复合掺杂氧化物La0.5Sr0.5CoO2.91的性能和稳定性

采用固相反应法和柠檬酸-硝酸盐溶胶-凝胶低温自蔓延燃烧法（简称柠檬酸法）合成了La0.5Sr0.5CoO2．91（LSC）复合氧化物。借助XRD和SEM对不同制备方法合成粉体的晶体结构和晶粒形貌进行了研究。结果表明：固相反应法可制得均一钙钛矿结构的LSC氧化物，柠檬酸法除制得LSC氧化物外，还有LaSrCoO4相的生成。柠檬酸-硝酸盐溶胶-凝胶低温自蔓延燃烧法合成粉体的粒度相对较小。为研究以Ce0．9Gd0.1O1．95（GDC）为电解质的固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料的性能，将LSC粉体与GDC粉体按6：4（质量比）制备了固体氧化物燃料电池（SOFC）的阴极片。在空气气氛下使用直流四探针法研究了烧结样品300～800℃的电导率，发现由柠檬酸法得到粉体制备的阴极片的电导率值较高。将制备的样品置于马弗炉中800℃条件下烧结800h，比较失效前后电导率的变化情况，并借助XRD，SEM等测试手段分析样品电导率变化的原因。分析发现，失效后两种样品的电导率值都有所降低，且样品中都有新相生成，晶体形貌有较大的变化。     

SOFC阴极材料LSM的合成及性能研究

分别采用固相法、甘氨酸-硝酸盐燃烧法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料La0.8Sr0.2MnO3(LSM)。将合成的粉体在不同的温度下烧结,并通过XRD确定粉末成相最低烧结温度为900℃;利用扫描电镜(SEM)对合成的粉体进行微观结构的观察和分析;采用Van-der Pauw四电极法测量片状阴极的直流电阻进而计算电导率;采用三电极法研究LSM阴极材料的电化学性能;结果表明,溶胶-凝胶法制备的LSM阴极与电解质的界面阻抗最小。同时,将3种方法制备的LSM应用到多孔阳极支撑型的固体氧化物燃料电池上,制备成全电池,并采用四电极法对全电池的输出性能进行测试分析,结果表明,溶胶-凝胶法制备的LSM阴极材料电化学性能良好,最大输出功率密度达317mW.cm-2。因此,溶胶-凝胶法合成的LSM粉末能够有效满足固体氧化物燃料电池阴极材料的要求。     

溶胶-凝胶低温燃烧法合成Ce1-xGdxO2-x/2固体氧化物纳米粉

采用溶胶-凝胶低温燃烧法合成出Ce1-xGdxO2-x/2(x=0, 0.05,0.10,0.15,0.20,0.30)固体氧化物纳米粉.将用Sol-Gel法制成的干凝胶加热至300 ℃左右使之发生燃烧反应,再将燃烧产物在600 ℃焙烧2 h,即可形成单相萤石结构的氧化物粉体,其平均晶粒直径为20 nm左右.     

柠檬酸盐凝胶自燃烧法制备Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9粉体及性能表征

以柠檬酸和金属硝酸盐为原料,采用凝胶自燃烧法合成了氧化钐掺杂的氧化铈粉体Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9,利用差热-热重分析仪、X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜等对粉体的形成条件、相组成以及表面形貌进行了表征。该实验能使学生了解固体氧化物燃料电池粉体的基本知识,熟悉柠檬酸盐凝胶自燃烧法制备粉体的原理,了解表征粉体结构的基本方法。     

Pr0.6-xNdxCa0.4FeO3-δ体系复合氧化物的Pechini法合成与表征

采用Pechini法合成了Pr0.6-xNdxCa0.4FeO3-δ（x=0．0，0．2，0．3，0．4，0．5，0．6）系列复合氧化物粉体，用FT-IR，BET，XRD，TG-DTA，SEM等对产物形成过程及微结构进行了表征。结果表明，所合成的系列产物平均粒径均小于100nm，粉体烧结活性高，1200℃下烧结2 h样品的相对密度达到95％。所有产物在900℃下煅烧2 h即形成正交钙钛矿结构的单相固溶体；A位双稀土元素的存在对产物的晶型无影响。随着样品Pr／Nd比例的减小（x值增大），XRD衍射峰宽度有增大的趋势。采用直流四端子法测量了烧结体在中温（450～800℃）区的电导率，A位双稀土样品的电导率优于单一稀土样品，Pr0.1-Nd0.5Ca0.4FeO3-δ样品的电导率最高。     

BaCe0.5Zr0.4Y0.1O3-δ粉体的溶胶-凝胶法和高温固相法制备及性能表征

分别通过溶胶-凝胶法和高温固相反应法制备了BaCe0.5Zr0.4Y0.1O3-δ粉体.采用热重-差热分析(TG-DTA),粉末X射线衍射(XRD),扫描电子显微镜(SEM),傅立叶红外衍射(FT-IR),N2吸附-脱附等方法对所制备的粉体进行了表征.结果表明:用溶胶-凝胶法在1200 ℃×10 h可以合成纯的BaCe0.5Zr0.4Y0.1O3-δ粉体,合成温度比传统的高温固相反应法降低400 ℃左右;溶胶-凝胶法合成粉体具有多孔结构特征,与固相法合成粉体相比具有较高的比表面积.但致密化试验表明:溶胶-凝胶法合成粉体与固相法合成粉体相比具有较低的烧结活性.溶胶-凝胶法合成粉体颗粒表面残余的有机基团和颗粒内部的大量微孔将在致密化过程中产生空间位阻,从而影响高温下原子的迁移,阻碍材料的致密化过程.     

纳米二氧化钛的制备及其光催化性能

分别采用水热法和溶胶-凝胶法制备了TiO2纳米粉体;利用X射线衍射仪和扫描电镜分析了两种方法制备的TiO2粉体的形貌和晶体结构,并测定了纳米TiO2粉体对罗丹明B的光催化降解活性.结果表明:采用水热法制备的TiO2纳米粉体含有锐钛矿相和金红石相,粒径较小,大约为50nm,而且分散均匀,光催化性能良好;采用溶胶-凝胶法制备的TiO2粉体经过550℃煅烧后仍然为锐钛矿相,而且粒径较大,大约为80nm.     

制备方法对负热膨胀性ZrW2O8粉体的颗粒大小以及负热膨胀性能影响的研究

采用共沉淀法、分步固相法和溶胶凝胶法制备负热膨胀性ZrW₂O₈粉体。以XRD、SEM和TEM对产物结构及形貌进行表征，以原位X射线衍射分析粉体的负热膨胀特性。结果表明3种方法所制备的粉体均为单一立方结构的α-ZrW₂O₈相，共沉淀法制备的粉体颗粒较大，平均尺寸约为2.5 μm × 3.0 μm，溶胶凝胶法制备的颗粒最小，平均尺寸达到100 nm。所得粉体均表现为较强的负热膨胀特性，当粉体粒径相差不大时，负热膨胀系数变化很小，当颗粒粒径降低到纳米级时，负热膨胀系数有减小的趋势。     

制备方法对LaFeO3纳米粉体的影响

分别采用熔盐法和溶液燃烧法合成了钙钛矿型LaFeO3纳米粉体,系统研究了两种制备方法对粉体相结构、形貌的影响,用XRD、SEM和TG/DSC对纳米粉体进行了表征.结果表明:熔盐体系、煅烧温度、燃料类型和燃料/氧化剂的摩尔比对合成LaFeO3有重要的影响.450-750℃的熔盐NaNO2体系及650-800℃的熔盐NaN...     

Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9的尿素燃烧法合成与性能

采用以尿素为燃料的燃烧合成法制备Ce0.8Sm0.2O1.9(SDC)氧离子导体材料, 对燃烧合成粉体的物相和显微形态进行了表征, 并研究了燃烧法合成SDC的烧结性能以及烧结体的导电性能. 研究结果表明, 采用尿素燃烧法合成SDC具有简便高效和合成粉体烧结活性高的优点. 经过燃烧过程后即可得到立方萤石结构的纯相SDC粉体, 合成粉体的分散性良好, 为50~150 nm的球形颗粒, 具有高的烧结活性, 在1250 ℃的烧结温度下, 陶瓷样品的相对密度可达到95.1%. 在600和800 ℃的测试温度下, 烧结温度为1250 ℃的陶瓷样品的电导率分别达到5.4×10-2和1.0×10-1 Ω-1·cm-1.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

CoFe2O4自形成磁性液体场致结构化对磁化的影响

The Langevin paramagnetic theory can’t describe the relation between magnetization of ferrofluids and applied magnetic field. The structuralization of ferrofluids, which is considered the main influence factor of the magnetization, is regarded. The part of magnetization works is deposited when the structure is forming. This action influences the magnetization of ferrofluids directly or indirectly. On the base of the “compressing” model, the Langevin function that usually describes the magnetization of ferrofluid is modified, and a well-fitted curve is obtained. An equation of the relation between the equivalent volume fraction after being “compressed” and the intensity of magnetic field is discovered, which approximately describes the process of magnetization. The relation between the approximate initial susceptibility and the volume fraction can be obtained from modified formula.     

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed stereoselective ring expansion of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds

Microwave-assisted copper-catalyzed ring expansions of three-membered heterocycles with α-diazo-β-dicarbonyl compounds were investigated. Thiiranes generated 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines in the presence of copper sulfate and trans-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-thiiranes through an intramolecular S_N2 process. Oxiranes gave rise to 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines under the catalysis of copper hexafluoroacetylacetonate and cis-3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines as stereospecific products for 1,2-disubstituted cis-oxiranes via an intimate ion-pair mechanism. The current method provides a direct and simple strategy in efficient preparation of 3-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-oxathiines and 2-acyl-5,6-dihydro-1,4-dioxines, important agents in medicinal and agricultural chemistry, from readily available thiiranes and oxiranes, respectively.     

KMnO4-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines: Synthesis of amides and sulfonamides

KMnO₄-mediated oxidative CN bond cleavage of tertiary amines producing secondary amine was introduced, which was trapped by electrophiles (acyl chloride and sulfonyl chloride) to form amides and sulfonamides. The reaction could take place at mild condition, tolerating a wide range of function groups and affording products in moderate to excellent yields.