阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的运行与维护

根据阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的特点提出蓄电池的运行与维护措施.     

阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池的容量与温度关系分析

研究了阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池在工作时容量与温度关系,分析了温度对蓄电池寿命的影响,提出了这种电池在制造及使用过程中应注意的一些问题.     

阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池最佳性能的实现

针对铅酸蓄电池在使用过程中出现的各种故障以及使用寿命大大缩短等问题,介绍了阀控密封铅酸蓄电池(VRLA)工作原理及相关特性,分析了这些故障的存在原因,并在此基础上提出了阀控密封铅酸蓄电池最佳性能的实现方法.     

阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池最佳性能的实现

针对铅酸蓄电池在使用过程中出现的各种故障以及使用寿命大大缩短等问题，简要地介绍了阀控密封铅酸蓄电池（VRLA）工作原理及相关特性，详细地分析了这些故障的存在原因，并在此基础上提出了阀控密封铅酸蓄电池最佳性能的实现方法。     

机车阀控式密封蓄电池检修工艺实践

根据3年多的实践经验,提出了对阀控式密封蓄电池的维护保养方法.针对辅修、小修、中修的不同修程,分别介绍了各自相应的补水,恢复性充电等不同的作业程序,特别对失水问题进行了分析.     

工矿内燃机车阀控式密封铅酸蓄电池维护技术的探讨

通过对工矿内燃机车阀控式铅酸蓄电池维护技术的探讨,提出了该蓄电池的维护保养方案,对确保机车动力、提高机车完好率、延长蓄电池使用寿命及降低检修运用成本具有重要意义。     

光伏电站用阀控式铅酸蓄电池

2002年,作为实施光明工程的一项重要举措,我国政府实施“西部省份无电乡通电工程项目”,利用国债资金在西部地区大部分无电乡兴建集中的光伏电站或风光互补电站,以彻底解决当地政府和居民基本用电问题。该项目对于改善项目所在地区人民生活水平、促进当地经济发展和推动国内新能源产业的发展,均具有非常重要的意义。1光伏电站的组成光伏电站是利用光电效应原理将太阳能转换为电能的发电系统。通常由太阳电池组件、控制器、蓄电池组、直流-交流逆变器等组成,其系统组成如图1所示。图1光伏电站系统组成示意图其工作原理为:白天,太阳电池组件接…     

浅谈阀控式蓄电池的检修与维护

通过对阀控式蓄电池的工作原理和在段修中出现的各种问题的分析,阐述了阀控式蓄电池的检修、维护方法,从而减少阀控式蓄电池故障,提高阀控式蓄电池的工作性能.     

阀控式铅酸蓄电池脉冲快速充电技术研究

直流恒压恒流蓄电池充电容易造成电池过充或充电不足,且充电时间较长。简述了快速脉冲充电技术的理论基础,介绍了脉冲快速充电方法,给出了充电实例。     

新能源系统储能用铅酸电池使用寿命的影响因素分析

分析了储能铅酸电池的失效模式和影响其使用寿命的内在因素、外在因素以及综合因素。电池内在因素包括电池极板、隔板等部件的质量和电池制造工艺;电池运行的外部因素包括环境温度、欠充电、过放电以及浮充电压的选择等;电池内在因素与外部因素发生综合作用的情况主要包括板栅腐蚀,内部热量失控以及酸分层等。根据储能铅酸电池特殊的工作条件导致的失效问题,结合寿命影响因素的分析,提出了延长寿命的各种对策。     

Influence of carbons on the structure of the negative active material of lead-acid batteries and on battery performance

It has been established that addition of carbon additives to the lead negative active material (NAM) of lead-acid batteries increase battery charge acceptance in hybrid electric vehicle mode of operation. The present work studies three types of activated carbons and two types of carbon blacks with the aim to evaluate their efficiency in improving the charge acceptance of lead-acid batteries. It has been established that the size of carbon particles and their affinity to lead are essential. If carbon particles are of nanosizes, they are incorporated into the bulk of the skeleton branches of NAM and may thus increase the latter's ohmic resistance. Their content in NAM should not exceed 0.2-0.5 wt.%. At this loading level, carbon grains are adsorbed only on the surface of NAM contributing to the increase of its specific surface area and thus improving its charge acceptance. When carbon particles are of micron sizes and have high affinity to lead, they are integrated into the skeleton structure of NAM as a structural component and act as super-capacitors, i.e. electric charges are concentrated in them and then the current is distributed along the adjacent branches of the lead skeleton with the lowest ohmic resistance. This eventually improves the charge acceptance of the negative battery plates.     

The lead and lead-acid battery industries during 2002 and 2007 in China

In the past 15 years, the center of the international lead market has shifted to China. China has become the largest producer of raw and refined lead, plus the largest consumer. This paper reviews the status of the lead and lead-acid battery industries in China, including lead mining, lead refining, secondary lead production, the lead-acid battery industry, new opportunities for lead-acid batteries, and the environmental problems associated with lead and lead-acid batteries. The output of raw and refined lead has increased annually in China, and now accounts for more than 30% of the world total. As a result of a change in the Chinese government's policy regarding the export of lead, plus an increase in the price of lead, the profits of Chinese lead manufacturers were significantly reduced, the trade deficit of the Chinese lead industry increased, the operating rates of lead smelter enterprises greatly reduced, and some small enterprises were forced to shut down. At the present time, an increasing number of enterprises have begun to produce secondary lead, and the scale of production has expanded from tens of tons to tens of thousands of tons. In 2006, the output of secondary lead in China reached 700,000 tons, but outdated technology and equipment limited development of the secondary lead industry. Because of serious pollution problems, raw material shortages, and fierce price competition in the battery market, changes in the development of the lead-acid battery industry have been dramatic; approximately one thousand medium-sized and small lead-acid battery producers have been closed in the past 3 years. The output of large lead-acid battery enterprises has not been reduced, however, as a result of their manufacturing technology and equipment being comparable to those in other advanced industrial countries. In China, the flourishing development of electric bicycles, electric tricycles, and photovoltaic energy systems should provide ongoing opportunities for the lead-acid battery industry.     

Valve Regulated Lead Acid battery float service life estimation using a Kalman filter

A Kalman filter is developed from a model which characterizes the float service life of a battery into two phases. Once the latter phase of the float service life, that time when the capacity begins to decrease rapidly, has been detected the Kalman filter is started. Outputs of the filter are a smoothed version of the battery capacity and the projected capacity at specified time intervals in the future. It is this project ahead step that is used to estimate the remaining float service life of the battery.     

Investigation and application of polysiloxane-based gel electrolyte in valve-regulated lead-acid battery

Polysiloxane-based gel electrolyte (PBGE) is prepared and investigated as a new gel electrolyte for valve-regulated lead-acid (VRLA) batteries. PBGE particles, characterized by means of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), reveal good stability and their particle sizes are 30–50 nm. The initial cyclic properties of the absorptive glass mat (AGM)–PBGE and AGM–colloid silica gel electrolyte (CSGE) hybrid batteries are investigated by electrochemical techniques, scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The addition of PBGE improves the utilization efficiency of positive active material (PAM) in AGM–PBGE hybrid batteries and thus enhances the batteries capacity compared with the AGM–CSGE reference batteries. Cyclic overdischarge tests show that the AGM–PBGE hybrid batteries have superior recharge and discharge during partial-state-of-charge (PSoC). It is also found that the greatly enhanced electrochemical performance of the AGM–PBGE batteries may be due to higher charge efficiency, good conductivity with lower internal resistance and the open three-dimensional network structure of the polyelectrolyte. The analysis results of SEM and XRD indicate that softening and shedding of positive active material are the main causes of failure for the two hybrid batteries.     

Measurement of key electrolyte properties for improved performance of the soluble lead flow battery

The soluble lead flow battery utilises the Pb/Pb²⁺ and Pb²⁺/Pb⁴⁺ redox couples. The electrolyte is methanesulfonic acid, in which Pb²⁺ species are soluble, up to 2.6 mol dm^?3. Previous publications have presented data demonstrating differing performances for the electrode and cell reactions. In this paper, electrolyte properties including density, viscosity, ionic conductivity and species concentration are systematically investigated to identify their impact on the efficiency and cycle life of a soluble lead cell under static conditions. The relationship between ionic conductivity and species concentration (Pb²⁺ and methanesulfonic acid) in the starting electrolyte is shown to be key to cell performance. An electrolyte initially containing 0.7 mol dm^?3 Pb(CH₃SO₃)₂ & 1.0 mol dm^?3 CH₃SO₃H is shown to provide optimal electrochemical performance for the soluble lead cell, achieving charge and voltage efficiencies of greater than 80% and 70% respectively along with Pb²⁺ utilisation of over 80%.     

New approach to prevent premature capacity loss of lead-acid battery in cycle use

Pb–Ca foil laminated on rolled sheet for positive grid of lead-acid battery is proposed to prevent premature capacity loss (PCL) during charge–discharge cycling. Batteries with Pb–Ca foil laminated on positive grid had longer life during charge–discharge cycle than conventional battery, which failed early by PCL. PCL is a phenomenon due to the increase of the interfacial resistance between the positive grid and the positive active mass (PAM) during discharging by PbSO₄ formation in the corrosion layer. Positive plates suffered from PCL when the compression between the grid and the PAM was poor, H₂SO₄ concentration at the interface was high or the corrosion layer mainly consisted of β-PbO₂. Adhesion between the PAM and Pb–5%Sb alloy or Pb–1%Ca alloy was firmer than that between the PAM and Pb–0.06%Ca–1.5%Sn. Corrosion layer formed at the interface between grid material and the PAM during cycle included more α-PbO₂ on Pb–5%Sb and on Pb–1%Ca than on Pb–0.06%Ca–1.5%Sn. It was found out that excellent cycle life performance with Pb–1%Ca foil against PCL is due to firm adhesion between the PAM and grid material, and that α-PbO₂ is formed at the interface as a result of firm adhesion of the PAM and Pb–1%Ca grid.     

微网系统中电池储能系统应用技术研究

随着可再生能源发电技术的发展,能够整合分布式发电系统的微网成为满足日益增长的电力需求、节省投资和提高能源利用率的一种有效途径。储能系统作为微网必要的能量缓冲环节,其作用越来越重要。文章概述了电池储能系统的基本特性,分析了电池储能系统的运行及控制原理,并详细阐述了其在微网中的作用。基于蓄电池的储能系统,不仅能起到能量缓冲的作用,还能提供短时供电、缓冲微网中负荷波动、改善微网电能质量,对提高微网的经济效益具有重要作用。