中国食品安全监管的进程智慧和经验

中国以人民利益为中心,历来重视食品安全监管,不断摸索和完善食品安全监管模式,多年来积累了丰富的食品安全监管经验,一些食品安全监管的做法已经在引领食品安全监管趋势,体现了中国食品安全监管的智慧和经验。譬如,中国加入世贸组织以来,已经经历了三次大的食品监管机构改革,监管模式更加科学。其中的网络食品安全监管,网格化食品安全监管,校园食品安全监管等显现出很好的监管效果。本文就中国食品安全监管的进程智慧和经验进行一次系统分析,包括食品安全监管机构和监管模式的变化、网络食品安全监管、网格化食品安全监管、校园食品安全监管、农贸市场食品安全监管、旅游餐饮街食品安全监管、农家宴食品安全监管、小商贩小摊贩的食品安全监管等,为了解中国食品安全的做法和经验,开展食品安全监管经验交流提供参考。     

中国食品安全监管资源错配问题分析

食品安全监管是涉及食品安全事前监管、事中处置和事后应对的系统工程。将有效的食品安全监管资源进行合理分配,是提高食品安全监管绩效的关键。在我国不断加强食品安全监管方面的检测技术与行政资源投入环境下,食品安全监管绩效仍没有得到显著改善,食品安全监管的资源错配是重要原因。本文从资源需求的角度,分析现代食品安全监管体系各环节的资源需求,梳理了我国食品安全监管体制调整与资源配置现状,分析了我国食品安全监管资源错配问题,在此基础上提出优化我国食品安全监管资源配置的政策建议。     

中国食品安全检查员监管制度构建探索

食品安全是重大的民生问题,食品安全监管是确保食品安全的关键措施,专业化监管手段的不足是我国当前食品安全监管水平提升面临的最大障碍。本文通过分析借鉴不同国家和地区在食品安全专业化监管领域的有益经验和措施,提出构建中国食品安全检查员的制度建议和具体措施,细化食品安全检查员制度的资质条件、检查内容、培训考核、监督管理等举措,以期逐步构建中国食品专业化监管制度,提升我国食品安全监管的能力和保障水平。     

中国食品安全监管体系改革的法律思考

近年来,中国食品安全监管问题层出不穷,主要原因是食品安全监管体系落后、相关食品安全监管立法滞后、食品安全预警机制和风险评估机制不完善、可追溯性制度和缺陷食品召回制度未能与国际接轨.文章在认真分析中国食品监管现状和借鉴发达国家食品监管经验的基础上,提出了中国食品安全监管改革的对策.     

陕西省工商系统流通环节食品安全监管工作会议在延安召开

10月29日,陕西省工商系统流通环节食品安全监管工作会议在延安召开,会上总结《食品安全法》颁布实施一年来流通环节食品安全监管工作成绩,认真的分析当前食品安全形势,研究流通环节食品安全监管的新方法、新措施和新途径,探索长效监管机制．切实保障流通环节食品安全。会上播放了陕西省流通环节食品安全监管《责任如山》纪实专题片．演示了延安市工商局食品安全电子监管软件系统。     

地方食品安全监管与检测机构协同发展的探讨

我国县级以上地方人民政府负责食品安全监管,食品安全监管工作的完成情况在于地方监管队伍的治理体系和治理能力,食品检验检测机构在食品安全监管行政执法的过程中提供技术支持和保障。因此,协同发展地方食品安全监管机构和食品检验检测机构,对提升食品安全监管的效能起到了举足轻重的作用。     

完善小微食品企业食品安全监管体制的对策

正完善的食品安全监管体制是一个国家对食品安全进行监督管理的基础和保障。本文重点对小微食品企业食品安全监管体制进行研究和探索,破解监管难题,对我国食品安全监管体制进行完善和补充。食品安全状况是衡量一个国家经济发展水平和人民生活质量的重要标志,完善的食品安全监管体制是保障食品安全的前提和基础。随着《食品     

乡镇食品安全监管的困境与对策

阐述了乡镇食品安全状况,分析了乡镇食品安全监管困境,探讨了乡镇食品安全监管对策。提出应健全食品安全基层监管机构,加大食品监管经费投入,引入公众参与机制,规范农村食品营销市场,鼓励城市规模超市下乡入村开展连锁经营,建立无公害农产品生产基地,搞好农家自办宴席食品安全监管工作,加大食品安全宣传力度,构建食品安全网络平台和食品安全可追溯体系等。     

食品安全监管问题研究进展

民以食为天,食以安为先,食品安全已成为各国政府和社会各界的关注焦点。近年来,我国食品安全问题频发,引发了消费者对食品安全的恐慌和对食品安全政府监管的信任危机。本文综述食品安全的内涵及属性、食品安全问题及威胁因素、食品安全监管对策建议,以及对我国《食品安全法》及食品安全监管体制的评价4个方面的研究成果,为加强和完善食品安全政府监管提供科学依据与对策建议。     

我国食品安全监管体制发展历程及改革现状探讨

近段时间,食品安全事件不断出现,食品安全监管已成为全社会关注的焦点问题。为适应新的食品安全监管状况,我国的食品安全监管体制也随之发展和演进,探索适应监管需求的新体制。总体而言,我国食品安全监管体制发展至今,经历了集中监管、分散监管、"多段式"监管,以及目前部分试点城市正在探索的"大管理"监管模式。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Analysis on Economic Indicators from 62 Enterprises in Printing Machinery Industry in Q1 2014

Operation of printing machine industry was still unsatisfactory in the first quarter of 2014.Analysis on operation of printing machine industry.a.Market demand was not strong;sales of product undulated and declined.According to the statistics,the total industrial output value fell by 19.28% in the first quarter of 2014 than the average quarter value in 2013; industrial added value decreased by 4.16%; sales revenue dropped by 22.83%. h. Business operation of enterprises was in poor condition. c. R＆D of new products is an important transformation guarantee for enterprises. d. To take self explore new ways upgrading advantages,and explore new ways.