离散三角网格模型顶点法矢量估算

提出一种新的三角网格模型顶点法矢估算方法,采用以三角网格顶点一阶邻域三角形的形状因子与顶点到三角形质心距进行综合加权的方法。同时指出：在同等三角网格曲面,随着三角网格划分精度的提升,网格顶点法矢估算精度有增大趋势;在同等网格划分精度条件下,对于平均曲率小以及平均曲率变化率小的三角网格模型,其网格顶点法矢估算精度也有增大趋势。实例计算和误差分析表明,该方法的计算结果更为精确合理。     

基于形状修正的三角网格模型顶点法矢估算方法

为了提高三角网格模型的顶点法矢计算的准确度和稳定性,提出了一种改进的基于三角形形状修正的法矢估算方法,并首先对具有代表性的5种顶点法矢估算方法进行了分析,通过比较各估算方法在顶角、面积等权重方面的处理特点及存在的缺陷,提出了一种评价因子对三角形形状质量进行量化,且在理论上给予了证明;然后据此对顶点法矢估算方法进行了改进;最后利用规则和不规则的二次曲面网格模型进行了实验验证,并以顶点法矢误差的算术平均值和标准方差来分别评价各种估算方法估算结果的准确度和稳定性。实验结果证明,该新方法较其他估算方法估算的顶点法矢精度更高,稳定性更好。     

一种基于多边形剖分的有限元网格生成方法

在两步网格化过程中,待分析区域首先被剖分为具有三条或四条边的简单子区域部分.然后将利用传递模板法或映射法对这些子区域进行网格生成.本文结合计算几何和有限元网格自动生成问题,给出了一种基于简单多边形剖分的全四边形有限元网格自动生成方法.该方法分两步实现有限元网格生成首先通过权函数的引导,对待分析的简单多边形区域先进行子域剖分,得到一组三角形和凸四边形子域(大单元)的集合;然后利用中点剖分方法,将三角形和凸四边形子域单元剖分为全四边形有限元网格.实践证明,本文提出的方法实现简单、使用灵活,结果网格的质量良好.     

保特征的网格光顺算法

提出了一种保特征的网格光顺算法，能够在快速地去除噪声的同时，保持网格模型的结构特征。该算法对网格中每个三角形的法矢进行光顺，同时求得顶点的法矢。根据当前点到邻接点的距离以及当前点的法矢与邻接点的法矢的夹角对顶点移动的方向进行调整，使顶点分布更加均匀。利用高斯函数求得光顺权值。实验结果证明，该算法能够有效地保持网格模型的结构特征，同时具有迭代次数少、体积收缩小、执行效率高的特点。     

三角形网格模型顶点曲率的求解算法*

推导了一般三角形网格模型顶点的平均曲率、高斯曲率和主曲率的计算方法,考虑到经常遇到粗糙三角形网格模型,为提高其曲率计算方法的精度,结合Loop细分曲面算法,进一步拓展了该曲率计算方法.该算法用于具有特征保持的网格模型简化取得了良好的效果.     

散乱点云的三角网格重构

基于增量扩散法的思想,提出并实现了一个散乱点云的三角网格重构算法,算法首先利用体素网格的散列表对散乱点进行组织,然后在确定了初始种子三角形的基础上,基于活动边扩展规则构造新的三角形,使网格不断向周围扩展直到活动边表空为止,最后算法合并棱边并计算每个三角形的顶点法矢,最终构造出散乱点云的三角网格。     

由区域生长算法实现四边形网格划分

针对当前各种三角形网格转化为四边形网格算法的缺陷，提出一种实现这种转化的算法——区域生长算法．该算法通过有选择地合并三角形来获得高质量的四边形网格，并且对两个三角形的合并增加约束条件以避免在生成四边形网格的过程中产生残余三角形；同时对生成的四边形网格进行一系列的质量改善操作。     

体积平方度量下的特征保持网格简化方法

提出了一种基于体积平方度量的三角形折叠网格简化新方法.新方法通过极小化误差目标函数简化三角形网格.简化误差定义为三角形简化后产生的网格模型平方体积变化,并以三角形几何形状因子和法向因子作为约束.简化误差的表示形式为一个二次目标函数,因此,每次简化后三角形网格的新顶点是一个线性问题的解.与目前简化效率最好的QEM方法相比,新方法不增加算法复杂度.如果被简化的三角形是强特征三角形,则用其高斯曲率最大的顶点作为新顶点,以保持原始模型的细节特征;对于非强特征三角形,新顶点用极小化折叠误差确定.对于边界三角形,新顶点的位置由不同于内部三角形的方法进行计算,保持了网格的边界特征.最后用实例说明新方法的有效性.     

基于三角形连接的有限元网格划分

文中创新地提出了三角形连接的有限元网格划分的算法,但是三角形并不是有限元计算的基本单元,而是根据已经生成的三角形生成较为规整的四边形。在实际的项目过程中,创新地提出了三种有效的算法,并利用C＋＋面向对象的MFC程序设计和编写。本程序可以从模型文件读取边界以及点约束和线约束特征数据,程序自动计算出一个较为合理的边界间距值,并且根据需要人工或自动选择一种划分算法,从而自动完成高质量的四边形网格划分。三种算法皆可以处理大量数据点和线,并且划分速度较为高效。本程序模块成功应用于有限元计算软件中。     

虚拟环境中多细节层次模型生成新算法

网格简化在科学计算可视化和虚拟现实等领域具有重要意义,它有利于降低几何模型的复杂度,提高模型实时绘制的速度。本文提出一个基于法向矢量的模型简化算法,算法通过比较顶点法矢与关联三角形法矢的夹角,有序地删除顶点,重组简化模型的拓扑结构。实验结果表明,算法在不影响模型视觉特征的前提下,实现了模型较大幅度的简化。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).