达到警戒值,其余重金属均处于超载状态。该地区土壤重金属污染状况须引起足够重视,应尽快制定管控治理措施。     

运城市区秋冬季大气PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评估

为了解山西省运城市大气细颗粒物（PM_2.5）中重金属的污染特征和来源及其健康风险,于2020年10月15日—2021年2月14日对运城市大气PM_2.5样品进行连续采集,使用微波消解-电感耦合等离子质谱法（ICP-MS）分析了样品中的铬（Cr）、锰（Mn）、镍（Ni）、铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）、砷（As）、镉（Cd）和铅（Pb）等8种重金属元素的质量浓度。结果表明,采样期间,ρ（PM_2.5）平均值为78.96μg/m³,采暖季ρ（PM_2.5）为（79.84±43.79）μg/m³,高于非采暖季（76.54±23.97）μg/m³,采暖季和非采暖季ρ（PM_2.5）均值均超过《环境空气质量标准》（GB 3095—2012）中的二级标准。富集因子法分析表明,Ni、Cu、Zn、As、Cd和Pb的富集因子均高于10,其中Cd元素的富集因子平均值达到1.089,表明受人为污染影响严重。主成分分析结果表明,运城市区秋冬季大气中重金属主要有3个来源,分别为混合燃烧源、机动车尾气源、工业排放源。健康风险评价结果显示,经手口摄入暴露强度最大,呼吸吸入暴露强度最小,皮肤接触暴露强度居中;儿童在3种暴露途径的总暴露剂量高于成人,儿童重金属暴露风险高于成人。各途径的非致癌风险强度叠加值＜1,表明非致癌风险较小;但As、Pb的非致癌风险相对较高。4种重金属的呼吸吸入途径致癌风险程度排序为：As＞Cr＞Cd＞Ni,单种重金属的致癌风险（TR）值以及重金属的总致癌风险（R）值均＜10^-6,表明本研究中重金属不具有致癌风险。     

都江堰市城区周边农田土壤重金属污染状况分析与评价

以都江堰城区周边农耕地为对象,按照国标方法对土壤样本中的Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn五种重金属元素含量进行测定。结果表明,部分样本中的Cd、Cu含量超过国家土壤环境质量二级标准。采用单因子污染指数和土壤综合污染指数评价方法,以国家土壤环境质量二级标准为评价标准,对研究区内Cr、Cu、Cd、Pb、Zn重金属的污染状况进行评价,评价结果显示,Cu、Cd为主要污染元素,污染指数处于轻、中度污染,Cr、Pb、Zn对土壤尚未构成污染关系,研究区土壤重金属总体污染程度较轻。     

钼矿区周边农田土壤中重金属污染状况的分析与评价

对钼矿区周边农田土壤重金属污染情况进行了详细研究.选择该矿区受污染农田土壤样本80个,采用HNO3-HF-HClO4混酸对土壤样品进行处理,运用欧共体参比司推荐的BCR三步连续提取法进行化学形态分析;使用等离子体发射光谱仪(ICP-AES)测定土壤样品中Mo、Pb、As、Hg、Cr、Cd、Zn、Cu、Ni的全量及各种化学形态的含量并进行评价,同时对矿区地下水进行分析;采用spas软件进行数据分析.结果表明,矿山周边农田土壤重金属主要污染物为Cd、Hg并伴有Cr污染;Nemerow综合指数6.81,综合评价结果为该区土壤已受严重污染;Cd与As污染来源基本相同,Cu、Ni、Zn污染来源基本相同,Hg有独立的污染来源;重金属中化学形态分布为残余态>有机结合态>氧化结合态>酸可提取态;重金属Cr及Hg的有效态比例较大,可能会影响农作物的正常生长;矿山周边农田土壤重金属污染的原因可能是污染地下水的浇灌,矿石的开采、运输和大气降尘等过程;有机农药及塑料农用制品的施用过程,自然成土、矿物的伴生及其转化等过程.     

Serogroups of Escherichia coli from Drinking Water

Fifty seven isolates of thermotolerant E. coli were recovered from 188 drinking water sources, 45 (78.9%) were typable of which 15 (26.3%) were pathogenic serotypes. Pathogenic serogroup obtained were 04 (Uropathogenic E. coli, UPEC), 025 (Enterotoxigenic E. coli, ETEC), 086 (Enteropathogenic E. coli, EPEC), 0103 (Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC), 0157 (Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC), 08 (Enterotoxigenic E. coli, ETEC) and 0113 (Shiga-toxin producing E. coli, STEC). All the pathogenic serotypes showed resistance to bacitracin and multiple heavy metal ions. Resistance to streptomycin and co-trimazole was detected in two strains whereas resistance to cephaloridine, polymixin-B and ampicillin was detected in one strain each. Transfer of resistances to drugs and metallic ions was observed in 9 out of 12 strains studied. Resistances to bacitracin were transferred in all nine strains. Among heavy metals resistance to As³⁺ followed by Cr⁶⁺ were transferred more frequently.     

辽宁绥中海域海水和表层沉积物中重金属污染评价

根据2009年10月的调查数据对辽宁绥中海域海水和表层沉积物中的重金属(砷、汞、铜、铅、锌和镉)进行了研究。用单因子指数评价法对海水中的重金属进行了评价,结果表明,海水中的Zn、Hg含量均超过《海水水质标准》(GB3097-1997)中Ⅰ类海水水质标准。采用《海洋沉积物质量》(GB 18668-2002)Ⅰ类海洋沉积物质量标准评价,表层沉积物中的As超标一倍以上。采用瑞典科学家Hkanson的潜在生态危害指数法进行评价,生态危害程度As>Hg>Cd>Cu>Zn>Pb。     

典型金属冶炼城市降尘中重金属污染特征及风险评价

2021年1-3月,采集湖南省某典型金属冶炼城市不同功能区的降尘样品,分析测定了17种重金属元素含量,其中15种重金属元素含量超出了湖南背景值,分别为Ag、Fe、Cd、Ti、Sb、Tl、Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo、Ni、Cr、Ba、Mn。采用地累积指数法、潜在生态危害指数法和健康风险评价模型对大气降尘中重金属可能造成的生态风险和健康风险进行评价。结果表明:受长期的有色金属冶炼影响,Ag、Cd、Fe、Sb、Ti、Tl 6种重金属达到了极重度污染,Pb、As、Zn、Cu、Mo在中度污染程度以上。工业区的综合生态危害指数远高于工业居民混合区、工业农业混合区、居民区和交通区,达到了极强生态危害级别。健康风险评价结果显示:大气降尘中As和Pb存在非致癌风险,As、Cd和Ni存在致癌风险,且经口摄入是最主要的暴露途径。与青少年和儿童相比,大气降尘中重金属对成人造成的风险较高,且成年女性面临的风险高于成年男性。     

Bioaccumulation of Metals in Fish of Salmonidae Family and the Impact on Fish Meat Quality

The study was aimed at determining the levels of metals in water samples and muscles of the fish caught in the Una River basin, located in the northwestern part of Bosnia and Herzegovina. For that purpose, three fish species: Brown Trout (Salmo trutta m. fario), Grayling (Thymallus thymallus) and Californian Trout (Salmo gairdneri), together with stem water samples, were analyzed for metal concentrations (Pb, Hg, Cd, As, Mn, Ni, Cu, Cr, Se, Co, Sn, Zn, Fe, Ca, P) during a 2-year period. The fish was captured using electric fishing, nets or fishing equipment. The capture was undertaken on three sites (the river source, the middle flow and the river mouth) of each of the five biggest rivers belonging to the Una River basin (Unac, Krušnica, Sana, Klokot, and Una). The concentrations of metals in each sample were determined via atomic absorption spectrophotometry. In the tested waters, the presence of Mn in concentrations higher than permitted (0.07 mg/l) had been detected. In the tested meat, the following average concentrations of metals (mg/kg) had been found: Pb (0.67), Cd (0.06), Mn (0.65), Ni (0.15), Cu (0.79), Cr (1.05), Se (0.03), Zn (8.92), Fe (5.40), Ca (14.68), and P (10.85). The correlation between Mn concentrations identified in the tested waters and those identified in the meat of Brown Trout was revealed to be statistically significant, which confirms that, over time, bioaccumulation of metals took place. Even though the results were not indicative of contamination, they strongly suggest that constant monitoring of the ecosystems in reference should be implemented.     

图们市区大气PM10中7种重金属的监测与分析

2007年6月至2008年3月分4个季节在图们市区利用大气综合采样器采集4个监测点位的大气PM₁₀样品,用硝酸-双氧水湿法消解,火焰原子吸收分光光度法检测样品中铬、锰、铁、铜、锌、镉、铅7种重金属含量,并对7种重金属元素的时空变化规律进行研究。结果表明:图们市大气PM₁₀中重金属含量由高到低的顺序是铁>锌>锰>铅>铬>铜>镉,铁的含量明显高于其他重金属含量。铅的年平均值为1.436 μg/m³,超出现行《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095—1996)规定的浓度限值。重金属的季节性变化规律比较明显,冬季Cr、Cu、Zn、Pb的含量明显高于其他3个季节。区域性功能则不明显,在4个监测点位中7种重金属含量的变化不是很大。7种重金属含量年平均值的日变化规律也不是很明显,说明重金属来源除了天然源外,主要来自于煤和汽油燃烧过程中排放的飘尘。     

Heavy Metal Concentrations in Water, Sediments and Body Tissues of Red Worm (Tubifex spp.) Collected from Natural Habitats in Mumbai, India

Live feeds, especially Tubifex spp., which are collected from a wide variety of polluted habitats, are used by aquarium fish keepers in India. These habitats receive domestic sewage and industrial wastes from nearby residential and industrial areas. Reports of morbidity and mortality from aquarium fish culturists in and around Mumbai led to the present investigations on the ecology of these habitats with a view to assess the water quality, presence of heavy metals in the environment and their bioaccumulation in Tubifex worms, and to examine whether these habitats could be exploited to meet the demand of the industry. Six natural red worm (Tubifex spp.) collection centres in Mumbai and Thane districts of Maharashtra state in India constituting a major source of live Tubifex supply to aquarium fish industry were evaluated for pollution, heavy metal concentration in water, sediments and in the body tissues of Tubifex. Data revealed the presence of heavy metals in water and sediments at collection sites and bioaccumulation of cadmium, iron, lead, zinc and copper in body tissues of Tubifex worms. Cadmium ranged from 2.38 to 7.21 mg/kg, iron 671.9 to 5738 mg/kg, lead 14.95 to 33.49 mg/kg, zinc 60.20 to 166.60 mg/kg and copper 29.38 to 108.90 mg/kg of dry Tubifex worms. The study suggests that all the six collection sites are polluted and the red worms contaminated with heavy metals and hence, unfit for use in aquaria or feeding any variety of fish or crustaceans in the hatcheries.     

PM2.5中重金属形态分布及其在模拟酸雨中的释放

对西安市夏季PM_2.5中6种重金属元素的化学形态进行分析,并研究了模拟酸雨淋溶条件下PM_2.5中6种元素的释放过程。结果表明,近80%的Cr和Fe分布在有机质、氧化物、硫化物结合态和残渣态中,Cd在大气环境中的化学性质很活泼,具有很强的毒害性,Pb、As、和Hg 3种元素主要以碳酸盐态、可氧化态与可还原态存在于环境中;PM_2.5中6种元素均有不同程度的释放,Cd释放率高于其他元素,Fe释放率最低,pH降低有利于颗粒物中重金属元素的释放。     

2013年春夏季莱州湾海水环境要素特征和富营养化评估

根据2013年5（春季）、8月（夏季）莱州湾海水环境要素的调查资料,采用富营养化指数、潜在性富营养化评价模式和灰色聚类分析方法研究环境要素特征和评估海水富营养化状况。结果表明,无机氮是莱州湾水质的主要污染要素,春夏季的N/P平均值分别为100.76、117.84,潜在性富营养化评价模式结果表明,春夏季各站位的营养级均只包括Ⅳ_P、Ⅵ_P两类,磷限制为莱州湾的营养盐结构特征;富营养化指数评价结果表明,春季和夏季E>1站位比例分别为65%、20%;灰色聚类分析结果表明,春季Ⅱ级、Ⅲ级的站位比例分别为95%、5%,夏季Ⅱ、Ⅲ级的站位比例分别为70%、25%,Ⅱ级中的部分站位具有较大潜在富营养化风险。     

钢丝绳产业区重金属对土壤－农产品的复合污染及生态风险评价?

选取钢丝绳行业比较发达的某乡镇为研究区域,对其地区周边土壤及农产品的污染状况进行了野外调查和实验分析研究。结果表明：（1）土壤中铅、锌的含量均有不同程度的污染。（2）土壤中重金属含量与废水灌溉方式有关。（3）废水灌溉的农产品均有不同程度的污染。（4）重金属主要富集在农产品的根部,果实中富集的量很少。