贵阳市场常见淡水鱼体内氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留调查

目的了解贵阳市市售淡水鱼体内中氟喹诺酮类抗生素(FQs)的残留情况。方法于2015年10—11月,在贵阳市3个水产批发市场(A、B、C区)采集鲤鱼(Cyprinus carpio)、鮰鱼(Leiocassis longirostris)、黄搡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)、黄蜂鱼(Yellow catfish)、鲈鱼(Lateolabrax japonicus)5种淡水养殖鱼样品,采用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)法检测鱼肌肉组织中7种FQs(恩诺沙星、双氟沙星、诺氟沙星、氧氟沙星、环丙沙星、丹诺沙星、依诺沙星)的残留量。结果淡水鱼体内恩诺沙星和氧氟沙星检出率较高(分别为92.9%和78.6%),平均含量分别为96.5、135.1μg/kg,最高分别为636.2、488.2μg/kg,恩诺沙星超过最大允许限量(50μg/kg),超标率为42.9%;其他6种抗生素检出均较低,且均未检出诺氟沙星。鲈鱼和鮰鱼肌肉组织中FQs残留的检出率最高,其中,氧氟沙星和恩诺沙星均检出;黄蜂鱼和黄搡鱼体内检出的残留量均较低,且抗生素残留种类也较少。结论贵阳市场的淡水鱼存在一定程度的FQs污染,应进一步关注氟喹诺酮类抗生素残留量的超标情况。     

2012年鞍山市水产品中喹乙醇代谢物残留量监测分析

目的开展水产品中喹乙醇代谢物残留量的监测分析,保障水产品的食品安全。方法随机在鞍山市本地农贸市场河鱼批发部采集淡水鱼类,采用《水产品中喹乙醇代谢物残留量的测定高效液相色谱法》（农业部1077号公告-5-2008）进行喹乙醇代谢物残留量检测。结果 MQCA在0.005～1.000μg/ml范围内,线性关系良好,r=0.999 3;高、中、低3种浓度的加标样品平均回收率分别为76.5%、85.1%、95.4%;相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为9.40%、5.66%、4.31%;本方法最低检出限为4μg/kg。对黑鱼、鲢鱼、草鱼、泥鳅、眼眶鱼、鳝鱼、嘎鱼、鲫鱼、鲤鱼、武昌鱼、鲶鱼等水产品进行喹乙醇代谢物MQCA的含量测定,在所检样品中均未检出喹乙醇代谢物。结论有效落实食品安全风险监测工作计划,为卫生监督和防控提供科学依据。     

烟台市动物源性食品违禁药物及兽药残留膳食暴露风险评估

目的 了解烟台市动物源性食品中违禁药物及兽药残留膳食暴露水平。方法 随机采集烟台市售动物源性食品806份,按照《山东省居民膳食营养与健康状况》给定的膳食消费量计算日膳食暴露量(EDI),对比相关药物的ADI值进行食品安全评估。结果 检测的806份样品中,违禁药物及兽药残留总体检出率为2.61%(21/806),总超标率为1.61%(13/806)。禽肉来源的喹诺酮类药物EDI均值和最大值分别为0.0079 μg/kg·bw·d和0.14 μg/kg·bw·d。食品安全指数(IFS)均值和最大值分别为0.00040和0.0087。禽肉来源的四环素类药物残留EDI均值和最大值分别为0.0011 μg/kg·bw·d和0.014 μg/kg·bw·d,IFS均值和最大值分别为0.00029和0.0037。蛋类来源的四环素类药物残留EDI均值和最大值分别为0.0018 μg/kg·bw·d和0.027 μg/kg·bw·d,IFS均值和最大值分别为0.00059和0.0091。水产品来源的硝基呋喃残留EDI均值和最大值分别为0.0011 μg/kg·bw·d和0.040 μg/kg·bw·d。畜肉(包括内脏)来源的β-受体激动剂EDI均值和最大值分别为0.00028 μg/kg·bw·d和0.0052 μg/kg·bw·d,IFS均值和最大值分别为0.024和最大值为0.38。结论 烟台市售动物性食品中存在一定程度兽药污染,但其健康危害风险处在可接受的水平。     

厦门市121份市售食品中苯并(a)芘污染状况

目的 了解厦门市市售食品中苯并(a)芘(BaP)的污染状况.方法 采用导数-恒能量同步荧光光谱技术,以自行研制的BaP快速检测仪对厦门市流通市场上采集的121份食品中BaP的含量进行检测.结果 检测发现在121份样品中有84.3%检出BaP,含量为0.17～59.00μg/kg,其中含量超过5.00μg/kg的食品有60份,占49.6%,主要集中在烧烤小食品、加工的肉制品和水产品,含量范围分别是1.44μ54.10μg/kg、0.17～59.00μg/kg、2.79～36.80μg/kg.在34份采自路边流动摊点的食品中,BaP含量为1.78～49.60μg/kg,其中超过5.00 μg/kg有30份,达88.2%.结论所采集121份厦门市售食品中BaP的污染较为严重.     

2007-2008年中国谷物中隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇及多组分真菌毒素污染状况

目的 了解我国部分地区谷物中隐蔽型脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON-3-G)及多组分真菌毒素污染状况.方法 2007-2008年在河南、河北、广西、安徽、四川、重庆和江苏7个省(市、自治区)采集玉米、小麦等样品共计446份,用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(UPLC-MS/MS)方法检测样品中DON-3-G及多组分真菌毒素[包括脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(DON)、玉米赤霉烯酮(ZEN)、雪腐镰刀菌烯醇(NIV)等]的污染状况.结果 小麦、玉米中污染的主要真菌毒素为DON及其衍生物和ZEN.88%(169/192)的小麦样品中检出DON(1.5～590.7μg/kg;中位数:30.8μg/kg);22.9%(44/192)的小麦样品中ZEN阳性(1.7～3425.0 μg/kg;中位数:8.0μg/kg),其中有6份样品中ZEN含量超过我国规定的限量标准(60μg/kg).50.5%(103/204)的玉米样品中DON阳性(1.6～4374.4 μg/kg;中位数:94.9μg/kg),7份样品中DON含量超过我国规定的限量标准(1000μg/kg);41.7%(85/204)的玉米样品中ZEN阳性(1.6～4808.7 μg/kg;中位数:48.5μg/kg),其中有37份超过我国规定的限量标准(60 μg/kg).首次在国产小麦和玉米中检出DON-3-G,小麦、玉米样品中DON-3-G中位数分别为21.4μg/kg和34.6 μg/kg,小麦中DON-3-G均高于3-乙酰化DON(3-A-DON,中位数:4.1μg/kg)和15-乙酰化DON(15-A-DON,中位数:3.1μg/kg)(t值分别为5.111和5.966,P值均<0.01);玉米中15-A-DON(中位数:48.6μg/kg)高于3-A-DON(中位数:6.8 μg/kg)(t=-3.579,P<0.01).玉米中DON、DON-3-G、3-A-DON、15-A-DON和ZEN的污染水平均高于小麦(Z值分别为-3.492、-1.960、-2.467、-8.711和-6.272,P值均<0.05),而NIV在小麦中水平(中位数:29.0μg/kg)高于玉米(中位数:18.2μg/kg)(Z=-2.086,P<0.05).结论 我国部分地区小麦、玉米被多组分真菌毒素污染,以DON检出率最高;玉米中受DON、DON-3-G、3-A-DON、15-A-DON和ZEN的污染比小麦重.

Abstract：

Objective To elucidate the natural occurrence of masked deoxynivalenol (DON-3-G)and other multi-mycotoxins in cereals from parts of China. Methods A total of 446 corn and wheat samples harvested in 2007 and 2008 collected from Henan, Hebei, Guangxi, Anhui, Sichuan, Chongqing and Jiangsu provinces were analyzed for DON-3-G and other multi-mycotoxins (including deoxynivalenol (DON),zearalenone(ZEN), nivalenol (NIV), et al) by UPLC-MS/MS. Results Corn and wheat samples were mainly contaminated by DON and its derivatives as well as ZEN. 88% (169/192) of wheat samples were positive for DON (range: 1.5-590. 7 μg/kg; median: 30. 8 μg/kg) ;22. 9% (44/192) of wheat samples were contaminated with ZEN (range: 1. 7-3425.0 μg/kg; median: 8.0 μg/kg) and six samples contained ZEN concentration higher than the ZEN tolerance limit of 60 μg/kg. DON was detected in 50. 5% (103/204) corn samples (range: 1.6-4374. 4 μg/kg; median: 94. 9 μg/kg); Seven samples contained DON exceeding the tolerance limit of 1000 μg/kg for DON. Additionally, ZEN was found in 41.7% (85/204) corn samples with the concentration between 1.6 μg/kg and 4808.7 μg/kg (median:48.5 μg/kg)and there were 37 corn samples with ZEN level in the excess of tolerance limit for ZEN (60 μg/kg). DON-3-G was detected in corn and wheat samples for the first time in China with the median level of 21.4 μg/kg and 34. 6 μg/kg for wheat and corn,respectively. Wheat was more heavily contaminated with DON-3-G than both 3-aeetly-DON (3-A-DON,median:4. 1μg/kg) and 15-acetly-DON (15-A-DON,median :3. 1 μg/kg)(t values were 5. 111 and 5. 966, respectively,both P values <0. 01). While,the level of 15-A-DON (median: 48. 6 μg/kg) in corn was higher than 3-A-DON (median: 6. 8 μg/kg) (t =-3. 579,P < 0. 01). The concentration of DON, DON-3-G, 3-A-DON, 15-A-DON and ZEN in corn were higher than that in wheat (Z values were-3. 492,-1. 960,-2. 467,-8. 711 and-6. 272, respectively,all P values < 0. 05). Wheat(median: 29. 0 μ.g/kg) contained higher NIV in comparison with corn(median:18.2 μg/kg,Z=-2.086,P<0.05). Conclusion Wheat and corn samples from parts of China were contaminated with multi-mycotoxins and DON was the predominant;in comparison of wheat,corn was more heavily contaminated with DON, DON-3-G,3-A-DON, 15-A-DON and ZEN.     

重庆市万州区市售食品中黄曲霉毒素污染现状调查

目的 为了解万州区部分食品中黄曲霉毒素B1、B2、G1、G2、M1的污染状况,为万州区食品安全提供数据。方法 2013年至2014年间,在万州区共采集牛奶、奶粉、袋泡茶、黄豆、花椒、辣椒、坚果及其籽类、食用油、花生、大米、玉米粉（碴）等食品688份,样品首先采用酶联免疫吸附法进行初筛,阳性样品全部采用免疫亲和柱层析高效液相色谱法进行测定。结果 在采集11种食品中,均有不同程度的污染,总检出率为24.6%,总超标率为1.89%;各类样品平均含量在0.004μg/kg至2.1μg/kg之间,最高含量为157.2μg/kg;其中花生、玉米粉（碴）超标率为10.7%和3.1%,其余样品均未超标。结论 万州区市售食品中黄曲霉毒素污染水平总体较低,但部分食品特别是花生、玉米渣等产品存在较高程度的污染,应予以重视。     

Simultaneous determination of eight nitrofuran residues in shellfish and fish using ultra-high performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry

Illegal use of nitrofurans (NFs) in aquaculture is of great concern for food safety throughout the world. A liquid chromatography-based method coupled to tandem mass spectrometry was developed and validated for measuring levels of four conventional NFs (nitrofurantoin, furazolidone, nitrofurazone, and furaltadone) and four additional NFs (nifursol, nifuroxazide, nifurpirinol, and sodium nifurstyrenate) in shellfish and fish samples. Limits of detection and quantitation were 0.01–0.2 µg/kg and 0.04–0.5 µg/kg for seven NFs, except for sodium nifurstyrenate (2 µg/kg and 5 µg/kg). Recoveries were 91.6–107.3 % with inter-day and intra-day relative standard deviations in the range of 0.8–9.6 % and 0.7–10.7 %, which were assessed at four fortification levels. The validated method was applied to 397 shellfish and 140 fish collected from South China in 2014−2017. The total non-compliant rate (>1.0 µg/kg) of the four major NFs was 4.3 % in shellfish (<0.03–7.8 µg/kg) and 5.0 % in fish (<0.03–6.8 µg/kg), with the newly added drugs undetected in all samples. Semicarbazide was frequently detected in several kinds of shellfish at lower levels (0.1–3.1 µg/kg) as reported in shrimps, indicating potential endogenous generation or environmental contamination. We propose that this method be used to monitor NF residues in the future.     

苏州市水产品中喹诺酮类抗生素残留水平及安全性评价

目的:了解苏州地区水产品中喹诺酮类抗生素残留水平,探讨其污染来源,评价其膳食安全性。方法:2011年6月-2012年4月随机采集苏州地区各类水产品,采用超高效液相色谱/质谱进行喹诺酮类抗生素检测。结果:95件水产品中,29件样品检出喹诺酮抗生素残留,检出率30.5%,检出的种类主要为恩诺沙星,与其他几种相比,有显著性统计学差异(P<0.01)。水产品中检出的恩诺沙星残留最高90.6μg/kg,均小于最高残留限量100μg/kg,未超过每日安全摄入量120μg/d。结论:苏州市市售水产品部分存在抗生素残留,需要加强水产品养殖、销售的管理。     

超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法分析动物组织中7种喹诺酮类药物残留

目的:建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法(UPLC/MS/MS)测定动物性食品中残留的7种喹诺酮类药物:培氟沙星、恩诺沙星、沙拉沙星、环丙沙星、二氟沙星、单诺沙星、氧氟沙星。方法:样品经Mellvaine缓冲液超声提取,高速离心后,用HLB固相萃取拄净化后上UPLC/MS/MS,用多反应监测模式检测,外标法定量。结果:7种喹诺酮类药物在浓度1μg/L～100μg/L范围内线性关系良好,相关系数均达到r>0.9985。检出限0.1μg/kg～1μg/kg。结论:本方法简便、快速、定性准确,适合动物性食品中残留的7种喹诺酮类药物残留测定。     

液质联用法同时检测动物源性食品中氯霉素和甲硝唑

目的 建立同时检测动物源性食品中氯霉素和甲硝唑的液相色谱-串联质谱法。方法 在试样中加入d5-氯霉素和d4-甲硝唑,经提取净化、浓缩、过滤后用液相色谱-串联质谱(LC-MS/MS)同时进行检测。结果 该方法线性范围均为0.25~5.0ng/ml,氯霉素和甲硝唑的检出限均为0.1μg/kg(S/N=3),定量限均为0.3μg/kg(S/N=10),线性范围均为0.25~5.0ng/ml,方法相对标准偏差(RSD)小于8%,样品加标回收率在85%~101%之间。240份畜肉样品中未检出氯霉素和甲硝唑;禽肉样品中氯霉素检出率为3.3%(2/60),甲硝唑检出率为1.7%(1/60)。水产品中氯霉素检出率为34.3%(24/70),未检测出甲硝唑,其中贝类样品中氯霉素检出率为43.3%(13/30)。结论 该方法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于动物源性食品中氯霉素和甲硝唑同时测定。     

2010年杭州市售发酵性食品中氨基甲酸乙酯调查与分析

目的 调查2010年杭州市售发酵性食品中氨基甲酸乙酯含量.方法 2010年在杭州大、中、小型3家超市采集237份发酵性食品,包括黄酒、白酒、葡萄酒、啤酒、料酒、酱油、食醋、腐乳等8类食品,采用D5-氨基甲酸乙酯核素稀释技术,硅藻土固相萃取净化样品,然后用气相色谱-质谱法测定样品中氨基甲酸乙酯.结果 237份发酵性食品中氨基甲酸乙酯检出率为100%,含量范围为2.0 ~515.0 μg/kg,氨基甲酸乙酯含量平均值(中位数)从高到低依次为红腐乳[182.2 μg/kg(161.2 μg/kg )]、黄酒[159.6 μg/kg(121.0 μg/kg)]、料酒[86.8 μg/kg(95.6 μg/kg)]、白酒[72.0 μg/kg(60.5 μg/kg )]、酱油[47.2 μg/kg(40.7 μg/kg)]、食醋[26.7 μg/kg(31.8 μg/kg )]、葡萄酒[15.7 μg/kg(16.8 μg/kg )]、啤酒[2.2 μg/kg(2.3 μg/kg)].结论 2010年杭州市发酵性食品中均存在氨基甲酸乙酯,尤以红腐乳、黄酒中氨基甲酸乙酯含量为高.

Abstract：

Objective To observe the ethyl carbamate concentrations in different commercial fermented foods in Hangzhou in 2010.Methods In 2010,237 commercial fermented food samples of eight categories,including yellow wine,white spirit,wine,beer,cooking wine,sauce,vinegar and fermented bean curd,were purchased from 3 different size markets respectively in Hangzhou.The ethyl carbamate was measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in selection ion mode,after the samples were coupled with D5-ethyl carbamate,and purified by diatomite solid phase extraction column.Results The results showed that ethyl carbamate was detected in all samples analyzed (100%) with the range from 2.0 μg/kg to 515.0 μg/kg.The ethyl carbamate average(median)levels in 8 food catergories were descending with fermented red bean curd (182.2 μg/kg (161.2 μg/kg)),yellow wine (159.6 μg/kg (121.0 μg/kg)),cooking wine (86.8 μg/kg (95.6 μg/kg)),white spirit (72.0 μg/kg (60.5 μg/kg)),soy sauce (47.2 μg/kg(40.7μg/kg)),vinegar (26.7 μg/kg (31.8 μg/kg)),wine (15.7 μg/kg (16.8 μg/kg)) and beer (2.2 μg/kg (2.3 μg/kg)).Conclusion The ethyl carbamate was detected in all fermented foods in Hangzhou in 2010,and the levels of ethyl carbamate in red bean curd and yellow wine were higher than others.     

贵州省都匀市食源性寄生虫病感染现状调查与防治研究

目的 了解和掌握贵州省少数民族地区部分可食用蔬菜及淡水鱼、虾、肉类食品中寄生虫卵污染情况,以探讨食品污染和食源性寄生虫病感染的相关危险因素。方法 采用现场流行病学的询问调查和现场采样方式,以清水浸洗沉淀法、流水冲洗沉淀法检测蔬菜中寄生虫卵;用消化法检测淡水鱼、虾体内的囊蚴;采集市售肉类压片法检测囊尾蚴。结果 城市周边农民居住地种植园检测的14种可食用蔬菜中寄生虫卵检出率（14.64％）与大型农贸市场和居民聚居区市场出售的（0.64％）相比较高,有统计学差异（χ2 = 5.013,P = 0.043）。2种不同清洗方式蔬菜中寄生虫卵检出率差异有统计学意义（χ2 = 7.158,P = 0.037）。城市周边农民居住地附近小溪里的鱼、虾囊蚴检出率为6.82％,较大型农贸市场和居民聚居区市场出售的检出率0.36％高（χ2 = 7.158,P = 0.037）。结论 黔南州都匀市近郊农民自种直销可食用蔬菜受到肠道线虫卵污染和淡水鱼、虾囊蚴阳性率较农贸市场出售的高,应引起足够重视。     

2010-2014年天津市市售食品铝含量调查分析

目的 了解天津市售重点食品的铝残留状况并以此推算每日安全消费量。方法 2010-2014年采集农贸市场、商店超市、路边摊位、小型餐饮店生产或销售的共794份样品,包括焙烤、油炸食品,淀粉类食品,水产动物及其制品等食品。按《食品中铝测定的分光光度法》方法进行检测。结果 食品中铝检出值为0.29~2810.00 mg/kg,平均超标率为20.15%。2012年超标率及均值均最高（32.50%、199.75 mg/kg）。超标率最高的5类食品依次为海蜇（100.00%）、煎饼/烧饼（63.64%）、藻类制品（58.06%）、凉粉/凉皮（53.01%）、油条/油饼类（42.59%）。监测油条、油饼类样品55份,检测均值为182.08 mg/kg,最大值达1360 mg/kg,其中2012、2014年超标率均超过80%。海蜇平均每日安全消费量成人、儿童分别为26.60g、13.30g,藻类制品的每日安全消费量成人、儿童分别为25.92g、12.96g,油条、油饼类成人、儿童每日安全消费量分别为94.15g、47.08g。结论 多种食品被检出铝超标,如居民食用量超过推算安全消费量,存在一定健康风险。因此,应采取多种措施控制铝摄入风险。     

烟台市发酵性调料中氨基甲酸乙酯污染状况调查

目的:探讨烟台市发酵调料中氨基甲酸乙酯(ethyl carbamate,EC)污染状况,对本地区发酵性调料的食品安全性进行调查与评估。方法:随机选取2011年烟台市超市及食品供销部的158份发酵食品,应用基质固相分散萃取(MSPD)技术GC/MS定量分析各类发酵调料食品中EC的含量。结果:(1)158份发酵性调料食品中阳性样品数为117份,阳性率为74.05%,其中黄酒及料酒中EC阳性率最高,平均含量分别为73.1μg/kg、66.4μg/kg,酱油和食醋中EC的含量相对较低,平均含量为40.3μg/kg、29.1μg/kg,腐乳EC平均含量为27.5μg/kg;(2)EC阳性腐乳样品数为36份,其中红腐乳19份,白腐乳17份,两组间EC含量水平无显著差异性。结论:烟台市发酵调料食品中普遍存在EC,其中黄酒及料酒中EC阳性率最高,且EC含量最高值为100.2 mg/L,发酵调料的食品安全问题应进一步加强监管、严格调控。     

Gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection and characterization of 27 sterols in two truffle (Tuber) species

Fungal sterols (mycosterols) were investigated in seven samples of both Tuber aestivum and Tuber borchii truffles from Italy, Spain and Romania by means of gas chromatography with mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Sterol contents varied from 130 to 590 mg/100 g dry weight (T. borchii) and 110−420 mg/100 g dry weight (T. aestivum). The sterol pattern of both truffle species was dominated by ergosterol (60–85 %) and brassicasterol (4–33 %). In addition, 25 minor sterols were detected with 27 (n = 3), 28 (n = 17), 29 (n = 3), 30 (n = 2) and 31 (n = 2) carbon atoms (Limit of detection: 2 μg/100 g dry weight). Fourteen minor sterols were described for the first time in Tuber species. Ten minor compounds were detected in all samples in varying abundances, while the others were (i) exclusively detected in all samples of one species (T. borchii: fecosterol, ergosta-8-enol; T. aestivum: 24-methyleneergosta-5,22,24-trienol) or (ii) varied strongly in abundance (≥90 %). Variations in main and selected minor sterols could be partly related to different harvest times. In addition, differences in fungisterol and ergosta-5,7-dienol between the both species were attributed to different pathways in fungal sterol biosynthesis (oneway ANOVA p ≤ 0.01). Our study indicates that sterol pattern analysis could be used to differentiate different Tuber species.     

Veterinary antimicrobial residues in pork meat in Cyprus: An exposure assessment

This work provides original analytical data on the levels of 45 commonly used veterinary antimicrobials in raw pork meat samples in Cyprus for six consecutive years between 2012 and 2017. A total of 15,484 raw pork meat samples were collected and screened for antibiotic residues by a microbiological screening method. A total of 1766 samples which were found suspected positive for antimicrobial residues were analyzed by means of a tandem LC–MS/MS confirmatory method. Thirteen veterinary antimicrobials were detected in 596 positive samples, with a detection frequency of 3.8% and nine antimicrobials exceeded the Maximum Residue Limits. The estimated daily exposure dose was found to be less than 1.8 μg/kg/day for all the compounds in both men and women above twenty years of age. These findings suggest that raw pork meat, do not present a potential health risk through its consumption in Cyprus.     

HPLC-MS/MS检测鱼肉中氯霉素残留研究

目的:建立鱼肉中氯霉素残留的HPLC/MS/MS检测方法。方法:采用负离子MRM监测模式,以氘代氯霉素为内标,样品用乙腈、乙酸乙酯、正己烷萃取后再用C18小柱净化。以保留时间和离子对(母离子和两个子离子)进行定性,以母离子和响应值高的子离子进行定量。结果:工作曲线在0.1μg/kg～10μg/kg范围内线性良好(r=0.9990),方法的检出限可达到0.03μg/kg,平均回收率为99%～105%,日内和日间RSD均小于8%。结论:该方法具有分析速度快、灵敏度高和特异性强等特点,可用于鱼肉中氯霉素残留的定量和定性检测。     

烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及膳食暴露评估

目的 了解烟台市售食品黄曲霉毒素污染状况及居民膳食来源暴露风险水平。方法 免疫亲和层析高效液相色谱法测定样品中黄曲霉毒素,点评估方法估算人群黄曲霉毒素暴露量。结果 检测的市售食品中AFB1检出率为4.19%（19/453）,超标率为0.22%（1/453）,均值为0.86 μg/kg。AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1检出率分别为2.13%（9/423）、1.65%（7/423）、0.95%（4/423）和41.90%（44/105）,均值分别为0.29、0.64、0.33和 0.03 μg/kg。食品中存在AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2多重污染情况。AFB1的检出均值占到黄曲霉毒素(AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2)均值总和的47.18%。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的日膳食暴露量分别为4.326、1.733、3.143、2.423和0.168 ng/（kg·bw·d）。AFB1、AFB2、AFG1、AFG2和AFM1的膳食暴露贡献率分别占到总体的36.69%、14.70%、26.65%、20.55%和1.42%。谷类及其制品的膳食暴露贡献最大,食用植物油的贡献次之。结论 AFB1总体检出率和均值均高于AFB2、AFG1和AFG2,是主要的污染品种。谷类及其制品和食用植物油是主要的AFB1、AFB2、AFG1和AFG2膳食暴露来源。乳制品是主要的AFM1的膳食暴露来源。烟台市居民AFB1和AFM1膳食暴露导致肝癌发病率为0.101/10万人和0.004/10万人。     

Levels of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in milk and milk powder samples and their likely risk assessment in Iranian population

An MSPE/GC–MS method was used for the measuring of 16 PAHs and assessing of the effect of different factors on PAHs concentrations among different types of dairy products. Moreover, the probabilistic health risk assessment due to ingestion of PAHs by the consumption of milk and milk powder was evaluated. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantitation LOQ were ranged between 0.040-0.075 and 0.121-0.227 μg/kg, respectively. The highest mean of total PAHs was noted in milk powdered (2.28 ± 0.39 μg/kg), while the lowest content was observed in pasteurized milk (0.87 ± 0.18 μg/kg). Except for a few samples of milk powder, the PAHs contents of the other samples was lower than standard limits while the concentration of BaP was lower than of standard levels proposed by EU (0.02-0.06 μg/kg). Considering season effect, the samples in winter had the highest level of PAHs. The percentile 95% actual THQ was the 3.64E-04 value that was lower than 1 value. Hence, the consumers are not at considerable non-carcinogenic health risk while the actual ILCR was 3.53E-03 as higher than 1E-04. Therefore, consumers are at considerable carcinogenic risk. Generally speaking, approaching the control plans for a decrease in the concentration of PAHs in dairy products in order to control carcinogenic health risk is crucial.     

三峡库区水及鱼体中微囊藻毒素污染现状

目的了解三峡库区水及鱼微囊藻毒素（Mc-Lr）污染程度。方法 2010年对涪陵、丰都、万州、巫山长江段面开展了水及鱼Mc-Lr污染调查,并对各段分别采集水、鱼及池塘养鸭样品,用ELISA法对样品的Mc-Lr进行检测。结果各段面水样均检出Mc-Lr,平均含量分别为0.197、0.107、0.157和0.086μg/L;涪陵段面最高,其次是万州和丰都段面,最低是巫山段面,差异有统计学意义（t=8.724,P〈0.01）;4个段面长江鱼（肌肉）样均检出Mc-Lr,仍以涪陵污染较高,平均含量为0.569μg/kg,万州和丰都污染次之,平均含量分别为0.270和0.244μg/kg,巫山鱼样污染最低,平均含量为0.197μg/kg,差异有统计学意义（t=4.845,P〈0.01）;各采样点池塘养鸭（肌肉）均受到不同程度的微囊藻毒素污染,结果分别为0.470、0.209和0.197μg/kg。结论三峡库区水体受到了Mc-Lr污染,但污染程度较轻。