On the boundary conditions in slope stability analysis

Boundary conditions can affect computed factor of safety results in two‐ and three‐dimensional stability analyses of slopes. Commonly used boundary conditions in two‐ and three‐dimensional slope stability analyses via limit‐equilibrium and continuum‐mechanics based solution procedures are described. A sample problem is included to illustrate the importance of boundary conditions in slope stability analyses. The sample problem is solved using two‐ and three‐dimensional numerical models commonly used in engineering practice. Copyright © 2003 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

线路上任意一点对应中桩平面坐标在统一模型中的计算

本文给出了交通线路任意点对应中桩平面坐标计算的统一模型,并就直线段、圆曲线段、缓和曲线段三种线型具体展开,给出其理论公式和实际计算方法。     

论中国的石炭系与二叠系界线

国际地层委员会确认二叠系下界以牙形刺 Streptognathodus isolatus的首次出现为标志。目前在我国 ,S.isolatus仅见于贵州紫云羊场一地 ,产出层位介于 Streptognathodus elegantulus带与 S.elongatus- S.simplex带之间的界面 ,且大体与类 Pseudoschwagerina uddeni- Ps.texana带之底相当。本文推荐贵州紫云羊场剖面作为我国的石炭系与二叠系界线层型。     

边界条件对多年冻土路基热稳定性的影响分析

多年冻土区的年平均气温是影响冻土路基边界条件的重要因素. 在附面层原理的基础上,考虑采用带有相变的控制方程和数值方法,以相同尺度的路基模型为前提,选取不同的年平均气温为影响因素,对青藏工程走廊公路路基的人为冻土上限和年平均地温进行了研究. 结果表明：公路路基下年平均地温随着年平均气温的升高而升高,人为冻土上限随着年平均气温的升高而显著下降. 在年平均气温为-7.16 ℃时,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温为-3.61 ℃,其人为冻土上限为-0.97 m;年平均气温为-3.21 ℃的条件下,路基修筑50 a后其年平均地温仅为-0.1 ℃,其人为冻土上限也降至-13.11 m. 因此,可以看出：在未来气候持续变暖的背景下,现有处于稳定状态的冻土路基将逐渐变得不稳定.     

Spectral analysis of monsoonal global energy and enstrophy and their nonlinear exchanges in the zonal wavenumber domain

Vertical distributions of various components of the tropospheric global rotational kinetic energy, enstrophy and available potential energy during July 1979, and the contributions to these from different zonal wave categories were studied. Representative levels in the lower and upper troposphere for the stationary and transient energetics were identified on the basis of different components of energy and enstrophy. The eddy energy and enstrophy contained in different zonal scale components in the lower and upper troposphere were studied to find out the preferred scales for stationary and transient monsoonal motion in the two atmospheric layers. The role of different zonal wave categories in the nonlinear exchanges of energy and enstrophy arising due to stationary-stationary, transient-transient, stationary-transient and observed flow interactions was examined. Stationary and transient global spectra of the aforesaid dynamical variables in terms of the zonal wavenumber(m) with triangular truncation atm = 42 were utilized for this purpose. It was found from the global average kinetic energy in lower and upper troposphere that the global stationary and transient motions were comparable in the lower troposphere while in the upper troposphere stationary motion dominated over the transient motion. The computed zonal and eddy energy confirmed that the stationary motion was predominantly zonal while the transient motion was dominated by eddies. From the time mean nonlinear interaction of kinetic energy (enstrophy) of observed flow it was seen that the long and short waves as well as the zonal flow gained kinetic energy (enstrophy) from medium waves due to nonlinear interactions. The transfer of available potential energy due to nonlinear interaction was down the scale except for short waves in the upper troposphere. The stationary-transient interaction was found to be an important element of the spatial-temporal varying atmospheric flow.     

Stratigraphy of the Oligocene-Miocene boundary sediments in the Nezhinsky brown coal field (Primorye) and the problem of the Paleogene-Neogene boundary in the region

The geological characteristics of the productive coaliferous sequence and the overlying strata (the Nezhino Sequence) at the Nezhinsky brown coal field are provided with detailed geological and paleobotanical data on the Nezhino Sequence (operating quarry), which is proposed as its type section. Based on the analysis of the macro- and microfloral assemblages, the transitional Late Oligocene-early Miocene age is inferred for these sediments. The floras from both the sequences demonstrate no principal differences, being moderately thermophilic in composition, although the Nezhino flora is more thermophilic. The coaliferous and Nezhino sequences are assumed to be separated by a stratigraphic hiatus. It is shown that they are similar to the Oligocene-Miocene boundary sections in the adjacent regions. The Nezhino Sequence (lower Miocene) most likely corresponds to the upper Aquitanian-Burdigalian interval in the Standard stratigraphic scale. The Paleogene-Neogene boundary in the Primorye region is proposed to be placed at the top of the Pavlovka Horizon. In the Nezhino brown coal field, it coincides with the upper boundary of the coaliferous sequence.     

On the problem of water diffusion in the cordierites

The dehydration of cordierites in vacuo has been studied by mass spectrometry. Activation energies of dehydration from cordierites of epidote-amphibolitic, amphibolitic and two-pyroxenitic facies have been established to be 25–40, 30–50 and 50–65 kcal/mol, respectively. The conclusion drawn, based on these values, is that natural cordierites with higher H_aO were cooled at depth, or that they have been formed not by metamorphic processes of normal subsidence but by additional thermal sources.     

The role of the lowermost boundary conditions in the hydrological response of shallow sloping covers

In many areas of the world, slopes covered by shallow unsaturated non-plastic soil layers experience rainfall-induced landslides causing heavy damage and casualties every year. Landslide occurrence depends on the amount of water infiltrated and stored. Among the contributing factors are the hydraulic conditions at the lowermost boundary, a feature that is often disregarded. The paper focuses on this topic, presenting the results of some laboratory and numerical experiments on ash-pumice interfaces. A strategy is then proposed for selecting the lowermost boundary condition, and some studies are carried out to compare the results obtained with the proposed solution and other more popular ones.     

松辽盆地上、下白垩统界线划分

松辽盆地白垩纪发育有热河生物群、松花江生物群和明水生物群,表现为三大生物群有序演化与更替。白垩纪中期是松花江生物群发育期,松花江生物群具有明显的地域性色彩,泉头组被子植物化石Trapaangulata、Platanus septentrionalis和孢粉化石Crenwellia、Xinjiangpollis、Quantonenpollenites、Lythraites和Gothanipollis显示其时代已进入晚白垩世。火山岩锆石SHRI MP法U-Pb年龄测试结果表明,营城组的年龄为(115.1±1.2)~(111.1±0.9)Ma,说明营城组已属晚Aptian期至早Albian期。磁性地层学研究表明,登娄库组-姚家组以稳定的正极性为主,仅在登娄库组上部和姚家组下部分别出现一次短暂的反极性事件。青山口阶下部具一套广泛分布富含有机碳的黑色页岩、油页岩沉积,其干酪根碳同位素表现为明显的正向偏移特征,为古湖泊缺氧事件的产物。结合生物、同位素年代、磁性地层研究的结果,认为青山口阶底部缺氧事件层对应于白垩纪古海洋Cenomanian-Turonian期界线缺氧事件,由此,给出的松辽盆地上、下白垩统的界线划分在泉头组和登娄库组之间。     

有关我国新构造运动起始时间的探讨

几十年来许多研究者从地貌、最新沉积和构造等方面,对中国的新构造运动进行了大量研究,但至今大家对新构造运动的含义却有着非常不同的认识。其关键问题是对新构造运动起始时间的看法差异很大,时间跨度从始新世晚期（40 Ma）到中更新世（0.73 Ma）,因此严重影响了新构造运动研究的深入和发展。现拟从动力条件方面探讨中国新构造运动的起始时间。通过分析中国现今地壳水平运动和现代构造应力场压应力轴的分布特征及其形成的动力条件,得出它们具有连续性和统一性,而二者分布方向较好的一致性表明,印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞推挤是形成中国现今地壳运动和现代构造应力场的主要动力。然而在古近纪时中国东部和西部处于两种截然不同的大地构造环境,西部挤压、东部拉张。直到中新世中期青藏高原东部的川滇、巴颜喀拉-松潘等地块被侧向挤出,它们自北而南往北东-南东方向滑移并推挤中国大陆东部的地壳块体向前运动,才开始把中国西部和东部逐渐联成一个构造运动的统一体。这不仅得到中国东部一系列相应构造事件的印证,而且还从导致中国新生代地质构造发育的动力学环境变化方面进行了讨论。中国新构造运动开始于中新世中期,即距今约15～10 Ma.     

中国南方泥盆—石炭系界线年龄

以贵州大坡上剖面和广西南边村剖面为基础,介绍了我国泥盆—石炭系界线年龄研究现状。桂林南边村剖面属于斜坡相重力流沉积,牙形类的演化序列有些混乱。虽然前人将泥盆—石炭系界线定在‘56层’与‘57层’之间,但这些 ‘层’号实际上是牙形类采样号。‘55层’—‘58层’是一层介壳灰岩,采集了4个牙形类样品。研究认为,将泥盆—石炭系界线置于该层介壳灰岩内不正确,在理论上也不科学,不能将介壳灰岩中的腕足类化石一分为二,即个体的下部属于晚泥盆世,上部属于早石炭世。用于测年的样品采自‘58层’和‘66层’,明显高于剖面中牙形类Siphonodella sulcata出现的层位,很显然,获得的（361.0±4.1）Ma界线年龄值不可信。贵州大坡上剖面属于深水盆地相沉积,也是我国唯一既产出Wocklumeria动物群又产出Gattendorfia动物群的剖面。刘永清等（2012）在王佑组底部2～4 cm厚的含凝灰岩黑色页岩中采集了1件凝灰岩测年样品,获得了1个锆石U-Pb测定年龄（359.6±1.9）Ma,该年龄值非常接近但又老于国际地层委员会2020年公布的（358.9±0.4）Ma的界线年龄值,表面看来,该年龄值基本可信,也是可接受的,但其误差较大、精度较差,需再次采样加以验证。研究认为,国际地层委员会公布的界线年龄值（358.9±0.4）Ma是可以接受的,而且泥盆纪末期事件层的年龄值在360.0～361.0 Ma区间同样也是可接受的。     

Application of the Fourier method to the numerical solution of moving boundary problem in heat conduction

An algorithm for the solution of a nonlinear problem of phase boundary movement and evolution of temperature distribution due to the perturbation in the basal heat flux has been discussed. The reduction of the problem to a system of nonlinear ordinary differential equations with the help of a Fourier series method leads to a stiff system. This stiffness is taken care of by the use of a modified Euler’s method. Various cases of basal heat flow variation have been considered to show the performance and stability of the technique for such a nonlinear system. The first case of step-wise function is taken to analyse the performance of the technique, and the study has been extended to other general cases of linear increase, periodic variation, and box and triangular function type variations in the heat flux. In the step-wise case the phase boundary attains a constant position rapidly if the supplied heat flux is sufficiently large. The effect of periodicity in the heat flow is clearly depicted in the phase boundary movement, where the phase boundary oscillates about the mean position at large times. The absence of any constant level in the case of linear increase in heat flux is due to a very large value of heat flux. In the cases of box car and triangular heat flux the boundary starts moving downward after the cessation of excess heat flux but does not immediately return to its original preperturbation state, instead approaches it at large times. This technique may be applied to more general cases of heat flow variation.     

滨里海盆地东南部D区块盐下成藏条件及勘探潜力

对D区块盐下层系油气成藏条件进行了系统分析。盐下发育的滨岸—海相页岩和碳酸盐岩为盐下层系的烃源岩,盐下发育2套储集岩体系,下二叠统孔谷阶厚层盐岩为盐下层系油气的区域性盖层,发育自生自储和下生上储2套生储盖组合。圈闭类型以低幅度的背斜构造为主。对盐下有利目标进行构造解释,落实局部构造8个,总圈闭面积450 km2,资源量8.6×108t,显示了D区块盐下具有较大的资源潜力。     

库米什盆地木拉阿米特凹陷铀成矿水文地质条件分析

在综合分析资料的基础上,从基础地质条件出发,全面分析了木拉阿米特凹陷的水文地质条件、含水岩组特征、水文地球化学特征与层间氧化带及铀矿化的关系,初步认为库鲁克塔格山前地带具有较好的发育层间氧化带及铀矿化的前景。     

地基非线性波动问题中黏-弹性人工边界研究

建立了考虑地基动力非线性效应的波动模拟的二维和三维黏-弹性人工边界条件。引入考虑动力非线性特征的土体等效线性模型中的动模量变化模式,推导了新的平面内法向、平面内切向以及出平面切向的黏-弹性人工边界公式,同时也给出了新的三维法向、切向黏-弹性人工边界公式,并在实际应用中采用等效线性化方法处理,进行了数值算例分析,结果表明,新的黏-弹性人工边界具有更好的精度,可以用于地基非线性波动问题的研究。     

不同类型下边界条件对模拟灌溉农田水分渗漏的影响

以田间试验为基础,采用土壤水动力学模型,分别以自由排水、负压水头和地下水埋深三种情况作为下边界,模拟计算了灌溉农田1998年10月-2001年9月期间2 m土体的水分渗漏情况。采用地下水埋深下边界时所得到的剖面分层土壤含水量的模拟值与实测值都比较吻合,而采用自由排水和负压水头下边界时均存在不同程度的偏差。通过与定位通量法估算的水分渗漏动态及累积渗漏量做进一步比较,发现采用地下水埋深下边界时其水分渗漏的动态变化趋势与定位通量法基本一致,因此模型采用地下水埋深作为下边界比较符合当地的实际情况。     

合肥市巢湖沿岸生态环境综合治理工程用地的勘测定界

建设项目用地的勘测定界,是加强土地管理,使用地审批工作科学化、制度化、规范化.本文论述了用地勘测定界的工作内容、工作方法及技术程序等.     

下边界条件对多年冻土温度场变化数值模拟的影响

在气候变暖背景下,北半球多年冻土呈现不同程度的退化趋势,冻土升温、活动层增厚、地下冰消融改变了区域工程地质条件、地形地貌,不仅对寒区环境和工程稳定性造成潜在的威胁,还影响着这些地区的气候、水文和生态过程.因此,准确评估和预估多年冻土热状况的变化具有重要科学和实践意义.现有用于模拟多年冻土热状况的各类模式重点考虑了近地表...     

上边界条件对多年冻土地温场数值模拟结果的影响分析

以玛多地区多年冻土为背景,建立多年冻土地温场的数值计算模型,以不同的方式考虑近 60 a 来的气温变化构成不同的上边界条件,通过模型计算分析不同上边界条件下的不同时期温度场、未来冻土退化特征.结果表明：在上边界条件中采用气象站实测近60 a波动温度值和采用近60 a平均恒定值时,浅层冻土地温差异明显,且越浅层地温与越近时间的上边界条件相关.预测未来100 a冻土地温变化趋势发现,相同升温速率和升温初始温度条件下,上边界采用实测60 a波动温度值对冻土退化过程影响较小;升温初始温度值提高到与趋势线衔接后,冻土退化起始时间从约第45年提前到约第20年;60 a实测温度和升温初始温度值均提高到与其初始温度场上边界条件衔接后,冻土退化起始时间从约第20年提前到约第15年;冻土退化从开始到完全退化经历时间为25 a左右.     

Investigating the sensitivity of the Atmospheric General Circulation Model ECHAM 3 to paleoclimatic boundary conditions

We present atmospheric simulations of three different time slices of the late Quaternary using the ECHAM 3 general circulation model in T42 resolution. In this work we describe the results of model runs for the time slices 6000 years BP (last climate optimum), 21 000 BP (last glacial maximum) and 115 000 years BP (glacial inception). Although the solar insolation is known for all time slices, a complete data set of the other boundary conditions which are necessary for running the atmospheric model exists only for the last glacial maximum in the form of the CLIMAP reconstruction. For the other two time slices, which are interglacial states like the modern climate, sea surface temperatures, land albedo and ice sheet topography are kept at modern values and only the solar insolation is changed appropriately. The response of the model to solar insolation changes is quite reasonable. The modelled anomalies are small and roughly opposite in sign for 6000 BP and 115 000 BP, respectively. In the case of last glacial maximum, the glacial ice sheet topography and ice albedo produce a much larger climate anomaly in the model. However, to enable a real test of model performance under glacial boundary conditions, the CLIMAP sea surface temperatures, which are now known to be partly inaccurate, should be replaced by an updated “state-of-the-art” reconstruction.