MBE HgCdTe:A Challenge to the Realization of Third Generation Infrared FPAs

叙述了围绕第三代红外焦平面的需求所进行的HgCdTe分子束外延的一些研究结果.75mm HgCdTe薄膜材料的组分均匀性良好,80K下截止波长偏差为0.1μm.对所观察到的HgCdTe表面缺陷成核机制进行了分析讨论,获得的75mm HgCdTe材料平均表面缺陷密度低于300cm-2.研究发现As的表面黏附系数很低,对生长温度十分敏感,在170℃下约为1×10-4.计算表明,As在HgCdTe中的激活能为19.5meV,且随(Na∑Nd)1/3的增大呈线性下降关系,反比系数为3.1×10-5meV·cm.实验发现Hg饱和蒸汽压下,对应不同的温度240,380,440℃,As在HgCdTe中的扩散系数分别为(1.0±0.9)×10-16,(8±3)×10-15,(1.5±0.9)×10-13cm2/s.采用分子束外延生长的HgCdTe材料已用于红外焦平面探测器件的研制,文中报道了一些初步结果.     

应对第三代红外焦平面技术挑战的HgCdTe分子束外延

叙述了围绕第三代红外焦平面的需求所进行的HgCdTe分子束外延的一些研究结果.75mm HgCdTe薄膜材料的组分均匀性良好,80K下截止波长偏差为0.1μm.对所观察到的HgCdTe表面缺陷成核机制进行了分析讨论,获得的75mm HgCdTe材料平均表面缺陷密度低于300cm-2.研究发现As的表面黏附系数很低,对生长温度十分敏感,在170℃下约为1×10-4.计算表明,As在HgCdTe中的激活能为19.5meV,且随(Na∑Nd)1/3的增大呈线性下降关系,反比系数为3.1×10-5meV·cm.实验发现Hg饱和蒸汽压下,对应不同的温度240,380,440℃,As在HgCdTe中的扩散系数分别为(1.0±0.9)×10-16,(8±3)×10-15,(1.5±0.9)×10-13cm2/s.采用分子束外延生长的HgCdTe材料已用于红外焦平面探测器件的研制,文中报道了一些初步结果.     

分子束外延P-on-N HgCdTe As扩散调控研究

对分子束外延（MBE）生长的原位As掺杂HgCdTe外延材料的热退火造成的As扩散控制进行研究。在较低的退火温度下获得了As扩散长度可控的HgCdTe材料,易于形成符合设计参数的PN结轮廓,为后续新型焦平面器件的研发提供基础。研究发现,在热退火过程中,原位As掺杂HgCdTe的As浓度的大小和纵向分布随着不同的Hg分压而发生改变。并通过理论计算获得了不同Hg分压下的As扩散系数。同时,通过数值模拟对不同As扩散长度的P-on-N器件结构进行了暗电流模拟,验证了As掺杂结深推进工艺的重要性。     

碲镉汞的液相外延生长

设计了一种使用良好的石墨舟,建立了一套能进行开管液相外延的系统,并利用此系统在CdZnTe衬底上和在富Te的生长条件下生长了不同x值的HgCdTe外延薄膜.通过对外延生长工艺的控制,外延薄膜的表面形貌有很大的改善,残留母液大为减少,外延薄膜的组分比较均匀,其电学性能得到较大改善,HgCdTe外延薄膜与CdZnTe衬底之间的互扩散非常少,外延膜的晶体结构也较完整.     

HgCdTe液相外延薄膜表面缺陷的控制

研究了HgCdTe液相外延薄膜表面两类宏观缺陷的形成原因.研究表明,大部分表面凹陷点(void)缺陷的形成是由衬底的蜡沾污所引入的,而表面凸起点(hill-like)是由衬底边缘脱落的CdZnTe微颗粒造成的,通过控制外延生长前的衬底处理过程,可以抑制这两类缺陷,从而生长出零(宏观)缺陷密度的优质HgCdTe外延薄膜.     

分子束外延碲镉汞薄膜中VOID缺陷的研究

HgCdTe薄膜中的Void缺陷严重影响面阵器件的有效元数。对用分子束外延法在GaAs衬底上生长的HgCdTe薄膜中的Void缺陷进行了形貌、剖面观测和能谱分析。衬底表面状况和HgCdTe生长过程中的Hg/Te束流比及衬底温度决定了Void缺陷的密度和尺寸。在比较优化的条件下，可将Void缺陷密度降到5×102cm－2以下。     

As掺杂碲镉汞富碲液相外延材料特性的研究

对富碲液相外延As掺杂碲镉汞(HgCdTe)材料的研究发现,其电学性能存在着不稳定性,材料霍尔参数的实验数据与均匀材料的理论计算结果也不能很好的吻合.通过采用剥层变温霍尔测量和二次离子质谱(SIMS)测试对材料纵向均匀性进行检测的结果显示,外延材料中的As在高温富汞激活退火过程中具有向材料表面扩散的效应,导致在表面形成了高于主体层浓度1～2个量级的高浓度表面层,并导致了AsTe受主的浓度在HgCdTe薄膜中呈非均匀分布.考虑这一效应并采用双层模型的霍尔参数计算方法后,As掺杂HgCdTe液相外延材料的电学行为得到了较好的解释,并较为准确地获得了退火后材料表面层与主体层的受主浓度及受主能级等电学参数.     

RHEED优化MBE生长中波MCT薄膜工艺

在分子束外延(MBE)中波HgCdTe薄膜过程中,利用反射式高能电子衍射(RHEED)对衬底表面脱氧和生长过程中生长参数对材料特性的影响进行研究.通过观察RHEED图样的变化,确定了衬底的脱氧状况,获得了生长中衬底温度等生长参数变化引起材料结晶的变化规律,为MBE生长HgCdTe薄膜实验的可控生长提供有效帮助;生长结束后,通过SEM、Hall等手段对HgCdTe的表面缺陷、电学参数等性能进行了初步研究,证明实验说成长的材料基本满足器件制备的要求.     

分子束外延HgCdTe/CdZnTe(211)B表面缺陷研究

HgCdTe材料的表面缺陷是造成探测器性能下降的主要原因之一。采用聚焦离子束（Focused Ion Beam, FIB）、扫描电子显微镜（Scanning Electron Microscope, SEM）和能量色散X射线光谱仪（Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectrometer, EDX）研究了碲锌镉（CdZnTe)基HgCdTe外延层的表面缺陷。通过分析不同类型缺陷形成的原因,确定缺陷起源于HgCdTe材料生长过程。缺陷的形状与生长条件关系密切。凹坑及火山口状缺陷与Hg缺乏/稍高生长温度、分子束源坩埚中材料形状变化造成的不稳定束流有关。金刚石状缺陷和火山口状/金刚石状复合缺陷的产生与Hg/Te高束流比、低生长温度相关。在5 cm×5 cm大小的CdZnTe(211)B衬底表面上生长出了组分为0.216、厚度约为6.06~7 μm的高质量HgCdTe外延层。同时还建立了缺陷类型与HgCdTe薄膜生长工艺的关系。该研究对于制备高质量HgCdTe/CdZnTe外延层具有参考意义。     

HgCdTe液相外延薄膜生长及缺陷表征

液相外延是制备HgCdTe薄膜材料的一项成熟技术,大尺寸的外延薄膜是研制HgCdTe红外焦平面列阵的基础。探讨了尺寸为30mm×40mm的HgCdTe液相外延薄膜生长技术,用红外透射光谱和X光貌相技术对材料进行了评价。并对HgCdTe薄膜表面的黑点缺陷、波纹起伏等特征形貌进行了讨论,指出黑点缺陷是杂质粒子在薄膜表面形成的包裹体,而表面波纹是由生长母液中的对流引起的。     

分子束外延HgCdTe薄膜As掺杂P型激活研究

报道了利用As4作为掺杂源获得原位As掺杂MBE HgCdTe材料的研究结果．利用高温退火技术激活As使其占据Te位形成受主．对原位As掺杂MBE HgCdTe材料进行SIMS及Hall测试,证实利用原位As掺杂及高温退火可获得P型MBE HgCdTe材料．     

As在HgCdTe外延层中的扩散系数

使用二次离子质谱分析(SIMS)方法研究了As在碲镉汞分子柬外延样品中的扩散系数．获得了在240℃．380℃和440℃温度下As在碲镉汞材料中的扩散系数,并发现它与退火过程中Hg的分压有关,且Hg空位对As的扩散有明显的辅助增强作用．研究表明在低温段的240℃／24—48小时的退火中As的扩散非常有限,对样品中As的浓度分布影响不大,而在高温段380℃／16小时和440℃／30分钟退火中,As扩散较为明显,能使原来的PN突变结变缓．综合比较As杂质的电学激活以及As扩散因素,高温段440℃／30分钟的退火条件较理想．     

Precise arsenic doping of HgCdTe by MBE and effects on compositional interdiffusion

Characterization data are presented for arsenic-doped Hg_1−xCd_xTe epilayers, grown on CdZnTe substrates by molecular beam epitaxy. Arsenic incorporation is influenced both by the cracker-cell bulk temperature (As flux) and by the substrate surface temperature. An Arrhenius-type equation can be used to fit the As incorporation data, yielding characteristic energies of 1.54 and 6.61 eV for the As cell and HgCdTe surface temperatures, respectively, independent of alloy fraction. This relation allows significantly improved predictability and control in the As doping concentration. The effect of growth temperature on As incorporation is demonstrated using a multilayer test structure with composition stepped in a sequence, with x=0.6, 0.45, 0.3, 0.2, of n-type material, followed by the reverse sequence of As-doped material, with the As cell temperature held constant. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy profiles of this layer again indicate the strong As incorporation dependence on growth temperature. Composition profiles for as-grown and annealed pieces of the multilayer sample show greater interdiffusion for the As-doped region as compared to the undoped region, which is attributed to the Fermi-level enhancement effect.     

第三代红外焦平面基础技术的研究进展

叙述了围绕第三代红外焦平面的需求所进行的HgCdTe分子束外延以及台面结芯片技术研究的一些成果。对GaAs、Si基大面积异质外延、p型掺杂以及台面刻蚀等主要难点问题进行了阐述。研究表明,7.6 cm(3 in)材料的组分均匀性良好,晶格失配引发的孪晶缺陷可以通过合适的低温成核方法得到有效抑制。在GaAs和Si衬底上外延的HgCdTe材料的(422)X射线衍射半峰宽的典型值为55″~75″。对ICP技术刻蚀HgCdTe的表面形貌、刻蚀速率、反应微观机理、负载效应和刻蚀延迟效应以及刻蚀损伤进行了研究,得到了高选择比的掩模技术和表面光亮、各向异性较好的刻蚀形貌。采用HgCdTe多层材料试制了长波n?蛳on?蛳p以及p?蛳on?蛳n型掺杂异质结器件以及双色红外短波/中波焦平面探测器,取得了一些初步结果。     

Influences of Te-Rich and Cd-Rich Precipitates of CdZnTe Substrates on the Surface Defects of HgCdTe Liquid-Phase Epitaxy Materials

Influences of Te-rich and Cd-rich precipitates of CdZnTe substrates on the surface defects of HgCdTe epilayers grown by Te-rich liquid-phase epitaxy were investigated. The results show that HgCdTe surface defects are mainly attributable to precipitates on CdZnTe substrate surfaces. At the same time, the remelting of substrate surface layers during the liquid-phase epitaxial process also affects the number and morphology of HgCdTe surface defects. According to the morphological characteristics of surface defects, three types of surface defects were observed on the surfaces of HgCdTe epilayers. There are no obvious differences in the morphologies of the surface defects grown on Te-rich and Cd-rich substrates. However, the dislocation distributions around surface defects are different for HgCdTe epilayers grown on different substrates.     

Influence of Substrate Orientation on the Growth of HgCdTe by Molecular Beam Epitaxy

An empirical study is reported, wherein HgCdTe was deposited simultaneously on multiple CdZnTe substrates of different orientations by molecular beam epitaxy. These orientations included the following vicinal surfaces: (115)B, (113)B, (112)B, and (552)B. Additionally, growth on (111)B was explored. Growth conditions found to be nearly optimalfor the standard (112)B orientation were selected. Through a series of growth runs, substrate temperature was varied, and the physical properties of the resulting HgCdTe epilayers were measured. These measurements included Nomarski microscopy, infrared transmission, x-ray diffraction, and defect decoration etching. The properties of HgCdTe epilayers as a function of temperature were roughly similar for all vicinal surfaces. Namely, as the temperature increased, the dislocation density decreased. At some critical temperature, the density of void defects increased dramatically. This critical temperature varied with orientation, the (115)B exhibiting the lowest critical temperature and the (112)B and (552)B exhibiting the highest. The (115)B, (113)B, and (112)B orientations exhibited “needlelike” defects on the as-grown HgCdTe surface. The density of these defects decreased with increasing temperature. The (552)B surface exhibited no such defects and growth behavior nearly identical to the (112)B growthsurface.     

Hydrogenation of HgCdTe epilayers on Si substrates using glow discharge plasma

Preliminary results of a study of the hydrogenation of HgCdTe epilayers grown by molecular beam epitaxy on Si substrates using a glow-discharge plasma are presented. The aim of the program is to employ H to passivate the detrimental opto-electronic effects of threading dislocations present in the HgCdTe epilayers. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy depth profiling has been performed to characterize ¹H and ²H incorporation. It has been found that H can be controllably incorporated in HgCdTe epilayers to levels in the 10¹⁴ cm⁻³ to 10¹⁸ cm⁻³ range while maintaining the sample at temperatures lower than 60°C. Profiles indicate that H accumulates in regions of known high defect density or in highly strained regions. Analysis of the H depth profile data indicates that the current density-time product is a good figure of merit to predict the H levels in the HgCdTe epilayer. There are progressive differences in the ¹H and ²H uptake efficiencies as a function of depth. Magneto-Hall measurements show consistently higher mobilities at low temperatures for majority carriers in hydrogenated samples.     

MBE HgCdTe on Alternative Substrates for FPA Applications

Results of first-principles calculations and experiments focusing on molecular beam epitaxy (MBE) growth of HgCdTe on the alternative substrates of GaAs and Si are described. The As passivation on (2 × 1) reconstructed (211) Si and its effects on the surface polarity of ZnTe or CdTe were clarified by examining the bonding configurations of As. The quality of HgCdTe grown on Si was confirmed to be similar to that grown on GaAs. Typical surface defects in HgCdTe and CdTe were classified. Good results for uniformities of full width at half maximum (FWHM) values of x-ray rocking curves, surface defects, and x values of Hg_1−x Cd _x Te were obtained by refining the demanding parameters and possible tradeoffs. The sticking coefficient of As₄ for MBE HgCdTe was determined. The effects of Hg-assisted annealing for As activation were investigated experimentally and theoretically by examining the difference of the formation energy of As_Hg and As_Te. Results of focal-plane arrays (FPAs) fabricated with HgCdTe grown on Si and on GaAs are discussed.