Characterization of the dispersion process for NiFe2O4 nanocrystals in a silica matrix with infrared spectroscopy and electron paramagnetic resonance

The structural development of the NiFe₂O₄ nanocrystals dispersed in a silica matrix was followed by IR and EPR spectroscopies of the dried gel 10NiO–10Fe₂O₃–90SiO₂ after heat treatment. The dried gel obtained at 200°C was amorphous, in which Fe³⁺ and Ni²⁺ ions were distributed in the pores of silica matrix. When the dried gel was heat treated at 400°C, NiFe₂O₄ clusters were partially formed, showing an enhanced interaction with the silica matrix. NiFe₂O₄ clusters were completely formed in silica matrix when the heat treatment was increased to 600°C, at which the interactions between the clusters and silica matrix reached a maximum. The formation reaction of NiFe₂O₄ clusters was accompanied by a rearrangement of the silica matrix network. Further increase of the heat treatment temperature to 800°C led to superparamagnetic single domain NiFe₂O₄ nanocrystals (ca. 4 nm) dispersed in the silica matrix with the elimination of the interactions between magnetic nanocrystals and silica matrix.     

Thermal solid–solid interactions and physicochemical properties of NiO/Fe2O3 system doped with K2O

The effects of calcination temperature and doping with K₂O on solid–solid interactions and physicochemical properties of NiO/Fe₂O₃ system were investigated using TG, DTA and XRD techniques. The amounts of potassium, expressed as mol% K₂O were 0.62, 1.23, 2.44 and 4.26. The pure and variously doped mixed solids were thermally treated at 300, 500, 750, 900 and 1000 °C. The catalytic activity was determined for each solid in H₂O₂ decomposition reaction at 30–50 °C. The results obtained showed that the doping process much affected the degree of crystallinity of both NiO and Fe₂O₃ phases detected for all solids calcined at 300 and 500 °C. Fe₂O₃ interacted readily with NiO at temperature starting from 700 °C producing crystalline NiFe₂O₄ phase. The degree of reaction propagation increased with increasing calcination temperature. The completion of this reaction required a prolonged heating at temperature >900 °C. K₂O-doping stimulates the ferrite formation to an extent proportional to its amount added. The stimulation effect of potassium was evidenced by following up the change in the peak height of certain diffraction lines characteristic NiO, Fe₂O₃, NiFe₂O₄ phases located at “d” spacing 2.08, 2.69 and 2.95 Å, respectively. The change of peak height of the diffraction lines at 2.95 Å as a function of firing temperature of pure and doped mixed solids enabled the calculation of the activation energy (ΔE) of the ferrite formation. The computed ΔE values were 120, 80, 49, 36 and 25 kJ mol⁻¹ for pure and variously doped solids, respectively. The decrease in ΔE value of NiFe₂O₄ formation as a function of dopant added was not only attributed to an effective increase in the mobility of reacting cations but also to the formation of potassium ferrite. The calcination temperature and doping with K₂O much affected the catalytic activity of the system under investigation.     

Effect of Magnetic Carrier NiFe2O4 Nanoparticles on Physicochemical and Catalytic Properties of Magnetically Separable Photocatalyst TiO2/NiFe2O4

A series of magnetically separable photocatalyst TiO₂/NiFe₂O₄(TN) with different mass ratios of NiFe₂O₄ to TiO₂ was prepared by sol-gel method. The X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), transmission electron microscopy(TEM), ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy(UV-Vis), Brunauer-Emmett-Teller(BET) surface analysis and photoluminescence spectroscopy(PL) were used to characterize the photocatalyst TN. The XRD patterns of TN indicate that adulterating a smidgen of NiFe₂O₄ into TiO₂(about 0.1%, mass ratio) can promote the phase transformation of TiO₂, however, when the doped amount of NiFe₂O₄ surpasses 1%, the introduction of NiFe₂O₄ can inhibit the growth of TiO₂ crystal grain and reduce the size of TiO₂ crystal grain. The XPS results of TN indicate that some Fe³⁺ replace Ti⁴⁺ of the TiO₂ lattice forming Fe―O―Ti bonds. The PL analysis of TN shows that the NiFe₂O₄ nanoparticles in photocatalyst TN play the role of the effective recombination centre of the photogenerated electrons and holes, leading to the decrease in photocatalytic activity.     

Synthesis of Magnetic Nickel Ferrite Microspheres and Their Microwave Absorbing Properties

NiFe₂O₄ microspheres were synthesized using a solvothermal method. The morphologies and structures of NiFe₂O₄ micropheres were characterized via a field emission scanning electron microscope(FESEM), a transmission electron microscope(TEM) and an X-ray diffractometer(XRD). The NiFe₂O₄ microspheres were around 150-200 nm in diameter and assembled by nanoparticles. The magnetic and electromagnetic parameters were measured using a vibrating sample magnetometer and a vector network analyzer, respectively. The obtained products exhibited a saturation magnetization of 60.8 A·m²·kg^-1 at room temperature. A minimum reflection loss(RL) of -27.8 dB was observed at 9.2 GHz with a thickness of 3.5 mm, and the effective absorption frequency(RL<-10 dB) ranged from 8.2 GHz to 11.2 GHz, indicating the excellent microwave absorption performance of the NiFe₂O₄ microspheres in the X-band frequencies.     

Influence of Post-annealing in N2 on Structure and Electrochemical Characteristics of LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4

LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ prepared by a spray drying method was re-treated in N₂ at 500, 600 and 700℃, respectively. Their structural and electrochemical properties were studied by means of Fourier transform infrared(FTIR), X-ray diffraction(XRD), and charge-discharge tests. The space group of the LiNi_0.5Mn_1.5O₄ transforms from P4₃32 to Fd3 m at an annealing temperature of 700℃. The electrochemical characteristics of the treated samples are closely related to the annealing temperature. The sample treated in N₂ at 500℃ shows both an improved rate capability and cyclic performance at a high temperature compared with the as-prepared sample, while the sample treated in N₂ at 700℃ shows dramatically decrease in its reversible capacity.     

焙烧温度对微乳液法负载铂制备的Pt-S2O82-/ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂异构化性能的影响

过微乳液法负载Pt制备了Pt-S₂O₈^2-/ZrO₂-Al₂O₃(Pt-SZA-X) 催化剂,并采用XRD、BET、FT-IR、TPR、TEM等手段对催化剂进行了表征。以正戊烷异构化反应为探针,考察了焙烧温度对催化剂异构化性能的影响。结果表明,焙烧温度对Pt-SZA-X的还原温度影响不大,但催化剂表面S含量随着焙烧温度的升高而下降;焙烧温度为600~650℃时形成O=S=O结构,此时S与催化剂载体结合比较稳定;焙烧温度为650℃时,可得到单一的ZrO₂四方晶相,焙烧温度高于650℃时,比表面积迅速降低,催化剂表面S⁶⁺流失严重。在不同温度下焙烧得到的催化剂中,经650℃焙烧的催化剂具有适宜的超强酸位和比表面积,异构化活性最高。在反应温度为230℃、反应压力2.0 MPa、氢烃物质的量比4:1、质量空速1.0 h^-1时,催化异戊烷产率达到60.8%。     

焙烧条件对浆态床CO甲烷化Ni-Al2O3催化剂性能的影响

结合行星式球磨机,采用机械化学法制备Ni-Al₂O₃催化剂,考察了焙烧温度和焙烧时间对Ni-Al₂O₃催化剂晶相结构、还原特征、孔道结构和浆态床CO甲烷化性能的影响。通过XRD、H₂-TPR、BET、XPS和TPH等方法对反应前后催化剂进行表征。结果表明,焙烧温度从350℃升高到700℃,活性前体NiO仍在载体表面高度分散,催化剂还原峰温向高温方向偏移。其中,450℃条件下焙烧所获得的cat-450试样比表面积最大,为350 m²/g。评价结果显示,焙烧温度从350℃升高到700℃,CO转化率、CH₄选择性和收率均呈先升高后降低的趋势,于450℃达到最大值,分别为97.8%、88.2%和86.2%。另外,焙烧时间对催化剂的还原性能影响较小,对载体Al₂O₃的晶相结构有一定影响。随焙烧时间延长,CO转化率稍有降低,而后增大;焙烧时间为4 h,CH₄选择性和收率均较大。     

A novel magnetic silica supported spinel ferrites NiFe2O4 catalyst for heterogeneous Fenton-like oxidation of rhodamine B

As the heterogeneous Fenton-like catalyst, a series of spinel ferrites magnetic nanoparticles NiFe₂O₄ and NiFe₂O₄@SiO₂ catalysts were synthesized and were applied into the oxidation of rhodamine B, which exhibited the good catalytic performance and strong magnetic separation after reaction.     

表面水热碳层对磁性NiFe2O4八面体光催化活性的影响

采用葡萄糖水热碳化法合成了一系列碳层包覆的NiFe₂O₄核壳八面体(NiFe₂O₄@C). 通过调控葡萄糖的含量可以有效控制NiFe₂O₄表面包覆的碳层厚度. 利用X射线衍射(XRD)、 拉曼光谱(Roman)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)、 扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)和紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)等对NiFe₂O₄@C的组成、 结构、 形貌和光学性能进行了表征. 考察了表面水热碳层对NiFe₂O₄光催化降解亚甲基蓝(MB)性能的影响. 结果表明, NiFe₂O₄的光催化活性很大程度上依赖于在其表面包覆的碳层厚度, 碳层厚度为5.5 nm的NiFe₂O₄@C-3展现了最佳的光催化活性. 荧光光谱(PL)、 瞬态光电流和电化学阻抗谱(EIS)表征结果证明, NiFe₂O₄@C的光催化性能的提升归因于在NiFe₂O₄核和碳壳之间形成了异质结, 有效地促进了光生载流子的传输和分离效率. NiFe₂O₄@C复合材料展现了较好的稳定性和可回收性, 在污水处理方面有很大的应用潜力.     

NiO/Mn3O4整体式催化剂催化分解臭氧的性能

将原料Ni(NO₃)₂·6H₂O、Mn₃O₄粉末和拟薄水铝石用球磨机球磨,以所得的浆料浸渍堇青石,经过焙烧,得到不同比例的NiO/Mn₃O₄催化剂。 通过催化分解臭氧活性测试发现,在空速为20000 h^-1时, 30NiO/Mn₃O₄(NiO占总质量的30%)催化剂的活性最高,臭氧分解率达到98%,催化剂活性稳定。 当提高空速为40000 h^-1,50NiO/Mn₃O₄(NiO占总质量的50%)催化剂的活性最高,臭氧分解率在90%左右,并且出现失活现象。 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、程序升温(TPR)、X射线光电子能谱分析(XPS)、BET比表面积法等表征,发现Mn₃O₄和NiO复合催化剂的比表面积大于单一金属氧化物催化剂的比表面积并且在Mn₃O₄和NiO复合催化剂中Mn₃O₄与NiO发生电子相互作用。 催化剂中的Mn₃O₄与NiO的协同催化作用。 使得Mn₃O₄与NiO混合物催化剂的还原温度降低,分解臭氧(O₃)活性提高。     

Zr改性Ni/γ-Al2O3催化剂用于浆态相合成气的低温甲烷化

采用浆态床反应器,在低温(300~330 ℃)下进行合成气的甲烷化反应.实验中通过共浸渍法(包括含浸-旋蒸法)制备了锆(Zr)修饰的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂,并考察其与单一NiO、未掺杂Zr 的Ni/γ-Al₂O₃催化剂的催化性能差异.研究表明,载体γ-Al₂O₃的引入能够明显地提高CO的转化率和甲烷的选择性,而Zr的掺杂会进一步提升催化剂的催化活性.在325 ℃,空速为4 200 mL·g^-1·h^-1时,CO的转化率可以达到86.41%,甲烷选择性为90.53%.催化剂的表征结果表明,Zr的添加促进了Ni在催化剂表面的分散、减弱了活性Ni与载体的相互作用,抑制了低甲烷化活性的NiAl₂O₄的生成,使得催化剂的反应性能得到较大提高.     

含尘焦油在改性白云石催化剂上的裂解特性

采用混捏法制备了一种添加助剂La的Ni-白云石催化剂。在常压固定床反应器中,以正十二烷、环己烷、甲苯和甲基萘的混合物作为焦油模型化合物,进行焦油裂解特性研究。 考察了温度、空速、水料比等条件对气相产物产率的影响,对该催化剂进行了稳定性和再生性评价,在此基础上探讨了粉尘在催化剂表面沉积对催化剂性能影响的作用及机理。结果表明,该催化剂的最佳操作条件为反应温度800℃、空速300h^-1、水料比5:1、再生温度700℃、再生时间1h。XRD表征结果表明,改性白云石催化剂中形成了MgO-NiO固溶体和La(NiO₃)晶相。粉尘中的不同组分对催化剂性能的影响不同,CaO有利于提高催化剂的活性,Fe₂O₃的沉积会形成NiFe₂O₄的新晶相,而SiO₂会促进表面积炭,对催化活性的"抑制"作用明显。     

Effects of Preparation Methods and Interaction between Support and Oxide for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Ethane over NiO/ZrO2

The previous studies indicated that the unsupported and alumina supported nickel oxide catalysts are the attractive candidates for the oxidative dehydrogenation of ethane (ODE) reaction at lower reaction temperature^[1,2]. In the present study, NiO/ZrO₂ catalysts were prepared by the impregnation, complex of ammonia and coprecipitation, respectively, using the conventional incipient wetness technique. Over all samples used in this study, no NiO crystal structure was detected by XRD measurements carried out in parallel with the present work, which indicated the nickel oxide was highly dispersed on the support The blank testing indicated that the support ZrO₂ had very little activity below 600℃. Comparing with the unsupported nickel oxide, it was found that the activity of NiO/ZrO₂ catalysts prepared by the methods mentioned above decreased slightly and the selectivity for ethylene improved. With the increasing temperature, the ethane conversion increased and the selectivity for ethylene decreased However, the cracking of the ethane occurred at ca.450℃ on all samples prepared by different methods. The optimum catalytic behavior could be obtained on 5wt%NiO/ZrO₂ prepared by coprecipitation, with the ethane conversion of 26.2% and selectivity for ethylene of 51.8% at as low temperature as 350℃. The sample prepared by coprecipitation and calcined at 500℃ was calcined again at 600℃ for 5 h,the activity decreased obviously, which may be attributed to the existence of the interaction between nickel oxide and support taking into account for the high dispersion of NiO on ZiO₂.     

焙烧温度对Ni/La(Ⅲ)催化剂氢解山梨醇制备低碳二元醇性能的影响

采用水热法合成了纳米棒状La(OH)₃载体,通过湿式浸渍方法制备了10%Ni/La(Ⅲ)负载型催化剂,考察了500~800℃不同焙烧温度对于催化剂氢解山梨醇制备低碳二元醇的影响,结合XRD、SEM/EDS、BET、H₂-TPR-MS、CO/CO₂-TPD-MS、TG和ICP-AES等表征手段对Ni/La(Ⅲ)催化剂的构效关系进行了分析。结果表明,Ni/La(Ⅲ)催化剂表现出高的氢解反应活性,在较低的焙烧温度下(500℃)催化剂主要以NiO/La₂O₂CO₃结构形式存在。随着焙烧温度的升高,NiO/La₂O₂CO₃逐渐向La₂NiO₄-La₂O₃进行转变。碱性是影响不同催化剂活性的决定因素,高的焙烧温度促进了催化剂中强碱性位的生成,显著提高了氢解反应活性,但对液体产物的选择性无明显影响,在220℃、4MPa H₂、1.5h的条件下,山梨醇完全转化,低碳二元醇的产率可达到53%。低的焙烧温度则增加了催化剂的水热稳定性。催化剂的失活主要归结于活性金属粒子在水相反应中从载体表面脱落而发生团聚,降低氢解反应活性。     

基于多层二硒化钨的高性能场效应晶体管的实验优化和理论模拟

采用微机械剥离法制备了基于不同厚度的高质量WSe₂纳米片的场效应晶体管(WSe₂-FETs), 研究了其性能的影响因素. 通过调控WSe₂纳米片及介电层的厚度、 测试温度及退火处理等, 结合理论模拟分析, 获得了WSe₂-FETs的最佳电学性能. 最终, 基于7层WSe₂纳米片的场效应晶体管表现出最优异的电学性能, 室温下载流子迁移率可达93.17 cm²·V^?1·s^?1; 在78 K低温下, 载流子迁移率高达482.78 cm²·V^?1·s^?1.     

分级多孔γ-Al2O3空心微球微波水热法制备及其对刚果红的快速吸附

以KAl(SO₄)₂和尿素为前驱体,通过微波水热法于180 ℃反应20 min,经600 ℃焙烧2 h制得分级多孔γ-Al₂O₃空心微球.所制备的样品被用于吸附典型有机染料刚果红(CR)溶液.结果表明,制备的γ-Al₂O₃空心微球直径为0.8-1.0 μm,厚度约为200 nm.此γ-Al₂O₃空心微球具有高的比表面积(243 m²·g^-1)和分级大孔-中孔结构,此结构非常有利于液相过程中的质量传递.微波水热法制备的γ-Al₂O₃空心微球比水热法制备的γ-Al₂O₃和商用的γ-Al₂O₃样品显示出更快和更强的吸附性能.此样品的吸附数据很好地符合假二级速率方程和Langmuir吸附理论模型.从Langmuir吸附理论模型计算得到微波水热法制备的γ-Al₂O₃空心微球的最大吸附量(q_max) 25 ℃时高达515.4 mg·g^-1.由于具有分等级结构、高比表面积、大的孔容和吸附能力,微波水热法制备的γ-Al₂O₃空心微球样品有望成为一种具有很好应用潜力的环境吸附剂.     

A high-efficient amperometric hydrazine sensor based on novel electrospun CoFe2O4 spinel nanofibers

HeterojunctionFe_2O_3 nanoparticles(NPs), NiFe_2O_4 nanofibers(NFs), and CoFe_2O_4 NFs were synthesized by electrospinning and the subsequent thermal treatment processes. Characterization results indeed display the three-dimensional net-like textural structures of these as-electrospun spinel-type MFe_2O_4 NFs. The MFe_2O_4 NFs-based film configurations possess abundant micro/meso/macropores on their surface. These structures could afford more accessible transport channels for effective reduction of the mass transport resistance and improvement of the density of exposed catalytic active sites. All these advantages are responsible for the enhanced electro-catalytic performance of these MFe_2O_4 NFs in hydrazine oxidation. When used for hydrazine detection, CoFe_2O_4 NFs show the best catalytic efficiency.For example, the CoFe_2O_4 NFs possess a large sensitivity of 1327 mA cmà2(mmol Là1[à1in the linear range of 0.01 to 0.1 mmol Là1and 503 mA cmà2(mmol Là1)à1in the linear range of 0.1 to 11 mmol Là1, a response time of shorter than 3 s, good reproducibility and remarkable long-term stability. The superior catalytic efficiency, excellent stability, low cost, and ease of fabrication render CoFe_2O_4 NFs very promising materials in developing an electrochemical device that directly detects hydrazine.     

二价与四价金属离子等摩尔共掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料LiMn_(1.9)Mg_(0.05)Ti_(0.05)O_4的制备与表征

以氢氧化锂、乙酸锰、硝酸镁和钛酸丁酯为原料,以柠檬酸为螯合剂,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了二价镁离子与四价钛离子等摩尔共掺杂的尖晶石型锂离子电池正极材料Li Mn1.9Mg0.05Ti0.05O4.采用热重分析(TGA),X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),透射电子显微镜(TEM)和电化学性能测试(包括循环伏安(CV)和电化学交流阻抗谱(EIS)测试)对所得样品的结构、形貌及电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明:780°C下煅烧12 h得到了颗粒均匀细小的尖晶石型结构的Li Mn1.9Mg0.05Ti0.05O4材料,该材料具有良好的电化学性能,在室温下以0.5C倍率充放电,在4.35-3.30 V电位范围内放电比容量达到126.8 m Ah·g-1,循环50次后放电比容量仍为118.5m Ah·g-1,容量保持率为93.5%.在55°C高温下循环30次后的放电比容量为111.9 m Ah·g-1,容量保持率达到91.9%,远远高于未掺杂的Li Mn2O4的容量保存率.二价镁离子与四价钛离子等摩尔共掺杂Li Mn2O4,改善了尖晶石锰酸锂的电子导电和离子导电性能,使其倍率性能和高温性能都得到了明显的提高.     

铁酸镍/碳复合中空多壳层结构的制备及吸波性能

采用次序模板法合成了单、双壳层的中空铁酸镍(NiFe₂O₄)材料,通过改变前驱体溶液组成及煅烧条件等因素实现了对产物形貌的调控.在中空NiFe₂O₄颗粒表面原位包覆聚多巴胺,再经过碳化处理,制备了具有中空多壳层结构(HoMS)的NiFe₂O₄/C复合吸波材料;考察了其电磁参数,计算了其吸波性能,分析了不同复合结构对性能的影响.结果表明,中空多壳层结构能够显著降低材料的密度,而碳薄层不仅能够改善其阻抗匹配性,而且提升了材料的反射损耗性能.其中,双壳层NiFe₂O₄/C复合物的吸波性能最佳,当样品厚度为3.5 mm时,材料在8.44 GHz处反射损失最小,为-32.35 dB;当样品厚度为2.0 mm时,材料在14.01～17.69 GHz范围内反射损耗小于-10 d B,有效吸收频宽为3.68 GHz.这些优异性能主要源于独特的中空多壳层结构增加了电磁波多次反射/散射的概率,提供了更多的界面极化,实现了电磁波的快速...     

制备条件对尖晶石型LiMn2O4的相行为及结构的影响

将LiNO₃和Mn₃O₄按不同物质的量比[x=n(Li):n(Mn)=0.50,0.52,0.54,0.58,0.62,0.70]混合,在空气气氛下,于700℃烧结得样品.实验发现,在0.52≤x≤0.70的范围内,样品均呈现出单相的尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄结构,晶胞参数随着x的增加而减小.将x=0.50的LiNO₃和Mn₃O₄混合物在不同温度(300,400,500,600和700℃)下进行烧结处理.结果表明,于300℃合成得到的样品为尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄,随着烧结温度的升高,晶胞参数增大;当温度大于600℃时出现杂相,可以通过加入过量的Li(即x≥0.52)来加以抑制.实验结果表明,通过控制烧结温度和Li加入量可以得到理想的尖晶石型LiMn₂O₄单相材料.