西方人口分布预测研究动态

在人口预洲领域,对出生、死亡、迁移、规模以及结构（性别、年龄）等因素的预测已经有了很大进展,然而对于人口分布方面的预测研究则少之又少。非常可喜的是,近十年来西方一些学者,在这个方面已经做了一些有益的尝试。可以为我国将来在该领域的研究起到很好的借鉴作用。本文就西方学者近期人口分布预测的研究傲一简要梳理．涉及的预测主题依次为：种族、教育状况、老年人口保健与收入、劳动力、移民出生地、家庭户主率等。     

维吾尔族人口规模与分布

本文就维吾尔族人口规模与分布这个专题,从维吾尔族人口规模及数量变动、维吾尔族人口的分布两个方面进行了阐述和研究。     

中国人口分布合理性评价

本文构建了人口潜力指数,运用2000年第五次人口普查的省级和县级人口数据及相应的自然和会经济指标对我国人口分布的合理性进行了综合分析,并对城镇人口分布的合理性及各省的动态人口分布合理性进行了评价.认为我国人口分布基本合理,人口潜力最大的省区有东南沿海比较发达省市以及东北和西北部分省市.     

上海市人口迁移与人口再分布研究

本文主要利用2005年全国1%人口抽样调查数据,系统考察了近年来上海市外人口入迁及市内人口迁移规模增长,市外人口入迁、市内人口迁移的空间模式特征及其对上海人口再分布变动的影响,发现上海市内、外入口迁移,促进了上海人口再分布的郊区化发展与均衡化变动,对上海城市空间资源的开发利用及功能重构发挥了重要作用,但也存在都心部高密度人口仍按"摊大饼"方式外迁扩散、郊区有些区县因人口净迁出而形成一定相对"过疏化"趋势等问题.文章针对以上的考察分析提出了几点思考和启示.     

四川省人口区域分布与区域经济发展

四川省人口区域分布与中国人口分布有极相似之处:东密西疏。这种不平衡的分布有它的规律性,必然性,靠单方面的人为的力量改变这种分布不均是困难的。这种人口的分布影响到了区域经济的发展。认识到这种人口分布的客观性和规律性,才能正确引导川西经济的可持续发展。     

2000年以来中国少数民族人口的增长与分布

文章基于2000年第五次人口普查和2010年第六次人口普查数据,分析了2000—2010年10年间中国少数民族人口增长与空间分布的变化.研究发现,2000年以来,少数民族人口增长较之1990—2000年有大幅度下降,但不同民族间差异明显,由此导致各民族人口规模变化较大,与2000年比较,人口在1000万以上规模的少数民族由2个增加到4个,人口在10万人以下的人口较少民族由20个下降为19个;人口增长率不仅在民族间差异大,而且不同性别间、不同年龄间和不同地区间都有显著差异,特别是各民族的老年人口增长率都很高.虽然少数民族人口在省级行政区间的分布格局变化不大,但人口城镇化水平大幅度提高,少数民族人口城镇化率由2000年的23.36%提高到2010年的32.84%,但目前少数民族人口城镇化总体水平还很低,且各民族、各地区差异明显.     

甘肃省近百年来人口分布的时空变化分析

文章依据近百年来分区域人口统计数据建立动态模型,分析甘肃省人口分布的时空变化特点。近百年来甘肃经济社会状况的巨变引起75个县的人口密度和人口比重的变化,特别是以兰州市为重心的陇中地区人口比重持续上升,反映了工业化、城镇化过程对人口分布的集中效应;而陇南地区在人口密度快速增加的同时人口比重持续下降,反映了资源环境对人口增长的约束。各地区的人口密度、人口比重与时间序列具有良好的相关性。     

中国长寿人口分布研究

利用第五次人口普查资料,以65岁及以上人口为基数统计长寿人口的比例,排列中国长寿人口的分布状况。采用比较的方法,找出中国长寿人口分布特点。华南地区长寿人口的比例高,华北、西北地区长寿人口比例低。90岁及以上长寿人口比例最高的地区是广西,最低的是内蒙。人口平均预期寿命最高的上海地区,百岁长寿人口比例并不高,处于中下。人口平均预期寿命最低的西藏,百岁长寿人口比例比较高,排位较前。中国城市长寿人口高于乡村长寿人口。城市和乡村除个别省份外,女性长寿人口高于男性长寿人口。     

新疆生产建设兵团人口分布与优化对策刍议

新疆生产建设兵团是实行党政军企合一的特殊组织,承担着屯垦戍边的特殊使命,其人口分布本身就具有战略意义。在新的历史时期,分析探讨兵团人口分布现状与问题,并提出相应的优化对策建议,对于更好地发挥兵团三大作用,进而促进新疆地区跨越式发展和长治久安具有重要的理论和现实意义。     

非洲人口概况

非洲现有人口7．666亿，是世界上人口增长最快的地区。在殖民主义者统治时代，大批非洲人被贩卖，遭屠杀，人口锐减，占世界人口的比例从1750年的14．6％下降至1950年的8．2％。随着殖民主义的崩溃，非洲人口出现了高速增长，其人口从1950年的2．05亿左右上升到1982年年中的4．98亿，占世界人口的10．9％。截止1999年，非洲7．666亿，占世界人口的12．82％。     

新疆维吾尔族人口的空间分布与变动

新疆维吾尔自治区地处西部边陲,是一个拥有47个民族成分的大家庭,占全国总面积的1/6。维吾尔族是这个大家庭的一员,也是其中人口最多的民族。该民族的形成与发展经历了漫长的历史时期,人口的空间分布状况与变动情况也有其独特的规律性和特点。尤其是新中国成立后50年来,维吾尔族人口发生了巨大的变化。下面我们就来用定性和定量两方面来分析新疆维吾尔族人口的空间分布与变动情况。     

Host-feeding and oviposition by parasitoids in relation to host stage: Consequences for parasitoid-host population dynamics

Summary Among parasitoids which host-feed destructively, there is a tendency for females to partition their feeding and oviposition behaviour in relation to different host stages, feeding preferentially or exclusively on earlier host stages and ovipositing preferentially or exclusively in (or on) later ones. We explored the dynamic implications of this behaviour for parasitoid-host population dynamics, using modifications of the age-structured simulation models of Kidd and Jervis (1989, 1991). Using the new versions of the models, we compared the situation where parasitoids practice host stage discrimination with respect to feeding and oviposition, with the situation where they do not. Additionally, we examined the effects of host stage discrimination on populations by (a) having generations either discrete or overlapping, (b) varying initial age structure, (c) having varying degrees of density dependence acting on host adult mortality, and (d) varying parasitoid develoment times in relation to the length of host development. With either discrete or overlapping generations of the host population, a reduction in the parasitoid development time had a destabilizing influence on the parasitoid-host population interaction. With discrete generations stage discrimination had no effect on the risk of extinction, irrespective of either the degree of density dependence acting on the host population, or the initial age structure of the host population. When parasitoid search was uncoupled from the insect's adult energy requirements, the interaction was always unstable. With continuous generations, stage discrimination affected stability at certain parasitoid development times, but not at others. The relative lengths of parasitoid and host development times also influenced the tendency of the host population to show discrete or overlapping generations.     

Analysis of changes of insect-plant ratio-improvement of key-factor analysis for evaluating bottom-up effects in insect population dynamics

A revised key-factor analysis was presented for analyzing the temporal changes in the ratio of insect absolute number to plant resource. Ten data sets for 5 insect species were then analyzed. In this key-factor analysis, the key factor is defined as the factor contributing highly to between-year variation inR _r , the log rate of the inter-year change of the insect-plant ratio. The yearly change of plant resource was handled as a separate factor, expressed byr _pl , log ratio of plant resource in yearn to plant resource in yearn+1. The following was revealed: 1) In 7 of the 10 data sets examined,r _pl influenced variations ofR _r ; in particular in 3 casesr _pl was the main key factor. 2) Generation-to-generation fluctuations of absolute insect densities showed density dependence in 4 cases, while those of insect-plant ratios, in 8 cases. 3) The Royama model or a linear model, explained well the relationship between log insect-plant ratio (X _r ) andR _r and the relationship betweenX _r and log yearly change rate of absolute insect density (R _abs ). However, in the 7 cases in whichr _pl was a critical factor for variations ofR _r , with, increase ofX _r ,R _r showed a steeper, decrease around the equilibrium point (the point for whichR _r is 0) thanR _abs . This occurred becauser _pl tended to be negatively correlated withX _r . Consequently, in two casesX _r fluctuated cyclicly or chaotically although without the changes in plant resource, fluctuations ofX _r would be damped oscillations approaching equilibrium.     

新疆俄罗斯族人口的数量变动与分布变迁研究（1949-2000年）

本文根据历次全国人口普查资料和相关文献,以1949～2000年新疆俄罗斯族人口变动与分布为研究对象,对50年来新疆俄罗斯族的人口变动及成因、地域分布与城镇分布的历史变迁进行了考察分析。     

提高安徽省人口文化素质的思路与对策

安徽省经济基础薄弱,教育投入不足,办学条件差,教育事业总体上比较落后,导致安徽省人口,尤其是劳动人口文化素质偏低,严重地制约了安徽省经济的发展。针对安徽省教育存在的问题和人口文化素质的实际状况,结合省情省力和"科教兴皖"战略,提出优先发展教育,包括适应市场经济的需要,调整教育结构;增大政府教育投入,并建立多渠道筹措教育经费的新体制;巩固和发展农村基础教育,优化农村教育结构;加强师资培训,建设一支高素质的教师队伍等可行性的对策与建议。     

甘肃省民勤县人口空间分析初步研究

利用2001年民勤县分乡人口统计资料和基于地理信息系统(GIS)技术的人口密度、人口自相关等分析方法,对民勤县人口空间分布格局进行探讨和论证,并对民勤县人口空间分布格局的影响因素进行分析。发现民勤县99.7%的人口分布在民勤县不足20%的绿洲区内,区内人口密度达到全县平均人口密度的6.7倍;发现民勤县人口的空间分布格局很大程度上受到自然因素的限制,并为民勤县的可持续发展提供了建议。     

Turbulent dynamics in a Xviith century population

A reconstruction of the population of the Pays de Caux (1589–1700) yields the time series of a fertility behavior indicator, the overall Coale index If. In spite of the noisy appearance of its evolution, the trajectory of If looks ordered, as if it were confined alternatively to two given zones, looping in each of them for a while, then suddenly jumping from the low one to the higher one, or slowly whirling down from the high to the low one.

An attempt is made to explain this general temporal structure by using a simulation model based on the autoregulation model (the so‐called European Marriage Pattern), putting into play a choice of the spouse function, a fertility function, modalities of marriage and remarriage, under the environmental forcing of the reconstructed mortality conditions.

The correspondence between reconstruction and simulation turns out to be quite good, not only for the population size or the Coale index, but also for the marriage series, quite independently of the reconstructioa

A second simulation with simulated mortality conditions shows a bifurcation point: as the mean frequency of crisis increases, the state of the system leaves the lower level and concentrates more and more in the higher level.

Thus, not only does the autoregulator model appear validated by empirical data, but its bi‐modal structure is revealed, depicting the dynamic response of a traditional community both to the environment and to the endogeneous demographic process.     

Effects of parasitoid community structure upon the population dynamics of the honeysuckle leafminer,Chromatomyia suikazurae (Diptera: Agromyzidae)

Population dynamics of a leafminer,Chromatomyia suikazurae (Agromyzidae, Diptera) and its parasitoid community were studied for ten years at seven natural populations along an altitudinal gradient in Japan. This species which mines leaves of a forest shrub,Lonicera gracilipes (Caprifoliaceae), was attacked by 25 hymenopterous parasitoid species. Annually, the parasitoid community structure varied less within a population than among populations. The seven parasitoid communities were clustered into three groups corresponding to the altitudinal gradient: (a) lowland communities dominated by late-attacking, generalist pupal idiobiont eulophids and with highest species diversity, (b) hillside communities dominated by an early-attacking, specialist larval-pupal koinobiont braconid and (c) highland communities dominated by an early-attacking, generalist larval idiobiont eulophid. Annual changes of the host larval densities among the local populations were largely synchronous rather than cyclic. Among these populations, host density levels and mortality patterns greatly varied. By analyzing these inter-populational differences of host mortality patterns, the following conclusions were drawn: (1) The host mortality patterns were determined by the host utilization patterns of the locally dominant species. (2) The host pupal mortality but not larval mortality was related to species diversity but not to species richness itself of each parasitoid community. (3) Density dependence was detected only in pupal mortality at a lowland population dominated by late-attacking pupal parasitoids. These results suggest that interspecific interactions of parasitoids add additive effects to host population dynamics dissimilarly among local populations with different parasitoid communities.     

Perspective of practical biological control and population theories

We have not yet had sufficient theoretical explanation for successful biological control in which a key pest is controlled after an introduction of natural enemies. I compare here real features of successful biological control and theoretical host–parasitoid population models to reduce the gap between theory and practice. I first review the historical interaction between classical biological control projects and theoretical population models. Second, I consider the importance of host refuges in host–parasitoid population dynamics as concerns the mechanisms of low and stable host density. The importance of density–dependent parasitism through parasitoid reproduction in multivoltine host–parasitoid systems and supplemental generalist natural enemies are also discussed. Finally, I consider the difference in tactics for classical biological control and for augmentation of natural enemies in annual crop systems. Received: December 20, 1998 / Accepted: January 15, 1999