有机无机肥配施对烤烟挥发性香气物质的影响

采用GC/MS联用分析技术对有机无机肥6种不同配施比例作用的烤烟各部位烟叶的挥发性香气物质进行测定,并对试验结果进行分析。结果表明,施用75%无机肥+25%芝麻饼肥处理的烟株下部叶新植二烯含量（1068 μg•g-1）最高,施用50%无机肥+50%芝麻饼肥的处理中、上部叶的新植二烯含量（分别为1066 μg•g-1,971.5486 μg•g-1）最高,且各部位烟叶的类胡萝卜素降解产物总量也最高,其中β-大马酮、法尼基丙酮、4种巨豆三烯酮异构体的含量也较高;施用50%无机肥+50%芝麻饼肥的处理各部位烟叶的美拉德反应产物和芳香族氨基酸降解产物总量都较高,且上部叶的类西柏烷降解产物总量（35.1568 μg•g-1）也较高,但下、中部叶总含量（分别为31.7479 μg•g-1,20.5705 μg•g-1）较低。综合各种香气物质含量、比例是否协调来看,施用50%无机肥+50%芝麻饼肥比纯施用无机肥更能够显著提高各种挥发性香气物质含量、比例的协调性,更有利于烟叶品质的改善。      

低磷低硼条件下叶面喷施磷硼对烤烟叶片中质体色素及其降解产物的影响

研究了叶面喷施磷和硼对烤烟烟叶发育过程中质体色素及其降解产物的影响。结果表明:叶面喷施磷和硼可提高叶片中叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的积累量,促进成熟期叶绿素和类胡萝卜素的降解,降低烤后烟叶中叶绿素含量,增加类胡萝卜素及其降解产物的含量,有助于烟叶品质提高;不同处理比较显示以同时喷施磷和硼效果最好,相比于对照,同时喷施磷、硼可使烤后叶片中叶绿素含量降低20.41%,类胡萝卜素含量增加18.52%,类胡萝卜素降解产物总量增加43.34%。     

配施芝麻饼肥对烤后烟叶主要挥发性香气物质含量的影响

研究了芝麻饼肥对烤烟主要挥发性香气物质含量的影响.结果表明：配施芝麻饼肥后,烟叶的新植二烯、类胡萝卜素降解产物、苯丙氨酸类代谢产物、西柏烷类降解产物茄酮含量和美拉德反应产物在烟叶各部位间的平均含量,比施纯化肥的烟叶依次增加了27.54%,12.72%,30.54%,65.47%和6.01%.     

有机无机肥配施对烤烟质体色素及降解产物的影响

通过田间试验研究了有机无机肥不同配施比例对烤烟质体色素及其降解产物的影响。结果表明,在同一部位中,施有机肥的4个处理,叶绿素、类胡萝卜素含量比不施有机肥的都显著提高,T6(100%芝麻饼肥)处理叶绿素含量最高,T4(50%无机肥+50%芝麻饼肥)类胡萝卜素含量最高,类胡萝卜素与叶绿素比值T4最高,T6最低。在新植二烯、类胡萝卜素降解产物含量和质体色素降解产物总量方面,除T5(25%无机肥+75%芝麻饼肥)的中部叶以外,所有施用有机肥的处理在各部位中三者均有不同程度的增加,其中下部叶分别是T3(75%无机肥+25%芝麻饼肥)、T4最高;中、上部叶中T4的最高。因此,50%无机肥+50%芝麻饼肥对烤烟质体色素及其降解产物含量的影响最大,尤其是上部叶。     

不同产地白肋烟中性香气成分及生物碱组成和含量分析

采用气质联用仪、高效液相色谱仪和气相色谱仪对我国四川、湖北、重庆、云南白肋烟及美国白肋烟中性香气成分、类胡萝卜素及生物碱含量进行了分析测定,结果表明,巨豆三烯酮、香叶基丙酮等重要类胡萝卜素降解产物在美国白肋烟中的含量显著高于国内烟叶,β-大马酮、β-紫罗兰酮、β-二氢紫罗兰酮和氧化异佛尔酮等香气成分含量与国内主产区白肋烟差别不大。西柏三烯二醇主要降解产物茄酮含量国内烟叶一般高于美国烟叶。云南烟叶与其它产地烟叶相比,大多重要的类胡萝卜素降解产物含量较低,但叶黄素、β-胡萝卜素含量以及巨豆三烯酮形成过程的中间产物3-氧化-а-紫罗兰醇的含量显著高于其它产区烟叶。美国烟叶中苯乙醛、苯甲醛含量低于国内烟叶;云南烟叶中糠醛含量明显高于其它产区,其它成分含量各产区比较接近。我国湖北和云南白肋烟烟碱含量高于美国白肋烟,而四川和重庆白肋烟烟碱含量显著低于美国烟叶。我国白肋烟产区除云南外均存在烟碱向降烟碱转化问题,其中四川烟叶烟碱转化率高达62.4%,对其品种进行改良是当务之急。     

复烤过程中B4F烤烟烟叶类胡萝卜素和西柏烷类降解产物的变化

采用正交实验设计的方法研究了B4F烤烟烟叶中的重要致香成分——西柏烷类降解产物、类胡萝卜素降解产物在烟叶复烤过程中的变化.结果表明:①复烤过程中,烟叶二氢猕猴桃内酯含量受冷却区温度、干燥区网面风速的影响显著;巨豆三烯酮受冷却区温度的影响显著;茄酮受冷却区含水率的影响显著;降茄二酮受冷却区含水率、温度的影响显著.②复烤过程中,β-大马酮、β-二氢大马酮、β-紫罗兰酮、异佛尔酮和氧化异佛尔酮的含量未发生显著性变化.③采用冷却区含水率13％,冷却区温度40℃,干燥区网面风速0.7 m/s的复烤工艺参数,将有利于西柏烷类降解产物、类胡萝卜素降解产物的积累,可提升烟叶内在品质,有利于节能降耗.     

生物质炭用量对烤烟烟叶净光合速率和香味物质含量的影响

为了探明生物质炭(生物炭)用量对烤烟烟叶净光合速率和香味物质含量(质量分数)的影响,通过田间试验研究了生物炭用量(0,300,600和900 kg/hm2)对烤烟烟叶净光合速率、香味物质含量和经济性状的影响。结果表明:随着生物炭用量的增加,烟叶净光合速率、美拉德反应产物含量(质量分数)、芳香族氨基酸降解产物含量(质量分数)升高,烟叶产量显著提高;烟叶类胡萝卜素降解产物含量(质量分数)、总香味物质含量先升高再降低。生物炭用量600kg/hm2的烟叶类胡萝卜素降解产物含量、芳香族氨基酸降解产物含量、总香味物质含量及烟叶纯收益最高,烟叶净光合速率、美拉德反应产物含量较高。      

成熟期温度对烟叶质体色素积累及香气成分的影响

为明确成熟期温度对烟叶品质风格的影响机制,以烟草品种K326为材料,采用盆栽试验在烟株打顶后将其分别转移至日均温度28.1℃和22.8℃的人工气候室中控温培养,在培养30 d后对中部叶片细胞结构、色素积累及烟叶香气成分进行分析。叶片超微结构观察结果显示,在烟叶成熟期高温条件下,叶片细胞核降解程度提高,淀粉粒含量(质量分数)丰富,嗜锇颗粒数量多、体积较大,叶绿体降解充分,类囊体片层不完整。LC/MS分析表明,成熟期高温处理的叶片中质体色素,包括β-胡萝卜素、新黄质、紫黄质、叶黄素、叶绿素a、叶绿素b等含量(质量分数)均低于低温处理的叶片。而在烤后烟叶中类胡萝卜素降解产物芳樟醇、异佛尔酮、β-二氢大马酮、二氢猕猴桃内酯、巨豆三烯酮4、法尼基丙酮、螺岩兰草酮等,叶绿素降解产物新植二烯含量显著高于低温处理的叶片。因此,烟叶成熟期高温促进了叶片细胞结构的降解和内含物质的积累,有利于质体色素降解和香气物质的生成,对烟叶品质和风格具有较大影响。     

变黄温度对烟叶密集烘烤过程中香气物质和氨基酸含量的影响

采用电热式温湿自控密集烤烟箱,研究了不同变黄温度对烟叶密集烘烤过程中香气物质、氨基酸含量及烤后烟叶评吸质量的影响。结果表明,阶梯升温变黄处理的美拉德反应产物在烘烤过程中最高,40℃变黄处理次之,38℃变黄处理最低;变黄末期和烘烤末期,阶梯升温变黄处理的芳香族氨基酸代谢产物、类胡萝卜素降解产物、新植二烯、除新植二烯和总中性香气物质含量最高;而西柏烷类降解产物含量以38℃变黄处理最高。变黄末期至烘烤结束及烤后烟叶,阶梯升温变黄处理的氨基酸总量高于其他处理。烤后Amadori有关的氨基酸含量除精氨酸外,均表现为阶梯升温变黄处理最高,40℃变黄处理次之,38℃变黄处理最低。阶梯升温变黄处理评吸质量最好,可以提高烟叶的香气质和香气量,改善余味,减轻杂气。总之,阶梯升温变黄处理有利于大部分种类香气物质和氨基酸含量的提高。     

fps转基因烤烟类胡萝卜素及其降解产物的研究

为探索法呢基焦磷酸合酶(fps)对烤烟中类胡萝卜素及其降解产物的影响,利用常规和GS/MS方法,对转fps基因烟草株系(K-4、K-6、K-17、K-35)烤后烟叶中类胡萝卜素含量及萜烯类香气物质含量进行了分析,结果发现,烤后烟叶类胡萝卜素含量有较大差异,与未转基因对照相比普遍有所提高,其中K-35含量最高;8种类胡萝卜素降解产物及茄酮、新植二烯含量有不同程度的提高,其中K-35香气降解产物含量整体较高,表明外源fps基因在烟草中的表达对类胡萝卜素合成具有促进作用,从而有利于烟叶品质的提高。     

化肥与豆饼配施对烤烟中性致香成分含量及产质量的影响

田间试验条件下,以NC55品种为材料,研究了化肥与豆饼配施对烤烟中性致香成分含量、感官质量及烟叶产量与产值的影响。结果表明,烟叶中性致香成分总量、新植二烯含量均随豆饼配施比例增加先增加后降低,以配施比例为50%的处理最高。除新植二烯外的香气物质含量以豆饼配施比例为100%的处理最高,50%的处理最低;其中类胡萝卜素含量随豆饼配施比例增加而增加,苯丙氨酸类、棕色化产物类和类西柏烷类香气物质含量均以豆饼配施比例为50%与100%的处理较高。配施豆饼提高了烟叶产量和产值,分别以配施比例为50%与75%的处理最高;肥料成本随豆饼配施比例增加急剧增加,去除肥料成本后的收入以配施比例为50%的处理最高。综合考虑烟叶质量、产值,山东烤烟生产中适宜的豆饼配施比例为50%（以纯氮计）。     

CAROTENOPROTEIN FROM TROPICAL BROWN SHRIMP SHELL WASTE BY ENZYMATIC PROCESS

While extraction of carotenoprotein from brown shrimp (Metapenaeus monoceros) shell waste, trypsin showed maximum recovery (55%) of carotenoid pigment in 4 hours at (28±2°C); but pepsin and papain showed about 50% recovery during the same period. The yield of protein paste by trypsin was maximum. The average protein content in the protein paste was about 450 g kg^-1. The percent of recovery of protein by papain and pepsin was close to that of trypsin. During storage at ambient temperature (28±5°C) loss of carotenoids from cake prepared by trypsin was minimum. The cost of trypsin is twenty times that of papain. Thus papain, easily available and the cheapest enzyme, can be used suitably for moderate recovery of carotenoids and good recovery of protein from shrimp shell waste at tropical ambient temperature. The dried colorless solid residue after extraction of carotenoprotein and protein, can be used as raw materials for chitin/chitosan.     

黄玉米籽粒发育过程中类胡萝卜素与色泽的变化

利用C30柱及高效液相色谱-二极管阵列检测-大气压化学电离质谱（high performance liquid chromatographyatmospheric-diode array detection-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry,HPLC-DAD-APCI-MS）法,对黄玉米在籽粒形成期、乳熟期和蜡熟期主要类胡萝卜素进行定性、定量检测,研究籽粒中类胡萝卜素的积累规律,分析类胡萝卜素各组分与色泽之间的关系。结果表明：整个发育过程中,黄玉米籽粒总类胡萝卜素含量与色泽的变化趋势基本一致,随着成熟度的增加,总类胡萝卜素含量不断增加,籽粒逐渐变黄,其中乳熟期是类胡萝卜素积累的关键时期。各类胡萝卜素组分含量变化较大,花药黄质、玉米黄质、叶黄素、α-隐黄质和β-隐黄质含量总体呈上升趋势,而新黄质含量一直下降,α-胡萝卜素和β-胡萝卜素含量变化不显著。通过对类胡萝卜素含量与色泽的相关性分析发现,玉米黄质、花药黄质、α-隐黄质及β-隐黄质含量均与L*、a*、b*和C值成极显著或显著正相关,与H值成负相关。     

Identification of key enzymes involved in the accumulation of carotenoids during fruit ripening of Lycium barbarum L. by a proteomic approach

The isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ)-based proteomic approach was used to identify the key enzymes involved in the carotenoids accumulation from flowering to maturity stage of Lycium barbarum L. A total of 1,799 differentially expressed proteins were identified, and 190 were related to carotenoids metabolism. Six enzymes, including phytoene synthase, phytoene desaturase, zeta-carotene desaturase, P450 carotenoid beta-ring hydroxylase (LUT5), neoflavin synthase and nine-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase were found to be associated with the carotenoid accumulation during L. barbarum ripening by the proteomic analysis and qRT-PCR. The changes in the chromaticity and carotenoid contents during fruit ripening were also studied. The contents of carotenoid, except violaxanthin were strongly correlated with the expression levels of the key enzymes, and the colours were strongly correlated with the contents of carotenoid. This study may contribute to further investigations of the accumulation mechanism of carotenoids in L. barbarum.     

饼肥等氮替代化肥对植烟土壤养分、酶活性和氮素利用的影响

为探明四川凉山植烟区适宜的施肥方式,改善烟区土壤肥力和烤烟氮素利用状况,通过田间试验,研究等氮条件下菜籽饼肥替代化肥对土壤养分、酶活性及氮素利用的影响。结果表明,菜籽饼肥氮替代30%化肥氮处理显著提高植烟土壤总有机碳、可溶性有机碳、有效磷、速效钾含量和土壤脲酶活性,显著降低了土壤pH和烤烟成熟期土壤过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性。Pearson相关分析表明,土壤过氧化物酶和多酚氧化酶活性与可溶性有机碳负相关性较强,土壤多酚氧化酶活性与NO₃^--N含量极显著正相关,土壤过氧化物酶活性与NH₄⁺-N含量极显著正相关。土壤脲酶活性与土壤有机碳极显著正相关,与有效磷、速效钾以及碳氮比显著正相关,而与pH极显著负相关。菜籽饼肥氮替代30%化肥氮处理显著提高了烤烟成熟期干物质积累量、氮含量、氮积累量和氮素利用率。菜籽饼肥氮替代30%化肥氮是改善土壤肥力,提高烤烟生长和氮素利用的适宜施肥方式。     

Carotenoid profile and retinol content of baby food products

 The contents of provitamin A carotenoids, non-provitamin A carotenoids and retinol were investigated in two types of 65 commercially available baby food products by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography. The content of β-carotene in vegetable products for babies from 5 months was 57% of the total amount of carotenoids (7.83 mg/100 g); the contents of other carotenoids were lycopene 19%, α-carotene 18%, lutein 4%, cryptoxanthin 1% and zeaxanthin 1%. All together, the content of provitamin A carotenoids was 76% and that of non-provitamin A carotenoids was 24%. A similar carotenoid profile was found in vegetable products for babies from 8 months and from 12 months, although the total carotenoid content was lower (3.07 mg/100 g). In fruit and cereal products the contents of β-carotene and lycopene were 36% and 39% of the total amount of carotenoids (0.44 mg/100 g). The contents of α-carotene, lutein, cryptoxanthin and zeaxanthin ranged from 3% to 9% of the total carotenoids. The contents of provitamin A and non-provitamin A carotenoids were equal for this group (both 50% of all carotenoids). The calculated average content of retinol equivalents (mg RE/100 g) was between 0.33 and 0.88 for the vegetable products and 0.03 for the fruit and cereal products. Received: 27 May 1999 / Revised version: 2 August 1999     

膳食结构对柑橘类胡萝卜素生物利用度和抗氧化活性的影响

为探究不同膳食结构（正常膳食、高蛋白膳食、高脂膳食和高糖膳食）对柑橘类胡萝卜素生物利用度和抗氧化活性的影响,本实验通过模拟体外消化,对柑橘消化过程中类胡萝卜素含量、铁离子还原力、1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基清除能力和2,2’-联氨-双-(3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸)阳离子自由基清除能力等变化进行监测,并进行类胡萝卜素含量和抗氧化活性变化相关性分析。结果显示,随着消化的进行,各膳食结构组中总类胡萝卜素含量及其两种类胡萝卜素单体含量均呈不断下降的趋势,同时各膳食结构组的类胡萝卜素抗氧化能力也显著下降（P<0.05）。4种膳食结构中,高脂膳食组的类胡萝卜素在不同消化阶段均保持较高含量,同时其在不同消化阶段的抗氧化能力也较强。相关性研究发现,柑橘类胡萝卜素的抗氧化活性与其含量之间呈显著正相关（P<0.05）。综合分析可知,膳食结构对柑橘类萝卜素生物利用度和抗氧化活性影响较大,高脂膳食组的类胡萝卜素生物利用度（（24.08±1.78）%）显著高于正常膳食组（（19.26±1.06）%）(P<0.05),其抗氧化活性也最强,高蛋白膳食组的类胡萝卜素生物利用度（（15.27±...     

Evaluation of carotenoid biosynthesis,accumulation and antioxidant activities in sweetcorn (Zea mays L.) during kernel development

To have a better understanding of regulatory mechanism of carotenoid accumulation in sweetcorn (Zea mays L.), we analysed carotenoid profiles, expression patterns of carotenogenic genes and antioxidant activities in two genotypes of sweetcorn during kernel development. The results suggested that the expression of carotenogenic genes played an essential role in carotenoid accumulation and higher expression levels of carotenogenic genes obviously led to higher levels of total carotenoids. It was found that the expression of upstream genes (_ZmPDS, _ZmZDS and _ZmCRTISO) had major influence on the content of total carotenoid during kernel development. The accumulation of lycopene was closely related to the coordination of upstream and downstream genes. The expression of _ZmHYD and _ZmZEP was influential on zeaxanthin accumulation, which was also influenced by the rate of _ZmCHYB/_ZmCHYE. Expression levels of _ZmCHYE were still stable in order for α‐xanthophylls largely accumulated during kernel development. Lutein, zeaxanthin, α‐cryptoxanthin and β‐cryptoxanthin constituted the predominant carotenoids in sweetcorn. Two essential stages for carotenoid accumulation were found in sweetcorn during kernel development.     

Cashew apple (Anacardium occidentale L.) extract from by-product of juice processing: A focus on carotenoids

Cashew apple fibrous residue is a by-product of the cashew juice industry. After pressing using a helical type continuous press followed by crossflow microfiltration, an aqueous extract was obtained from these cashew apple fibres. It was characterised by an intense yellow colour due to carotenoid pigments. Carotenoids were identified and quantified in the cashew apple before extraction, in its aqueous extract and in the concentrate obtained by microfiltration. Cashew apple aqueous extract and its concentrate presented a carotenoid profile with 11 carotenoids, most of them were tentatively identified by HPLC-DAD–MS and are xanthophylls present under an esterified form. Auroxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin represented around 50% of total carotenoids. Concentration of the extract by microfiltration led to epoxy-furanoxy rearrangement of violaxanthin and antheraxanthin. The process allowed an increase of 10 times total carotenoid content compared with initial cashew apple. Total carotenoid content of the final concentrated extract reached 54 mg/kg.