陶瓷膜处理乳化悬浮液过程中的膜清洗工艺

对陶瓷膜处理乳化悬浮液过程中膜清洗工艺进行了研究。考察了清洗工艺如动态清洗、温度、清洗剂浓度、操作方式等对膜层清洗效果的影响,确定了适宜的清洗工艺参数。研究结果表明:用透过液或低浓度料液在常温下对污染膜进行清洗后,可使膜通量恢复达初始通量的96%以上;停止工作后的膜后处理工艺中,清洗剂浓度对清洗效果的影响不大,但应将清洗剂在高速流动状态下来清洗油污较为适宜。     

无机陶瓷膜处理印染废水的研究

研究了无机陶瓷膜处理印染废水过程,考察了膜孔径,操作条件对处理效果的影响及清洗剂和清洗时间对清洗效果的影响。结果表明:选用200nm的Al2O3膜管处理染料废水效果较好,合适的操作条件为:膜面流速4.2m/s,操作压力0.2MPa,温度30℃,此时渗透通量为129.64L/m2·h,CODCr的截留率达65%以上,色度去除率达90%以上。选择0.5mol/L硝酸溶液为清洗剂,清洗20min后,通量恢复为原来的81%以上。     

超低压反渗透膜处理矿山酸性废水膜污染及清洗的研究

对超低压反渗透膜处理矿山酸性废水的膜污染及清洗进行了试验研究.结果表明,不同的预处理及反渗透条件其污染程度不同,即使清洗条件相同,清洗效果也不同.较适宜的清洗条件为:在浓缩液流量始终为1200 L·h-1情况下,先关闭透过液阀门,用纯水反渗透15min(0.6MPa,室温),再开启透过液阀门反渗透15min;然后用0.1%NaOH反渗透30min(1.0MPa,45℃);接着用0.3%H202浸泡16h;最后用纯水反渗透30min(0.6MPa,室温),膜通量可恢复99%以上.     

无机膜处理乳化废水中试研究

为除去废水中的乳化油,采用无机陶瓷微滤膜对乳化废水进行了中试实验研究.实验结果表明:乳化液废水经孔径为200 nm的无机陶瓷膜处理后,透过液可达国家排放标准;在最佳操作压力0.16 MPa下,系统可连续、稳定运行20 h以上,平均膜通量为272 L/(m2·h);化学清洗30 min后,可使膜通量恢复至初始通量的95%;平均料液运行成本为4.49元/m3.用无机陶瓷膜处理乳化液废水是一种经济、技术可行的方法.     

水中天然有机物对超滤膜污染研究

对超滤膜受天然有机物污染的特性进行研究,同时考查无机矿物质成分对污染的协同影响。采用PES平板膜进行膜污染试验,模拟地表水研究腐殖酸以及钙离子的影响并进行了化学清洗试验。研究结果表明,在pH值为7.8,腐殖酸质量浓度为15 mg/L,操作压力0.1 MPa下,当钙离子浓度为4 mmol/L时,膜污染最为严重,10 min后膜通量降到起始膜通量的60%以下。先用0.1 mol/L的NaOH,再用0.5%的盐酸清洗后,膜通量可恢复至起始膜通量的98%。     

抗污染膜在电镀废水回用中的应用

用抗污染超滤膜聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)合金膜、高压纳滤膜(聚芳香酰胺膜)处理含Cr6+,Ni2+,Cu2+重金属离子的电镀废水.抗污染PVDF合金超滤膜在经过三次电镀废水处理后,膜通量由4.2 L/h降为3.6 L/h,透过液的透光率大于96.3%,可去除大部分有机物.超滤透过液经过纳滤处理后,纳滤透过量由1.8 L/h降低为1.7 L/h,并且在1.5 h后基本保持不变,对Cr6+,Ni2+,Cu2+的去除率达97%以上.电镀废水经抗污染超滤膜-高压纳滤组合工艺处理,可达电镀清洗水标准,回用率达到85%.     

柱式MBR膜污染分析及清洗工艺优化

采用SEM-EDS对九江石化生活污水和炼油污水回用系统中MBR装置中被污染超滤膜的分析,并对被污染MBR膜性能恢复分别进行了清洗剂种类、清洗剂浓度和清洗工艺进行优化。结果表明:MBR膜面的主要污染物为Fe(OH)_3、Cu(OH)_2、Al(OH)_3和少量胶体Si污染;pH=1的柠檬酸、草酸+EDTA、盐酸清洗MBR膜通量分别为80%、86.4%和90%;采用pH=13的碳酸钠、次氯酸钠+氢氧化钠和氢氧化钠清洗被污染MBR膜通量恢复率分别为84.53%、90.23%和94.42%;p H=1的草酸+EDTA和p H=13的Na OH进行交替清洗后的膜通量可恢复到初始通量的91.88%。     

聚醚砜膜原位清洗方法的实验研究

实验对已污染的聚醚砜膜进行了清洗的研究,并通过测量各种清洗剂清洗后膜水通量的恢复,确定适宜的清洗剂、清洗时间、清洗液浓度和操作压力,选择出最佳的清洗方案,取得较好的清洗效果。通过研究表明:被污染的聚醚砜膜用混合清洗剂清洗恢复率可达到85%,效果要明显优于单一的清洗方法。     

厌氧正渗透膜生物反应器处理高COD废水研究

研究厌氧正渗透膜生物反应器(AnOMBR)处理高COD(3~9 g/L)有机废水的除污染效能和产能情况。结果表明,正渗透膜初始水通量为6 L/(m^2·h),运行10 d后,物理清洗和化学清洗结合,膜通量恢复95%。反应器内电导率和pH均增加,挥发性脂肪酸的含量较低,AnOMBR对COD的去除效率高达93%以上。当进水COD为6 g/L时,最高甲烷产量为0.256 L/g。原料液侧的溶解性甲烷的含量随着进水COD的增加而降低,质量浓度基本稳定为7 mg/L。     

复合正渗透膜的过滤特性及对二级出水截留效果研究

以某污水厂二级出水为原料液,采用型号TFC-ES正渗透膜研究过滤过程中的工艺特性(膜朝向、汲取液的种类及含量、错流速度)及适宜的膜清洗条件,以优化操作条件、降低浓差极化、减轻膜污染、提高正渗透膜性能。结果表明,以FO模式(活性层朝向原料液侧,AL-FS)、7.25 cm/s的错流速度、1 mol/L的Mg Cl2溶液作为汲取液时,复合正渗透膜的纯水通量大于9 L/(m2·h),反向盐截留率保持在99.90%以上。二级出水产生的可逆膜污染可采用简单的水力清洗方法,以17.4 cm/s的错流速度,去离子水清洗30 min后,膜通量恢复率大于90%。同时复合正渗透膜对二级出水中的溶解性固体(TDS)截留率高达98%以上,对金属离子Al~(3+)和Fe~(3+)的截留率可分别达到97%和100%,有机物、TN和TP的截留率均在82%以上,可为正渗透技术应用于废水处理提供相应参考。     

三乙酸纤维素正渗透膜的制备与性能

以三乙酸纤维素（CTA）为膜材料,1,4-二氧六环、丙酮为溶剂,甲醇、乳酸为添加剂,采用相转换法制备了三乙酸纤维素正渗透膜。研究了不同1,4-二氧六环/丙酮配比、添加剂乳酸含量、挥发时间、膜厚度、热处理温度条件下正渗透膜性能的变化规律。研究表明,当采用纯水为原料液,0.56mol/L CaCl2为汲取液时,优化制备的CTA正渗透膜的水通量达到14.10L/(m2?h),溶质反扩散量为0.031mol/(m2?h);采用0.1mol/L NaCl为原料液,4mol/L葡萄糖为汲取液时,优化制备的CTA正渗透膜的水通量保持在5L/(m2?h)以上,对NaCl的截留率大于99%。CTA正渗透膜相比于HTI膜,具有较高的亲水性、水通量、截留率,稳定性更好。     

分置式-MBR处理生活污水的研究

研究了分置式膜-生物反应器(RMBR)处理生活污水的工艺条件,讨论了膜面流速、添加粉末活性炭(PAC)等因素对临界膜通量、CODCr脱除率的影响。结果表明:在进水水质CODCr为286～596mg/L,NH3-N为14～50mg/L时,RMBR的出水水质达到CODCr<17mg/L(脱除率>97%),NH3-N<1.6mg/L(平均去除率>81%),浊度<0.2NTU;添加PAC后出水水质CODCr<3.88mg/L,临界循环比降低了10%～20%;对于已污染的膜,水反冲洗、碱浸泡后水反冲洗、碱浸泡+酸浸泡后水反冲洗可使膜通量恢复至新膜的39%,78%,91%。     

One-step cleaning method for flux recovery of an ultrafiltration membrane fouled by banknote printing works wastewater

A method was developed to clean ultrafiltration (UF) membranes fouled by banknote printing works wastewater.The cleaning agent was comprised of 0.7 wt.% NaOH, 0.8 wt.% Na₂EDTA, 0.3 wt.% Turkey red oil and 98.2 wt.% de-ionized water. Membrane flux recovered adequately when the cleaning agent was circulated for 20–30 min at 1.5 m/s and 50–60°C. The membrane surfaces before and after cleaning were characterized by SEM/EDX. The spent cleaning agent was analyzed by TOC and ICP. The results showed foulants were removed from the fouled membrane by the cleaning. Pilot-scale experiments were also conducted to validate the efficiency of the cleaning method. This one-step cleaning method replaced an existing four-step cleaning method and was employed to clean OF units in banknote printing works wastewater plants.     

流动电位和通量法表征中空纤维超滤膜的污染程度及清洗效果

用流动电位和通量法表征PS中空纤维膜，研究离子强度、离子种类及pH值对膜的流动电位和通量的影响，同时测量了膜的等电点，结果表明流动电位系数（v）随浓度的增大而减小，等电点随电解质中阳离子价态增大而升高.对0.001mol/L的CuCl2，FeCl3和AlCl3溶液，在pH=6.8时的污染实验，发现污染后流动电位和通量值都有所下降，等电点则有所上升，且通量下降到一定值以后几乎不再下降，经过有效清洗后，流动电位和膜通量恢复到了原来的99%以上，这表明污染只发生在膜表面.     

集成膜技术深度回用处理精对苯二甲酸废水研究

近两年来,膜法回用石化废水备受重视,利用集成膜技术对炼油和乙烯化工废水进行深度回用处理,目前已有相对成熟的经验,但集成膜技术用于精细化工产品精对苯二甲酸废水回用处理的研究尚少。在试验基本工况为超滤系统采用全量过滤方式,运行周期30min,内压式超滤运行通量不大于75L/(m2.h),超滤系统前加入絮凝剂PAC(投加量为5mg/L),低污染反渗透膜运行通量不大于19L/(m2.h),试验中系统回收率为70%,反渗透进水的COD含量小于40mg/L的条件下,精对苯二甲酸达标废水深度回用处理稳定运行,产水水质稳定可靠。     

Humic acid fouling in the membrane distillation process

This work investigates the extent of humic acid fouling during the membrane distillation process for water treatment. The effects of pH, ionic strength, and divalent ion on fouling were studied. The experiments were performed with a 0.22-μm PVDF flat-sheet membrane in a direct contact membrane distillation unit. Flux declines were negligible (less than 6%) for the ranges of humic acid concentration, ionic strength, and pH studied. The examination of the membrane surface by SEM revealed a thin deposit layer. The addition of divalent cations (Ca²⁺) into the solution considerably reduced flux when Ca²⁺ concentration exceeded the critical coagulation concentration. Ca²⁺ affected flux by forming complexes with humic acids and resulted in coagulation on the membrane surface. The normalized flux, J/J₀, was 0.57 after 18 h of operation when the CaCl₂ concentration was 3.775 mM. However, the deposit of humic acid coagulate on the membrane surface was loosely packed, and was rather easily removed. Rinsing of the fouled membrane with clean water and a 0.1 M NaOH solution gave 100% of flux recovery.     

Deposition of toxic metal particles on rough nanofiltration membranes

Two nanofiltration (NF90 and Nano-Pro-3012) membranes were investigated for their capacity to remove metal ions. This study presents the effect of membrane roughness on the removal of toxic metal ions during dead end membrane filtration. Atomic force microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, WSXM software and ImageJ were used to characterize the roughness of the membranes. Gradual decrease in filtration permeate flux was observed as foulants accumulated at the interface of the membranes; filtration permeate flux varied from 20 L/m²/h to 14 L/m²/h and 11 L/m²/h to 6 L/m²/h for NF90 and Nano-Pro-3012, respectively. NF90 membrane was more prone to fouling than the Nano-Pro-3012 membrane: the percentage flux reduction was higher for NF90 (3.6%) than Nano-Pro-3012 (0.98%). The bearing ratio of the fouled NF90 exhibited a high peak of 7.09 nm than the fouled Nano-Pro-3012 with the peak of 6.8 nm.     

Forward-osmosis strategy and chemical cleaning of seawater desalination reverse osmosis membranes

In order to settle the membrane fouling of reverse osmosis membranes in seawater desalination process, this study reported a novel strategy based on forward-osmosis process and discussed the effects of different factors like different cleaning combination among reverse osmosis product, simulated reverse osmosis concentrate and simulated seawater, as well as cleaning time on the membrane permeate flux and salt rejection. For irreversible fouling, the effects of different chemical cleaning agents, immersion time and concentration were also investigated in this study. The results exhibited that the cleaning combination between diluted water and simulated reverse osmosis concentrate possessed the best cleaning performance in the process of forward-osmosis cleaning. Such approach also enhanced normalized flux from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa) and enhanced NaCl rejection from 80.59% to 92.80%. Furthermore, the normalized flux was enhanced from 9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa) to 14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa) and NaCl rejection was also enhanced from 80.59% to 96.27% after soaking in 2%(mass) citric acid solution for 2h, soaking with 1%(mass) ethylenediamine tetra-acetic acid tetrasodium salt and 0.3%(mass) sodium tripolyphosphate solution for 1.5 h. According to the result of SEM images and AFM images, the forward-osmosis cleaning strategy could not cause the damage of selective layer of membrane surface and caused the drop of inorganic and organic fouling on the membrane surface. Hence, cleaning fouled RO membranes by such approach could prolong the chemical cleaning cycle and reduce the amount of chemical cleaning agent, which has certain industrial application perspectives.     

正渗透策略和化学清洗海水淡化反渗透膜

为解决海水淡化过程中反渗透膜的污染问题,研究了基于正渗透策略的反渗透产水、模拟反渗透浓水、模拟海水不同的组合清洗和清洗时间对膜通量和截留率的影响。针对不可逆污染,研究了不同化学清洗药剂、浸泡时间、浓度对膜通量和截留率的影响。结果表明,正渗透策略清洗方式中,淡水/模拟反渗透浓水的组合清洗方式效果最佳,其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至13.6 L/(m²·h·MPa),截留率从80.59%提升至92.80%。此外,经质量分数为2%的柠檬酸溶液浸泡2 h后,再使用质量分数为1%的乙二胺四乙酸四钠盐和0.3%的三聚磷酸钠溶液浸泡1.5 h,其归一化通量从9.48 L/(m²·h·MPa)提升至14.3 L/(m²·h·MPa),截留率从80.59%提升至96.27%。从SEM和AFM图可以看出,正渗透清洗策略并未对膜表面选择层造成损坏,且可以清洗膜表面的有机污染物和无机污染物,因此,应用这种方法对污染的反渗透膜进行清洗,可延长化学清洗周期,减少化学清洗剂用量,具有一定的工业应用前景。     

化学清洗对地温空调机组腐蚀性的研究

利用旋转挂片法试验了清洗剂浓度、清洗时间、清洗温度及缓蚀剂含量等对紫铜、碳钢及不锈钢腐蚀速率的影响。当0.5mol/L清洗剂、20g/L的缓蚀剂用量、低于60℃的清洗温度,清洗时间不超过10h时,对地温空调机组清洗的腐蚀速率优于国家相关清洗标准中规定的指标要求。