可聚合表面活性剂应用于乳液聚合

通过分析可聚合表面活性剂的结构，讨论其对乳液聚合的影响，总结了理想可聚合表面活性剂的行为，还介绍了可聚合表面活性剂的工业品应用。     

新型可聚合硼酸酯表面活性剂的合成及其性能

以硼酸三乙酯、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、N,N-二羟乙基十二烷基胺等为主要原料,合成了新型可聚合非离子硼酸酯表面活性剂(BE),由IR和1HNMR进行表征和确认,并考察了产物的抗水解性、表面活性、均聚合及与丙烯酰胺的共聚合性能。结果表明:合成产物BE抗水解能力强,表面活性较高,pH=7时,cmc为0.066 mmol/L,γcmc为29.2 mN/m;BE有较强的均聚合和共聚合能力,产物特性黏度分别可达24.0 mL/g和80.0 mL/g以上;BE聚合产物也具有较好的表面活性,γcmc可达31.0 mN/m~32.4 mN/m,达到了常规低相对分子质量表面活性剂的表面张力水平。     

可聚合表面活性剂及其乳液聚合

本文介绍了乳化剂在乳液聚合中的作用，可聚合表面活性剂的典型品种，特性及在乳液聚合中的影响。     

可聚合聚氨酯型表面活性剂的制备及其性能

以甲苯二异氰酸酯(TD I)、马来酸酐(MA)、聚乙二醇(PEG400和PEG1000)和三乙胺为主要原料,合成了两种兼有非离子和阴离子性能的可聚合聚氨酯型表面活性剂Ⅰ和Ⅱ,用FT-IR以及1HNMR对产物的分子结构进行了表征,同时对其CMC值、流变特征、浊点和乳化能力等性能进行了测定。结果表明,I的临界胶束浓度为8.3×10-3mol/L,此时的表面张力为38.67 mN/m,Ⅱ的临界胶束浓度为2.11×10-2mol/L,此时的表面张力为31.29 mN/m,溶液表现为牛顿型流体,其乳化能力明显优于常用乳化剂OP-10。     

一种可聚合聚氨酯高分子表面活性剂的合成

以甲苯二异氰酸酯和聚醚为主要原料,合成了一类带有双键的可聚合非离子型聚氨酯高分子表面活性剂。使用FTIR、1HNMR对合成产物的结构进行了表征,采用表面张力仪对其表面活性进行了测定。实验结果表明,由烯丙基聚氧乙烯醚(Mn=1000)和聚氧丙烯醚(Mn=2000)与甲苯二异氰酸酯反应所得产物(Ⅲ),在浓度为0 06mol/L时可使溶液表面张力降至37 6mN/m(25℃),同时所合成的3种不同相对分子质量的产物均具有较低的临界胶束浓度(10-4～10-5mol/L),且在浓度很低时仍然具备较好的降低表面张力的能力(产物Ⅲ浓度为10-6mol/L时,表面张力为51 7mN/m)。     

可聚合表面活性剂 CS-1参与下的苯乙烯浓乳液聚合

合成了一种新型可聚合表面活性剂CS-1并应用于苯乙烯浓乳液聚合。GPC谱图表明聚合过程中同时存在苯乙烯的均聚以及苯乙烯／CS-1的共聚;反应初期苯乙烯／可聚合表面活性剂CS-1的共聚速率快于苯乙烯的均聚速率;均聚苯乙烯的相对分子质量随聚合时间增长有所下降。另外,十二烷基硫酸钠和CS-1体系中转化率数据也表明CS-1参与了苯乙烯的浓乳液聚合。     

烯丙基型可聚合表面活性剂的性能

通过对烯丙基型可聚合表面活性剂——烷基琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠的表面活性和应用性能的测定,研究和对比了两系列不同烷烃碳原子数(n)的烷基琥珀酸双酯磺酸钠的性能,得到了同系列产物结构与其性能的关系。结果表明,当n=8~16时,其中n=8,γcm c最低;n=16,cm c最低,分散力最强;n=14,乳化力最好;n=12,起泡性最好。     

不同链长可聚合硼酸酯表面活性剂的合成及性能

以硼酸、N-羟甲基丙烯酰胺、烷基二乙醇胺等为主要原料,合成了链长为八烷基(octyl borate ester,简称为OBE)、十二烷基(lauryl borate ester,简称为LBE)和十六烷基(hexadecyl borate ester,简称为HBE)的可聚合硼酸酯表面活性剂,研究了反应溶剂、阻聚剂、反应温度等因素对收率的影响,由IR和1HNMR对产物进行了结构表征。得到的优选条件为溶剂苯50 mL、阻聚剂吩噻嗪质量分数0.8%、反应温度60℃,LBE收率可达93.3%,OBE和HBE收率分别可达95.7%和89.6%;并考察了3种硼酸酯的表面张力和乳化性能,25℃时,OBE的CMC为5.2 mmol/L,γCMC为31.8 mN/m;LBE的CMC为0.069 mmol/L,γCMC为29.5 mN/m;HBE的CMC为0.087mmol/L,γCMC为28.6 mN/m。     

烯丙基型可聚合表面活性剂的性能

可聚合表面活性剂是指带有如不饱和双键或叁键等可聚合基团的表面活性剂。它除了含有亲水、亲油基团外,还包括了一个可聚合的官能团。在起传统表面活性剂作用的同时,还能够参与乳液聚合,并以共价键的方式永久地结合到聚合物粒子的表面,成为聚合物的一部分,避免了表面活性剂从乳胶粒子上解吸或在乳胶膜中迁移,从而使乳液的稳定性得以改善。     

可聚合双子表面活性剂的研究进展

根据聚合基团结构特点,综述了可聚合双子表面活性的结构、性能及其聚合前后性质差异,并对可聚合双子表面活性剂的研究趋势和未来前景进行了展望。     

Recent advances in gemini surfactants: oleic Acid-based gemini surfactants and polymerizable gemini surfactants

Gemini surfactants recently developed by our research group are introduced from the standpoints of their syntheses, aqueous solution properties, and potential applications. Two series of gemini surfactants are introduced in this short review, the first of which is the oleic acid-based gemini surfactants, and the second is the polymerizable gemini surfactants. These gemini surfactants have been developed not only as environmentally friendly materials (the use of gemini surfactants enables the reduction of the total consumption of surfactants in chemical products owing to their excellent adsorption and micellization capabilities at low concentrations) but also as functional organic materials.     

Synthesis and characterization of polymerizable epoxy resin surfactants

Polymerizable epoxy resin (PER) surfactants have been prepared from the reaction of bisphenol A epoxy resin with acrylic acid, followed by the reaction with polyethylene glycol (PEG) with different molecular weights. The reaction procedures were monitored by chemical titrations, infrared spectroscopy, and NMR. The products show typical surface‐active properties as but much higher water solubility than nonpolymerizable nonionic surfactant OP‐10. With the increase of PEG's molecular weight, the HLB value, the water solubility, and the critical micellar concentration (CMC) of the PER surfactants, the cloud point of the PER surfactant solutions, as well as the solubilization capability of the PER surfactants to organic compounds increase under the experimental conditions. The copolymerization under UV radiation indicated that about 75–80 wt % of PER surfactants participated in the copolymerization with epoxy diacrylate (EdA), except for the PER surfactant with the lowest PEG molecular weight of 1 k. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 2015 , 132, 42598.     

马来酸酐双酯型表面活性单体的合成和性质

表面性单体（也称为可聚合表面活性剂），既具有表面活性又可以与聚合单体发生聚合反应，可以改善聚合物乳液的稳定性，提高乳液成膜后的耐水性，其中以马来酸酐为反应基团的表面活性单体，由于其不易发生均聚反应而具有特殊的意义，首先以马来酸酐和十二醇为原料制备马来酸酐单十二醇酯，然后与环氧丙基三甲基氯化胺反应合成了3种新型的马来酸酐双酯型阳离子表面活性单体，产品的结构用红外光谱，核磁共振氢谱以及元素分析进行了表征，该产品能显著降低水的表面张力（22mN.m^-1,26mN.m^-1)，并具有较低的临界胶束浓度（0.2mmol.L^-1-0.6mmol.L^-1)。     

Semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization of butyl methacrylate with polymerizable anionic surfactants

Two polymerizable anionic surfactants sodium 4-(ω-acryloyloxyalkyl)oxy benzene sulfonate (SABS-n, n=8 or 10) have been successfully used in the semi-continuous emulsion copolymerization with butyl methacrylate (BMA). After generating seeding particles in an emulsion consisting SABS-8 or SABS-10 and small amount of BMA using a redox initiator ammonium persulfate (APS)/tetramethylethylenediamine (TMEDA) at room temperature, most of BMA was added drop-wise to the polymerizing emulsion system during a period of 4-8 h. These emulsion copolymerizations produced nanosized latexes with high polymer/surfactant weight ratios up to about 12/1 and nearly monodisperse particles ranging from 18 to 33 nm in diameter. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy results showed that SABS-n was significantly enriched on the surface of latex particles. The effects of concentrations of SABS-n, BMA, and APS/TMEDA and the latex characteristics during the continuous addition of monomer were studied. A possible polymerization mechanism was proposed.     

Photopolymerization kinetics of poly(acrylate)-clay composites using polymerizable surfactants

Photopolymerization kinetics of polymer-clay nanocomposite systems utilizing polymerizable quaternary ammonium surfactants as dispersants were systematically investigated to determine the effects of surfactant type and clay morphology on polymerization behavior. For these studies, either polymerizable surfactants were mixed into a clay-monomer system or the surfactants were ionically anchored to clay surfaces and added to the monomer for in situ photopolymerization. Higher photopolymerization rates are observed with increasing polymerizable surfactant concentration, while no significant change or decreases in polymerization rate occur with incorporation of non-polymerizable surfactants. The higher rates observed for polymerizable surfactant systems are due to lower apparent termination rate parameters stemming from immobilization of the surfactants. For clay that is modified with ionically bonded quaternary ammonium surfactants, polymerization rates decrease in both polymerizable and non-polymerizable organoclay systems with increasing concentration, but this decrease is much smaller when polymerizable organoclays are utilized. For the same organoclay concentration, higher polymerization rates and double bond conversions result with increasing polymerizable surfactant concentration via cation exchange. Significant increases in polymerization rate also occur with increasing degree of clay exfoliation.     

Using anionic polymerizable surfactants in ultrasonically irradiated emulsion polymerization to prepare polymer nanoparticles

An ionic polymerizable surfactant, sodium sulfopropyl‐laurylmaleate (M12), was synthesized and used as an emulsifier, an initiator, and a comonomer in ultrasonically irradiated emulsion polymerization. FTIR spectra and gravimetric method results indicated that copolymers P(Styrene‐M12) and P(Butylacrlate‐M12) were prepared successfully by ultrasonically irradiated emulsion polymerization and the composition of M12 elevated with the increasing concentration of M12 added. TEM photographs of P(St‐M12) showed that the nanoparticles with small diameters (20–45 nm) were prepared. With the increase of M12 concentration, the particle size became smaller and the size distribution became wider. The P(BA‐M12) particles size was also small (<100 nm) but the size distribution was wide due to the high reactivity of BA. Because surfmer M12 was chemically bonded with the latex particles, the stability of the copolymer latex prepared by ultrasonically irradiated emulsion polymerization was much better than that of the homopolymer latex (PSt or PBA) prepared by the same way. © 2007 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci, 2008     

纳米技术与纳米材料(Ⅱ)--表面活性剂在纳米科技中的应用

纳米技术已发展成为一门多学科交叉与渗透的新兴学科。表面活性剂在纳米技术中的应用,特别是在纳米材料制备中的应用,日益显示出广泛而深入的应用潜力。表面活性剂分子由于其所独具的双亲分子特性,能显著降低系统的界面张力,并能在溶液中形成胶团、微乳状液、囊泡和液晶等自组装体。表面活性剂分子所具有的这一性质,为纳米材料的制备提供了理想模板并能在制备过程中防止微粒的团聚。通过对表面活性剂参与的不同纳米材料制备方法的论述,探讨了纳米材料在制备过程中的形成原理及表面活性剂在此中所起的不同作用。     

表面活性剂在化妆品中的应用

论述了表面活性剂的功能,如润湿、分散、乳化、增溶、起泡、消泡和洗涤去污等功能,以及在化妆品中的作用.介绍了表面活性剂和化妆品的分类情况,化妆品的原料以及化妆品对表面活性剂的要求.详细介绍了化妆品中常用的几种表面活性剂.对化妆品中用的表面活性剂的发展趋势进行了阐述.     

表面活性剂在橡胶中的应用

从胶乳方面的应用和对无机填料的改性2个方面对近年来表面活性剂在橡胶中的应用进行了总结,目前主要研究方向集中在对无机填料的改性方面。无机填料经过适当改性,可以解决其易团聚、难分散、与橡胶相容性差等问题,从而更好地与橡胶结合达到更好的补强效果。重点介绍了表面活性剂对无机填料的改性。