陶瓷膜工艺在浙江省农村饮用水处理中的应用

为保障农村饮用水安全,浙江省建设了大量农村饮用水工程。由于抗污染能力强、出水水质稳定等特点,陶瓷膜技术已在浙江省多个地区开展实地应用。文中从水源特点、供水工程特点、供水工程控制技术与建设运行成本等方面总结了浙江省农村地区的供水特性,并以小规模农村供水站为例,分析了陶瓷膜技术的应用情况,提出应对农村微污染水源条件下的处理工艺流程。     

无机陶瓷膜在工业废水处理中的应用

综述了陶瓷膜分离技术的特点及在工业废水处理中的应用。并对陶瓷膜在废水处理领域应用出现的问题及解决办法作了阐述。     

膜工艺在饮用水处理中的应用

更严格的饮用水标准的实施,促使人们对应用膜工艺产生兴趣,如反渗透（RO）,超滤（UF）,微过滤（MF）和毫微过滤（NF）。在市政给水处理中,膜已应用在除盐,去除溶解有机物和软化等领域。本文将讨论膜在饮用水处理中的发展趋势,并确定改进膜过程效率研究的长期目标。     

膜分离技术在饮用水处理中的应用

国际水协会（IWA）于2004年6月在韩国汉城召开了主题为”水环境．膜技术”会议,会议发表论文135篇,还有69篇招贴论文。会议就膜技术用于饮用水处理、生活污水处理、工业废水处理及膜污染和模型建立等方面展开交流。本文主要介绍了该会议报道的膜技术在饮用水处理中的应用与研究动态。所有报道表明用微滤／超滤及其与其它工艺组合生产饮用水是非常有前景的水处理技术,对悬浮颗粒、胶体物质和有机物有很好的去除效果,还能去除藻类及DBPs等。文中最后介绍了防止膜污染的措施。     

陶瓷膜微滤凹凸棒土过程中膜污染的控制和再生

采用阻力系列模型分析了膜污染主要来自凹土在膜表面的沉积,通过Darcy定律过滤模型计算,确定过滤过程的阻力主要来自滤饼层阻力Rg,约占总阻力的85%。实验结果表明,单一的物理、化学清洗方法不能达到理想的清洗效果,采用化学方法和反冲技术相结合的清洗方法,可使膜的纯水通量恢复至新膜的89 %以上,且多次的清洗效果稳定。考察了反冲压力、反冲时间和反冲周期等因素对陶瓷膜微滤凹土浆液强化过程的影响,确定合适的反冲操作条件：反冲压力0. 5 MPa、时间10 s、周期20 min。反冲技术在陶瓷膜微滤过程的膜污染控制和再生环节上起了重要作用,并具有广阔的应用前景。     

陶瓷膜微滤的影响因素及膜污染再生探讨

对无机陶瓷膜这种近年来广泛应用的新型膜分离技术的发展和现状进行了介绍。无机陶瓷膜较有机膜及一般分离技术具有无可比拟的优势,在环保,化工,医药,食品饮料等领域发挥着日益重要的作用。对各个因素影响机理进行了探讨。在膜过滤的过程中不可避免的发生膜污染,利用单一或复合清洗剂使被污染膜恢复膜通量。     

陶瓷膜的污染及清洗

介绍了陶瓷膜分离技术的特点,及其在国内外水处理领域的应用进展。总结了陶瓷膜的污染原因及影响因素,并综述了陶瓷膜的清洗方法的研究进展。     

陶瓷膜用于杜仲叶提取液澄清的分离特性与膜污染机制研究

杜仲是我国特有的珍稀中药材树种且资源丰富,其树叶富含绿原酸和黄酮类化合物等活性物质。然而,杜仲叶提取液中杜仲胶、蛋白、多糖等杂质含量较高,缺乏活性物质的高效分离技术。陶瓷膜具有分离效率高、抗污染性能好等优势,已在植物提取液的澄清过程中广泛应用。开发杜仲叶提取液的陶瓷膜法高效澄清技术具有重要应用价值。本文从膜材料和膜过程两个层面展开研究,对陶瓷膜孔径进行了优选,系统考察了操作压力、膜面流速与温度对陶瓷膜澄清过程的影响,并结合Hermia模型对膜污染机制进行了分析。结果表明,平均孔径为100 nm的陶瓷微滤膜具有较高的浊度去除率、活性成分透过率和渗透通量,适合杜仲叶提取液的澄清过程。在优化的操作条件下,陶瓷微滤膜的稳定通量约为58 L·m^-2·h^-1,绿原酸与黄酮的总透过率为75.3%,浊度截留率接近100%,清洗后膜通量恢复率达85%以上。陶瓷膜分离技术在杜仲叶提取液澄清过程中展现了良好的应用前景。     

陶瓷膜材料在水处理领域的应用

综述了陶瓷膜分离技术的特点、原理及在水处理各个领域的应用。并对陶瓷膜在水处理领域应用出现的问题及解决办法作了阐述,最后总结了陶瓷膜在水处理领域的研究方向和应用前景。     

陶瓷膜生物反应器处理生活污水膜污染机理的研究

采用一个经典模型描述了陶瓷膜生物反应器处理生活污水过程中的通量衰减,通过模型参数分析了膜的污染机理。分析结果表明,孔径为50、200和500nm的陶瓷膜主要由“部分孔堵塞”机理、“完全孔堵塞”机理和“部分孔堵塞”机理控制。     

陶瓷膜在水处理中的发展与应用

介绍了无机陶瓷膜的结构、原理及特性;综述了陶瓷分离膜技术的发展过程及其国内外发展现状;分类介绍了其在给水处理、海水淡化、废水处理等方面的应用研究及进展;最后讨论了陶瓷膜在水处理应用中存在的问题及发展趋势,指出其在水处理中具有良好的应用前景.     

纳滤膜分离技术处理饮用水研究进展

综述了纳滤膜分离技术及其在饮用水处理中的应用。研究发现,纳滤膜分离技术在含有多种复杂有毒有害污染物的饮用水处理中可发挥重要作用,可以高效去除饮用水中的有机物、无机物、重金属离子、微量污染物等有害物质。膜分离技术的去除污染物机理一般为筛分作用及电荷效应。纳滤膜在去除饮用水中有毒有害物质有良好的作用效果,突破纳滤膜制备成本、使用寿命瓶颈的膜分离技术对相应物质浓缩富集效能的提升具有重要意义。     

Application of HACCP principles in drinking water treatment

One of the most important tasks at any water treatment plant is safeguarding the quality of drinking water. Worldwide, the drinking-water sector is increasingly aware of the limitations of end-product testing for ensuring safety. One limitation is the steady increase in the number of potentially occurring pathogens and chemicals that need to be monitored. A further limitation is the delayed availability of results in relation to the timing of interventions needed to maintain the safety of a supply. Ensuring the safety of a supply requires monitoring not only of the finished drinking-water, but particularly of parameters which indicate whether the key control measures in a given process are functioning correctly. Preventative measures have therefore become very important. The Hazard Analysis Critical Control Points system (HACCP) is a food safety management system which uses the approach of controlling critical points in food and drink production, and the framework of its concept consists of 7 principles. According to the Council Directive 93/43/EEC and the recent Regulation (EC) No 852/2004 on the hygiene of foodstuffs, the application of HACCP in food production is obligatory. In the present work, the HACCP principles were applied to the Aspropyrgos Water Treatment Plant. The critical control points identified include filtration and chemical disinfection.     

纳米技术在水污染控制中的应用

纳米二氧化钛是目前最受人们关注的光催化剂之一.介绍了纳米技术在饮用水处理、印染废水、农药废水、含油废水处理等水污染控制中的应用进展情况,并对其应用前景作了展望.     

油田采出水处理中陶瓷膜表面水润湿性

陶瓷膜污染是制约陶瓷膜技术大规模应用的关键问题.膜表面水润湿性反映了膜的污染程度.作者分析了处理油田采出污水的陶瓷膜表面对水润湿角及水润湿角随时间的变化.从颜色观察膜芯各处污染程度不同,污染轻处膜面对水润湿角70.4°.污染重处膜面对水润湿角105.9°,由亲水性转变为亲油性,水渗透性变差.经灼烧处理后膜面均为亲水性,水渗透速率较处理前提高.灼烧分析陶瓷膜有机污染物量平均为膜质量的0.78％,酸洗分析无机垢占膜质量的0.28％,以钙盐和铁盐为主.热重分析证明膜污染重处较污染轻的位置有机污染物高约1.5％.     

超滤膜在饮用水处理中临界通量的影响因素研究

超滤膜在临界通量以下过滤可不产生膜污染或产生极轻的膜污染,针对超滤膜在饮用水处理中的临界通量的影响因素,系统考察曝气、过滤方式和混凝沉淀预处理等对浸没式超滤膜处理松花江水临界通量的影响.结果表明,曝气强度达到10 m3/(m2·h),连续曝气可将超滤膜的临界通量提高5 L/(m2·h),曝气强度达到40 m3/(m2·...     

Fouling characteristics of an ultrafiltration membrane used in drinking water treatment

The fouling characteristics of ultrafiltration membranes used in drinking water were investigated when used alone and when used in an integrated biofilter-membrane system to treat a humic-acid laden solution. Membrane strands from sacrificial modules operating in parallel with bench-scale modules were analysed from both systems (with and without pretreatment). Chemical and microbiological analyses were performed on these strands together with different process streams along the treatment train. Microscopic observations performed on the sacrificial membrane strands revealed that most of the fouling material was organic in nature with high numbers of viable microorganisms. When comparing their fouling characteristics, a positive effect from the biofilter was observed on the performance of the membrane with pretreatment, decreasing in general the amount of material deposited and reducing the fouling rate. Membranes were tested at two different permeate fluxes; this variable did not have an effect on the overall amount of material deposited, but it significantly impacted the membrane fouling rate.     

ORP在水环境污染防控方面的应用

氧化还原电位(ORP)是判断液相体系氧化还原能力的综合参数,反映了液相体系的氧化还原倾向。探讨了温度、时间、pH、溶解氧等因素对ORP的影响,总结了ORP指标在水环境污染防控中的应用,指出了ORP应用过程中应注意的事项。就目前应用而言,ORP在给水处理、循环水处理、脱硫废水处理、水处理设备防腐等方面具有很好的应用前景。此外,ORP在湿地保护方面的应用也是新的发展方向。     

超滤在饮用水处理中的应用和研究进展

介绍了超滤在饮用水处理中的应用和研究进展;研讨微絮凝+超滤组合工艺、粉末活性炭(PAC)+超滤组合工艺,以及膜污染及其防治技术;从处理效果、经济性能上对超滤工艺与常规过滤工艺进行对比。认为超滤工艺必将成为未来饮用水最重要最有效的处理技术之一;而混凝+超滤工艺比较适合我国国情,具有很好的发展前景。     

Recent progress on low-cost ceramic membrane for water and wastewater treatment

Great progress in the development of low-cost ceramic membranes from alternative materials have been achieved recently towards various application especially water and wastewater treatment. However, their significance has not been fully recognized and understood especially in term of their microstructural analysis such as formation of grain growth and microcracks. This review paper summarizes fabrication method, alternative materials, microstructure, wettability, mechanical properties and application of low-cost ceramic membrane. The fabrication method including slip casting, tape casting, extrusion, pressing method and phase inversion technique are described. Alternative materials used in low-cost ceramic membrane fabrication are discussed and categorized into clays, agricultural waste, industrial waste and animal bone waste. The mechanisms of morphology formation, microstructure and wettability properties are analysed. Modification strategies for the surface of low-cost ceramic membrane are discussed, and classified into modification for separation application, modification for photocatalytic application and modification for membrane distillation and membrane contactor system. Modification improves the membrane structure by changing the pore size, porosity and wettability properties of low-cost ceramic membranes. Mechanical properties of low-cost ceramic membranes are also discussed in detail towards several mechanism, like grain growth phenomenon and formation of microcracks which also considered as membrane defects. Grain growth phenomenon can be divided into normal and abnormal grain growth. Meanwhile, formation of microcracks could be occurred in single-phase polycrystalline ceramics that have anisotropic grains or biphasic polycrystalline grains. The application of low-cost ceramic membrane in seawater desalination, oily wastewater treatment, heavy metal adsorption, textile separation and photocatalytic application are reviewed. Finally, some possible opportunities and challenges for further development of low-cost ceramic membrane are pointed out.