神经干细胞分化研究进展

20世纪90年代是脑科学蓬勃发展的时期。1992年,Reynolds等首先利用一种称为“Neurosphere”法的特殊培养技术,从成年鼠纹状体分离出神经干细胞,从而提出了神经干细胞的概念。神经干细胞概念的提出冲破了成年动物神经元不能再生的传统观念,使人们对神经系统退行性疾病和损伤修复的治疗前景充满了希望,于是研究者把焦点集中到神经干细胞     

神经干细胞分化调控机制的研究进展

神经干细胞（NSCs）是一类具有自我更新和多方向分化潜能的干细胞,可以分化为神经元,星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞。自从1992年Reynolds等从小鼠纹状体中分离到神经干细胞之后,相关的研究已经取得了很大的进展。然而由于中枢神经系统内神经干细胞数量较少,而神经系统损伤后移植的外源的神经干细胞大多分化为神经胶质细胞,进而形成瘢痕组织,限制了神经系统的恢复。因此,如何实现神经干细胞的定向诱导分化成为当前该领域的核心问题。     

神经干细胞分化影响因素的研究进展

神经干细胞（neural stem ceils，NSCs）在体外诱导条件下，可以分化成神经系统的三种主要细胞：神经元、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞。移植入动物体内它也能分化成神经元和胶质细胞并能迁移到宿主中枢神经系统（CNS）的不同部位，与宿主细胞形成突触联系。其影响因素有外部因素和内在机制两个方面，文章对生长因子、细胞因子、局部微环境等外部因素和bHLH基因转录因子、Notch信号途径、DNA甲基化等内在机制对NSCs分化影响研究进展作一综述。     

神经干细胞分化调控的研究进展

神经干细胞 (NSC)多分化潜能的研究使人们对神经系统发生及中枢神经系统的损伤修复有了深入了解。NSC在体内的分化过程受各种信号分子的作用。干细胞在体内所受到的各类细胞因子的影响 ,最终将在基因水平的调控环节发挥作用。NSC的移植模型证明移植后干细胞保持着多分化潜能 ,且局部微环境信号在诱导分化方面起着重要作用     

2种诱导iPSC向神经干细胞分化方法的比较

目的:整体比较2种促进诱导性多能干细胞(induced pluripotent stem cells,i PSC)向神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSC)分化的方法,确定一种稳定、高效的获得NSC的方法,并对NSC进行系统鉴定。方法:方法A:SB431542和drosomophorin的浓度均为5μmmol/L,诱导初始密度100%;方法 B:SB431542的浓度为5 mmol/L,drosomophorin的浓度为1 mmol/L,诱导初始密度为40%。比较及鉴定方法:镜下观察诱导获得NSC的状态;realtime PCR比较神经干细胞相关基因Pax6、nestin、Sox1、Sox2等表达量;流式细胞术分析诱导第16天Pax6阳性率;免疫荧光定性分析神经干细胞相关蛋白的表达及其自发分化的能力。结果:方法 A获得的NSC悬起后成球趋势明显,圆形,透明;方法 B诱导获得NSC形状不规则,色灰暗。Real-time PCR结果证明方法 A诱导获得的细胞神经干细胞相关基因的表达量高于方法 B。流式细胞术分析证明第16天,PAX6的阳性率,方法 A高于方法 B。经鉴定,方法 A获得的神经干细胞高表达Pax6、nestin、Sox2等基因自发分化30 d,形成明显的神经纤维束,表达TUJ-1、MAP2及GFAP等神经元和胶质细胞的特异性标志物。结论:方法 A整体优于方法 B,我们推荐方法 A作为诱导i PSC向神经干细胞分化的方法。     

大鼠胚胎脑和脊髓神经干细胞分化特性比较

体外分离大鼠胚胎脑和脊髓神经干细胞,经培养传代后,撤除生长因子(bFGF和EGF)并给予 1%胎牛血清促其自然分化,然后比较两者的分化规律,以及传代次数对分化的影响。结果发现:在完全相同的培养条件下,来源于脑和脊髓的神经干细胞均可分化为神经元、少突胶质细胞和星形胶质细胞,但两者分化为神经元的能力均随细胞体外传代次数的增加而显著下降 (P<0. 05);此外,脑来源的神经干细胞分化为神经元的能力远高于脊髓来源的神经干细胞 (P<0. 01)。提示,来自中枢神经系统不同部位的神经干细胞在分化潜力上存在差别,体外传代会影响神经干细胞的分化能力。     

神经干细胞增殖分化的影响因素、调控机制与应用

神经干细胞可持续增殖并具有分化成神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞的能力,为治疗中枢神经系统退行性疾病和损伤打下基础,综述了NSC增殖分化的影响因素、调控机制及其临床应用前景。     

神经干细胞的研究进展及应用前景

传统观点认为哺乳动物中枢神经系统的再生仅限于胚胎时期和出生后早期，这意味着成年动物脑和脊髓内的神经细胞只能逐渐减少而不能被更新或替代。然而，中枢神经系统再生现象及具有增殖能力的神经干细胞（Naural stem cell,NSC)的发现向这一理论提出了挑战。神经干细胞具有较强的增殖能力，并能分化为神经元，星形胶质细胞和少突胶质细胞，因此可用来修复损伤的神经系统。近几年来，移植神经干细胞治疗帕金森病、亨廷顿病、脊髓损伤、缺血性中风、老年性痴呆等神经系统疾病成为医学界的研究热点之一，并取得了一定进展。     

精原干细胞分化及自我更新调控机制研究进展

精原干细胞(spermatogonial stem cells,SSCs)是位于睾丸曲细精管基膜上既能自我更新维持自身群体恒定,又能定向分化,最终产生精子的一类原始精原细胞。因SSCs本身所具有的这些特殊性,使其成为近些年研究的热点。与此同时SSCs移植技术的完善为对SSCs的研究提供了一个有效的检测     

神经干细胞的基础研究进展及应用前景

神经干细胞具有自我更新、未分化和多向分化潜能 ,还可发生转分化和去分化等生物学特性。随着对神经干细胞增殖、分化调控机制的研究和基因工程技术的应用而发展起来的原位诱导、细胞移植和基因治疗 ,使神经干细胞不仅为神经发育研究提供了新思路 ,还成为临床治疗神经系统疾病的一种极具潜能的全新策略。本文就神经干细胞的基础研究动态和应用前景做一综述。     

人诱导性多能干细胞向神经干细胞分化的方法探讨

目的:探讨人诱导性多能干细胞(iPS细胞)体外定向分化为神经干细胞(NSCs)的方法。方法:人iPS细胞悬浮培养4 d形成的拟胚体(EB)经维甲酸(RA)诱导4 d,诱导后的EB在无血清培养基中筛选并扩增培养。倒置显微镜下观察诱导后细胞的形态变化,RT-PCR检测iPS细胞多能性基因Nanog、Oct4和Sox2的表达,免疫荧光法检测NSCs特异性标志物Nestin、神经元标志物β-tubulinⅢ和神经胶质细胞标志物GFAP的表达。结果:(1)人iPS细胞在饲养层细胞上稳定传代,表达多能性基因Nanog、Oct4和Sox2,去除饲养层后悬浮培养能形成球形EB;(2)经RA诱导后的EB在无血清培养基中筛选培养第1 d贴壁生长,周围爬出细胞;第3 d,在高倍镜下可见中央聚集的细胞呈环形的rosette结构,rosette结构增多到第7 d达高峰。对照组未观察到rosette结构。随后大部分rosette细胞脱离瓶壁悬浮生长,形成神经球样克隆。免疫荧光显示神经球呈nestin阳性表达。贴壁培养的神经球能分化成β-tubulinШ和GFAP阳性细胞。结论:RA诱导结合无血清培养基筛选法能诱导iPS细胞高效分化为NSCs。     

Engraftable neural crest stem cells derived from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells

Neural crest stem cells (NCSCs), a population of multipotent cells that migrate extensively and give rise to diverse derivatives, including peripheral and enteric neurons and glia, craniofacial cartilage and bone, melanocytes and smooth muscle, have great potential for regenerative medicine. Non-human primates provide optimal models for the development of stem cell therapies. Here, we describe the first derivation of NCSCs from cynomolgus monkey embryonic stem cells (CmESCs) at the neural rosette stage. CmESC-derived neurospheres replated on polyornithine/laminin-coated dishes migrated onto the substrate and showed characteristic expression of NCSC markers, including Sox10, AP2α, Slug, Nestin, p75, and HNK1. CmNCSCs were capable of propagating in an undifferentiated state in vitro as adherent or suspension cultures, and could be subsequently induced to differentiate towards peripheral nervous system lineages (peripheral sympathetic neurons, sensory neurons, and Schwann cells) and mesenchymal lineages (osteoblasts, adipocytes, chondrocytes, and smooth muscle cells). CmNCSCs transplanted into developing chick embryos or fetal brains of cynomolgus macaques survived, migrated, and differentiated into progeny consistent with a neural crest identity. Our studies demonstrate that CmNCSCs offer a new tool for investigating neural crest development and neural crest-associated human disease and suggest that this non-human primate model may facilitate tissue engineering and regenerative medicine efforts.     

神经干细胞玻璃体内移植后的分化及对视网膜节细胞的影响

目的： 观察视神经(ON)微挤压断后玻璃体内移植神经干细胞（NSCs）的分化情况及其对视网膜节细胞(RGCs)轴突再生的促进作用。方法: 在成年大鼠球后1 mm处微挤压断ON，在玻璃体内注入Hoechst33342标记的NSCs 2×10⁴个，实验动物分对照组(MC组、MC+PBS组)、实验组(MC+NSCs组)，各组动物分别存活3、4、5周。用粒蓝逆行标记再生的RGCs，在荧光镜下观察视网膜平铺片再生RGCs的数量变化。另取实验组5只动物存活4周后取眼球切片观察NSCs分化情况。结果: 存活3、4 、5周，再生的RGCs 数目实验组与对照组有显著差异（P<0.01）。4周后移植的NSCs表达NF、CNP、GFAP；未见NSCs迁移至视网膜内。结论: 玻璃体内注入NSCs可显著促进ON微挤压断后RGCs轴突的再生，并在玻璃体内分化为神经元、星形胶质细胞和少突胶质样细胞。     

Erk1/2 promotes proliferation and inhibits neuronal differentiation of neural stem cells

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are in a complex niche in which cell-extrinsic cues and cell-intrinsic genetic mechanisms in chorus mediate their cellular processes such as self-renewal and differentiation. In this study, we found that inactivation of Erk1/2 with U0126 in NSCs significantly promoted neuronal differentiation and inhibited proliferation. Sustained Erk1/2 inactivity was required in this process. We also found that nerve growth factor (NGF) and collagen could promote the proliferation and inhibit neuronal differentiation by activating phosphorylation of Erk1/2. Cell-cycle regulators such as cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (Cdk2), Cyclin D1 and Hes1 mediated the effect of Erk on NSCs proliferation and differentiation. Our results showed that Erk1/2 played an important role in the interplay between cell-extrinsic cues and cell-intrinsic genetic mechanisms in neural stem cell biology.     

人诱导性多能干细胞定向分化为神经干细胞的实验研究

目的 观察人诱导性多能干细胞（iPS细胞）定向分化为神经干细胞（NSCs）的潜能。方法 用维甲酸（RA）诱导人iPS细胞向NSCs分化。倒置显微镜下观察iPS细胞的形态变化,RT-PCR检测NANOG, OCT4, SOX2的表达;免疫组织化学方法检测NESTIN、SOX2、β-TUBULIN Ш和GFAP的表达。结果RA诱导后第4天,贴壁的拟胚体出现了早期神经祖细胞特有的神经管样结构并不断增多,细胞表达神经巢蛋白NESTIN,而对照组未观察到神经管样结构。神经管样结构内的细胞能分化为β-TUBULIN Ш阳性的神经元,但GFAP阳性的星形胶质细胞少见。结论 人iPS细胞具有定向分化为NSCs的潜能,并能模拟神经发育过程。     

放射状胶质细胞的研究进展

脊椎动物中枢神经系统(central neural system,CNS)发育过程中,有一类细胞与CNS的发育密切相关一神经干细胞(neural stem cells,NSCs),目前已知的NSCs主要有3种:神经上皮细胞、放射状胶质细胞(radial glial cells,RGCs)、基祖细胞.     

Grafted neural stem cells migrate to substantia nigra and improve behavior in Parkinsonian rats

Neural stem cell (NSC) transplantation has the potential to treat neurodegenerative diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD). In this study, we investigated the effect of transplanted NSCs in a PD animal model. NSCs isolated from the subventricular zone (SVZ) of E14 rats were cultured in vitro to produce neurospheres, which were subsequently infected with recombinant adeno-associated virus (rAAV₂) expressing enhanced green fluorescent protein (EGFP). The PD animal model was established by unilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the medial forebrain bundle (MFB) of Sprague–Dawley rats. Once the model was established, EGFP-expressing NSCs were transplanted into the substantia nigra pars compacta (SNc) or striatum of PD rats. We found that NSCs transplanted into either site significantly reduced apomorphine-induced circling behavior of PD rats. Pathological analysis revealed that the EGFP-expressing NSCs could be detected at both injection sites at 1, 2 and 4 months after transplantation. SNc transplanted cells dispersed within the SNc with a significant portion differentiated into tyrosine hydroxylase-positive neurons. Whereas cells transplanted into the striatum migrated ventrally and posteriorly towards the SNc. These results suggest that the 6-OHDA damaged brain area attracts grafted NSCs, which migrated from the striatum and survived for a long time in SNc, resulting in behavioral improvement of PD rats.     

Enhanced differentiation of human neural crest stem cells towards the Schwann cell lineage by aligned electrospun fiber matrix

Human pluripotent stem cell-derived neural crest stem cells (NCSCs) provide a promising cell source for generating Schwann cells in the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases and traumatic injuries in the peripheral nervous system. Influencing cell behavior through a synthetic matrix topography has been shown to be an effective approach to directing stem cell proliferation and differentiation. Here we have investigated the effect of nanofiber topography on the differentiation of human embryonic stem cell-derived NCSCs towards the Schwann cell lineage. Using electrospun fibers of different diameters and alignments we demonstrated that aligned fiber matrices effectively induced cell alignment, and that fiber matrices with average diameters of 600 nm and 1.6 μm most effectively promoted NCSC differentiation towards the Schwann cell lineage compared with random fibers and two-dimensional tissue culture plates. More importantly, human NCSCs that were predifferentiated in Schwann cell medium for 2 weeks exhibited higher sensitivity to the aligned fiber topography than undifferentiated NCSCs. This study provides an efficient protocol for Schwann cell derivation by combining an aligned nanofiber matrix and an optimized differentiation medium, and highlights the importance of matching extrinsic matrix signaling with cell intrinsic programming in a temporally specific manner.