完全氧化DZ125的双向反射特性实验研究

作为燃气轮机的核心部件，涡轮叶片长期在上千度的高温下工作，为了保证叶片安全可靠地运行，需要对其温度进行实时的监测。辐射测温是目前涡轮叶片非接触式测温的主流方法，其测温精度与叶片材料反射特性关系密切，如何预测不同方向反射能量的大小，减小反射辐射对测温结果的影响是目前研究的难点。为了预测叶片反射能量大小，提高辐射测温的准确性，对涡轮叶片常见材料——完全氧化DZ125的双向反射分布函数(BRDF)进行研究。采用对比法作为实验测量的方法，先分析了BRDF对比法测量原理及数据处理方法，之后自主搭建了试验台，在温度分别为25, 900和1 100℃,波长分别为1 060, 1 550和1 908 nm的条件下，控制入射天顶角及反射天顶角在0°～60°范围变化，方位角在0°～180°范围变化，测量计算出了多组BRDF值，分析了各种因素对完全氧化DZ125的BRDF的影响。最后采用Modified Phong模型对BRDF测量值进行了拟合，并与实验测量结果进行了对比，得到了较好的结果。研究结果表明，温度、波长对完全氧化DZ125的BRDF影响较小，在涡轮叶片工作的温度范围变化不大，辐射波长变化不大时，...     

空间目标表面材料光谱双向反射分布函数测量与建模

介绍了双向反射分布函数（BRDF）的绝对测量原理和方法,选用光谱分辨率为3 nm的光谱辐射度计及精度为001°的三维转角系统,搭建了BRDF自动测量平台,对空间目标表面包覆材料在400—2500 nm的光谱BRDF进行了测量.结果表明,BRDF曲线极大值所对应的散射角度一般在镜反射方向左右,其余BRDF值随散射角变化很平缓,从中间向两边逐渐变小,近似成余弦分布.测量误差为495%.应用模拟退火算法,结合BRDF五参量统计模型,获得了测量光谱范围内各波长对应的共2101组五参量值,通过对比参量计算结果和 关键词： 双向反射分布函数 绝对测量 误差分析 参量模型     

靶材料BRDF现场模拟测量

介绍一种利用频率调制光谱技术,在自然环境光下进行材料双向反射分布函数(BRDF)的测量方法.用该方法对若干墙面靶材料的反向散射双向反射分布函数进行了测量,并给出了被测材料的BRDF拟合函数参量.测量环境模拟了以墙面材料为反射靶的激光现场遥感探测气体测量环境,其结果对此类探测仪器的设计具有指导意义.     

Use of a wide angle CCD line camera for BRDF measurements

In order to determine the Bi-directional Reflectance Distribution Function (BRDF) of natural surfaces a CCD line camera is used. This allows measurements under natural conditions with a high azimuth and zenith angular resolution in a short time. The CCD line spans a field of view of 80° as the zenith angle range. For covering the azimuth range, the camera is mounted on a rotating device and an extendible boom provides an aerial platform. This set up allows the measurement of the [almost] complete reflectance distribution of the surface below the camera for the 30-s rotation period of the camera. The camera used for this set up is the wide angle airborne camera (WAAC), which was developed at the DLR for airborne stereo imaging purposes. This paper presents the radiometric calibration of the system and shows the initial results of our approach in measuring the BRDF with high angular resolution for a short period.     

Design of multi-spectrum BRDF measurement system

A multi-spectrum bidirectional reflectance distribution function (BRDF) measurement system was developed with the adoption of single reference standard measurement method. An arm-adjustable corner device was designed for the BRDF system. Changing the distance to the sample by moving the detector arm made the device applicable to different wavelengths. The system could be used for the spectrum range from visible light (0.6328 μm) to mid-far infrared (10.6 μm), the facular size between 0.8-3 cm.The rotating limit of detector arm was ±180°, the rotation range of sample holding table was 360°, and the angle resolution was 0.036°. A silicon carbide sample was measured using this system with reflectance zenith from -55° to +55°. According to the error analysis, the measurement uncertainty of this device was about 6.42%.     

Degree of polarization based on the three-component pBRDF model for metallic materials

An expression of degree of polarization(DOP) for metallic material is presented based on the three-component polarized bidirectional reflectance distribution function(p BRDF) model with considering specular reflection, directional diffuse reflection and ideal diffuse reflection. The three-component p BRDF model with a detailed reflection assumption is validated by comparing simulations with measurements. The DOP expression presented in this paper is related to surface roughness, which makes it more reasonable in physics. Test results for two metallic samples show that the DOP based on the three-component p BRDF model accords well with the measurement and the error of existing DOP expression is significantly reduced by introducing the diffuse reflection. It indicates that our DOP expression describes the polarized reflection properties of metallic surfaces more accurately.     

微粗糙硬铝表面双向反射特性实验研究

本文基于四波段双向反射分布函数测试平台,对微粗糙硬铝表面的光谱双向反射分布函数进行了实验测量,考察了微粗糙尺寸参数、入射角度和入射辐射波长对表面辐射特性的影响。测量结果显示了明显的镜反射特征,粗糙的表面结构还引起了后向反射增强现象,长波入射和大角度入射增强后向反射效应。     

Focused cylindrical vector beam assisted microscopic pSPR biosensor with an ultra wide dynamic range

A novel phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance (pSPR) biosensor based on differential phase measurement between two cylindrical vector beams, namely radially polarized and azmuthally polarized beams, is proposed and studied in an inverted microscope. Different from a fixed angle or a relatively small angular range for SPR excitation in the attenuated total reflection (ATR) configuration, the signal beam focused by a total internal reflection fluorescence microscopic objective contains the entire angular range from 0 to the maximum angle given by the numerical aperture, leading to a dynamic range of 0.41 RIU which is over seven times wider than the best result of the ATR pSPR sensor. Moreover, with the technique of differential phase measurement between radial and azimuthal polarizations employed in our configuration, high sensitivity of ±9.05×10(-8) refractive index unit/1 deg can simultaneously be achieved in principle. The proposed technique maintains the unique advantages in terms of securing high imaging resolution and sensitivity with an ultra-wide dynamic range simultaneously.     

Three-Component Model for Bidirectional Reflection Distribution Function of Thermal Coating Surfaces

We present a bidirectional reflection distribution function(BRDF) model for thermal coating surfaces based on a three-component reflection assumption,in which the specular reflection is given according to the microfacet theory and Snell's law,the multiple reflection is considered Nth cosine distributed,and the volume scattering is uniformly distributed in reflection angles according to the experimental results.This model describes the reflection characteristics of thermal coating surfaces more completely and reasonably.Simulation and measurement results of two thermal coating samples SR107 and S781 are given to validate that this three-component model signiScantly improves the modeling accuracy for thermal coating surfaces compared with the existing BRDF models.     

基于双向反射分布函数实验测量的目标散射特性的分析

介绍了一种用双向反射分布函数(BRDF)测定仪进行目标双向反射分布函数测量的方法。以聚四氟乙烯(F4)粉压制板作为反射标准板,给出了F4标准板及所测样品在双向反射分布函数测定仪上的测量数据。被测样片的反射光强度经标定过的漫反射标准板传递,最终在较高分辨率的半球空间内分析计算出了样品在红外(1.06μm和0.86μm)波段的双向反射分布函数。实验结果表明,该方法是一种分析目标散射特性的可行性方法。     

陆基条件下典型地物和伪装光谱影响因子分析

近年来,随着军事侦察识别技术的快速发展,用于侦察探测的军事装备已经逐步实现高精度化水平,拥有高技术侦察手段的一方往往可以对目标实施精准打击,大大降低战争胜利的成本。在高光谱成像方面,目前比较成熟的有卫星遥感和高空航空成像技术,这两种成像方式侦察时间大致相同,入射光方向基本一致,并且由于高光谱设备基本垂直于地面,因而反射光方向保持不变, 地物的BRDF系数比较固定。在陆军应用时,侦察时间随机,太阳的入射角度时刻变化,而且侦察的方向任意,高光谱在地面或者近地位置,探测方向变化无穷,地物在不同成像条件下的光谱曲线受到物体表面的BRDF系数影响凸显。通过展开不同的实验,挑选了绿地植被和三种人造伪装材料,细致的分析了太阳高度角、方位角和探测角对陆基条件下地物光谱的影响。实验结果表明,虽然四种材料的反射特性存在差异,但在不同的太阳高度角、探测角以及探测器与地物的方位角上呈现相似的规律。对于太阳高度角,当探测角一定时,人造伪装物光谱一般随着太阳高度角的变化整条光谱曲线都发生变化,反射比曲线呈现出平移的规律,而绿地植被在白光波段变化不很明显,在近红外波段的变化很明显,随着太阳高度角的升高先升然后降低;对于方位角而言,四种材料随着方位角的增大,光谱反射比一般先升高后降低,同时后向观测时的反射比一般比前向观测时大;对于探测角,三种材料的光谱反射比与探测角的关系并不很大,但三种材料均在不同的探测角度上出现了“热点”现象。最后,对绿地植被和迷彩伪装板的BRDF模型参数进行了分析,得到了其在不同方向上的反射规律。     

Model of bidirectional reflectance distribution function for metallic materials

Based on the three-component assumption that the reflection is divided into specular reflection,directional diffuse reflection,and ideal diffuse reflection,a bidirectional reflectance distribution function(BRDF) model of metallic materials is presented.Compared with the two-component assumption that the reflection is composed of specular reflection and diffuse reflection,the three-component assumption divides the diffuse reflection into directional diffuse and ideal diffuse reflection.This model effectively resolves the problem that constant diffuse reflection leads to considerable error for metallic materials.Simulation and measurement results validate that this three-component BRDF model can improve the modeling accuracy significantly and describe the reflection properties in the hemisphere space precisely for the metallic materials.     

基于随机表面微面元理论的二向反射分布函数几何衰减因子修正

现有几何光学方法的二向反射分布函数BRDF (bidirectional reflection distribution function)模型在计算阴影遮蔽效应时普遍应用Blinn几何衰减效应假设, 其等倾角V形槽近似得出的分段折线形式的几何衰减因子导致BRDF曲线存在较大的误差. 基于倾斜角随机高斯分布的微面元理论提出了一种新的几何衰减模型, 得出了积分形式的几何衰减因子表达式, 数值模拟比较了Blinn几何衰减因子与修正后的积分型衰减因子以及对应的BRDF模型曲线. 结果表明: 提出的几何衰减因子在物理合理性以及模拟精度方面都有明显提升, 使BRDF模型曲线与已有BRDF 数据之间的标准误差由0.0636减小到0.0084.     

角度测量的光学方法

光学测角法是高精度动态角度测量的一种有效的解决途径。对目前发展较快的几种角度测量的光学方法———圆光栅测角法、光学内反射小角度测量法、激光干涉测角法和环形激光测角法进行了详细的介绍 ,并且分别给出了每种方法的测量原理和发展现状 ,比较了各种方法的优缺点 ,给出了每种方法的应用场合和发展前景     

可变温条件下材料表面的双向反射分布函数测量

基于双向反射分布函数单一参考测量法的测量原理,研制了一套测量温度最高可达500℃的双向反射分布函数测量系统。系统利用转角装置来实现不同角度位置的变换,用加热炉对试样进行加热,采用模糊PID控制器进行温度的控制。在25℃～500℃的温度范围内,对铜表面的双向反射分布函数进行了测量实验,光源采用可见光波长0.6328μm,功率约8mW的He-Ne激光器,选用Si1336-5BK光电探测器。实验表明：随着试样表面温度的升高,铜表面的BRDF测量值发生了改变;在温度上升或下降到同一温度时,铜表面的BRDF测量值不同。最后,对实验现象的形成机理进行了深入分析。上述实验结论对材料表面空间反射特性的研究具有重要意义。     

植被双向反射分布函数的模型及其发展

介绍了双向反射分布函数(BRDF)的概念和反映植被特性的归一化植被指数(NDVI)、增强植被指数(EVI)、差值植被指数(DVI)等一些重要指数参数。评述了近年发展起来的植被BRDF模型的构建方法,例如统计反演方法,MODIS植被指数合成法和集合卡曼滤波法(EnKF)。分析了目标表面BRDF数据的获取方法和改进的驱动核算法。对BRDF模型的发展趋势进行了展望。     

A New Method for Measuring Scattering of Light from Optical Surfaces with Random Roughness

In this letter we report a new method for measuring light scattered from optically rough surfaces. By collecting scattered light in a given solid angle, the measurement system does not require a detection unit with an extremely large dynamic range. This in turn significantly simplifies the system configuration. Measurements of scattering close to specular reflection (the so-called small angle or near-specular scattering) also can be completed without any difficulty. Unlike in the common angle resolved scattering (ARS) measurement system, in this system a linear movement instead of rotation is adopted to scan scattered light. In this way, the angular resolution of scattering measurements is independent of the resolution of the translation stages and may be adjusted.     

基于神经网络的粗糙表面双向反射分布函数建模

分析粗糙表面双向反射分布函数的测量方法,提出一种使用人工神经网络技术建立目标表面材料双向反射分布函数模型的方法。给出测量样品多个入射角度下的BRDF随散射角变化的曲线,从中选取部分曲线输入到神经网络,使用贝叶斯正则化方法训练网络,最终获取双向反射分布函数和入射角、散射角的映射关系模型。使用网络模型计算参与训练和未参与训练的输入角度的散射分布曲线,与实验测量曲线进行比较,结果表明：建立的模型正确,具有应用价值。     

二维定心激光扫描器及其摆角测量系统的研制

简要介绍了一种二维定心偏转激光扫描器的工作原理和结构设计。对二维摆角的两种不同测量方式的优劣进行了比较,并详细介绍了采用光电位置传感器(PSD)实现摆角测量的系统,包括它的测量原理、光学系统构造和PSD后续信号处理电路。结果表明,所研制的二维定心激光扫描器摆角测量系统可以实现±7.5°的二维摆角和30°圆锥角的大范围扫描,其重复精度为0 05°,分辨率为0 01°。具有快速灵巧、实时性强、工作稳定、抗环境干扰能力强等优点。     

偏振光谱BRDF建模与仿真

在偏振光条件下,物体的表面反射受到折射率、表面粗糙度、入射角等多种因素的影响。针对粗糙物体表面在不同波段光照下表现出不同的偏振反射特性,提出一种基于Kirchhof理论的偏振光谱BRDF模型。利用已知材质在不同波长下的复折射率,对其折射率和消光系数部分分别反演出的对应光谱模型,进而得到复折射率的光谱模型;同借鉴经典的表面粗糙度测量方法,结合菲涅耳反射公式,推导出表面粗糙度的光谱模型,将得到的复折射率和粗糙度光谱模型与BRDF模型相结合,推导出偏振光谱BRDF建模。模型分别在折射率随波长变化、粗糙度为常量,折射率、粗糙度均随波长变化以及原模型三种情况下进行仿真对比实验,并将所得到的数据与其他资料进行对比。其结果表明,该模型能够较为准确的反映物体表面的偏振反射特性,并且能够描述偏振度随波长变化趋势的光谱特征,能够为偏振遥感、物质分类等方面的应用提供可靠依据。