22例急性肺栓塞的临床诊治体会

目的本文对急性肺栓塞的临床特点和临床诊治进行分析。方法对我院呼吸科确诊的急性肺栓塞患者的临床资料进行分析。结果经螺旋CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）确诊的急性肺栓塞患者,给予抗凝药物治疗及无创呼吸机支持呼吸后取得了很好的疗效。结论肺栓塞的临床症状、体征不典型,误诊率高,发病与易患因素密切相关,需结合辅助检查进行诊断,及时的抗凝治疗及呼吸机支持可提高患者的生存率。     

疏血通联合抗凝药物治疗大面积肺栓塞的疗效观察

目的观察疏血通联合抗凝药物治疗大面积肺栓塞的疗效。方法选取2014年5月~2015年7月我院收治的大面积肺栓塞患者99例作为研究对象,将患者根据随机入院顺序标号分为联合组50例与参考组49例,参考组给予抗凝药物治疗,联合组在参考组基础上给予疏血通注射液治疗。观察两组患者的疗效及毒副反应情况。结果联合组的治疗有效率为92%,参考组的治疗有效率为69.39%,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);联合组毒副反应发生率为8%,参考组为10.2%,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论疏血通联合抗凝药物治疗大面积肺栓塞,疗效显著,可迅速改善临床症状,使患者肺通气功能恢复,安全可靠,值得临床应用推广。     

肺栓塞的治疗

肺栓塞是常见的呼吸和心血管急症之一。血流动力学不稳定是大面积肺栓塞的特征,病死率达20%以上,肺栓塞治疗目标是稳定血流动力学,使肺血管再通,抢救患者的生命。肺栓塞的基本治疗是抗凝。静脉溶栓治疗是大面积肺栓塞的重要治疗方法,部分危重患者需要呼吸循环支持治疗。妊娠合并肺栓塞、肿瘤合并肺栓塞、肝素诱导的血小板减少及右心血栓等特殊情况下的肺栓塞在抗凝治疗方法上有所不同。     

溶栓及抗凝治疗次大面积肺栓塞的疗效观察

目的 观察溶栓及抗凝治疗次大面积肺栓塞患者的疗效.方法 56例次大面积肺栓塞患者入院时随机分为溶栓组及抗凝组,溶栓组给予重组组织型纤溶酶原激活剂(rt-PA)溶栓后序贯抗凝治疗(低分子肝素及华法林),抗凝组单纯给予抗凝治疗,并观察总有效率及出血发生率.结果 溶栓组总有效率为96.4％,高于抗凝组(65.4％,P＜0.05).两组均无颅内出血及其他部位严重出血病例,出血发生率无显著性差别(P＞0.05).结论 对次大面积肺栓塞患者,在无溶栓禁忌证的情况下,首选rt-PA溶栓治疗,可迅速改善肺栓塞所致右室功能不全症状,提高治疗有效率.     

肺栓塞的药物治疗

肺栓塞的药物治疗主要包括溶栓和抗凝,目的是缩小或消除深静脉和肺动脉血栓,控制栓塞所致心肺功能紊乱,防治复发及慢性血栓栓塞性肺动脉高压发生。     

肺栓塞诊治体会 (附9例报告)

目的：分析急性肺栓塞的临床特点，观察溶栓抗凝治疗对急性肺栓塞的临床治疗效果。方法：9例肺栓塞患根据临床症状，体格检查、同位素肺灌注扫描或超声心动图检查确诊。对其中3例行静脉溶栓加抗凝治疗，6例行肝素抗凝治疗，以临床及超声心动图或胸部X线片评价治疗效果。结果：溶栓组3例均痊愈，抗凝组3例有效，3例死亡。结论：应提高对肺栓塞的警惕性，减少误诊率；尿激酶溶栓治疗优于肝素抗凝治疗，溶栓时间越早越好；对有溶栓适应症应首选溶栓治疗。     

误诊为肺部感染的肺栓塞2例分析并文献复习

目的 分析误诊肺栓塞患者的临床特点,提高对肺栓塞的认知水平.方法 对误诊为肺部感染的2例肺栓塞病例进行临床回顾性分析及文献复习.结果 2例在外院及本院误诊为肺部感染患者均经计算机断层摄影肺血管造影确诊为肺栓塞.例1大面积肺栓塞,经溶栓、抗凝治疗病情好转出院;例2为深静脉血栓并肺栓塞,经抗凝治疗好转出院.结论 老年心肺疾病患者警惕肺栓塞可能,及时溶栓、抗凝治疗可减少患者病死率.     

31例肺栓塞误诊原因及不同治疗方法效果的分析

目的 :分析肺栓塞诊断方法及误诊、误治后果 ,观察肺栓塞溶栓和 或抗凝疗法的治疗效果。方法 :据首发症状、初步诊断、辅助检查等分析误诊原因 ,31例肺栓塞分别采用尿激酶溶栓、肝素抗凝治疗及对症治疗。结果 :9例用尿激酶溶栓 +抗凝治疗者治愈 2例 ,显效 2例 ,好转 4例 ,无效 1例 ,总有效率 88 9% ;8例单纯抗凝治疗者治愈 1例 ,显效 1例 ,好转 4例 ,无效 2例 ,总有效率 75 % ;对症治疗组 14例 ,仅好转 3例 ,无效 11例 ,总有效率为 2 1 4%。溶栓及抗凝治疗中未见严重出血及其他副作用。结论 :急性肺栓塞患者早期使用尿激酶进行溶栓治疗可取得较好的临床疗效。延误诊断与病死率呈正相关。早期诊断正确治疗可以减少病死率。     

肺血栓栓塞症的介入治疗

肺血栓栓塞症 (肺栓塞 )是一种严重危害人群健康的疾病。大面积肺栓塞 (ＭａｓｓｉｖｅＰＥ)是引起肺栓塞死亡的重要原因。近年来肺栓塞在药物溶栓和抗凝方面有很大的进展 ,但仍有部分病例因溶栓、抗凝禁忌而不能接受治疗 ,是肺栓塞治疗领域里的一个难题。很早以前人们就意识到 :栓子堵塞肺动脉或其分支是肺栓塞的病理基础 ,去除栓子可能是肺栓塞最直接的治疗手段。 196 0年Ｇｒｅｅｎｆｉｅｌｄ等[1] 首次报道了利用右心导管真空抽吸实验动物狗肺动脉内的血栓栓子 ,并于 1971年将此项技术成功的用于 2例急性大面积肺栓塞病例[2 ] 。从此开…     

肺动脉栓塞20例诊治分析

目的 探讨急性肺栓塞和诊断、抗凝治疗的安全性和时间窗.方法 对2005-2007 年确诊的20例急性肺栓塞的患者临床表现、鉴别诊断及治疗进行临床分析.结果 20例肺栓塞的首次误诊率为75%,血气分析有低氧血症者占95%,D-二聚体阳性占90%,超声心动呈典型改变占90%.溶栓5例,4例有效.肝素抗凝14例,13例有效.结论 应提高对急性肺栓塞的警惕性,减少误诊率.抗凝治疗安全有效,溶栓治疗越早越好.     

Long-term therapy of pulmonary embolism.

For the majority of patients with pulmonary embolism the recommended therapy consists of a 5 to 7 day treatment with heparin followed by a treatment with oral anticoagulants given for at least 3 months. The currently recommended duration of oral anticoagulant treatment for pulmonary embolism is the result of the balance between the benefit provided by treatment, essentially the prevention of recurrence, and the bleeding risk and inconvenience associated with treatment. Risk of bleeding and inconvenience should be assessed on an individual base. Concerning the risk of recurrence, patients with pulmonary embolism can be classified in three groups: patients with pulmonary embolism associated with temporary risk factors, patients with pulmonary embolism associated with persistent risk factors, patients with pulmonary embolism occurring in the absence of any identifiable temporary or persistent risk factors for venous thromboembolism (idiopathic or unprovoked pulmonary embolism). Due to the limitations of the currently available oral anticoagulant agents, search for the optimal agent to be used in the long-term treatment of pulmonary embolism is still open.     

肺栓塞严重程度评估方法

急性肺栓塞是临床相对多见的心血管急症.肺栓塞诊疗指南已广泛应用于临床,然而,肺栓塞的发生率及病死率仍偏高,尤其是合并血流动力学不稳定及右心功能不全时.因此,新指南建议依据肺栓塞患者的临床表现、影像学和实验室指标进行危险分层指导治疗.在肺栓塞的诊疗中,评估其严重程度及预后是关键所在,有助于提高肺栓塞的诊疗效果,降低病死率.现对肺栓塞严重程度的主要评估方法做一综述,包括肺栓塞的危险分层、临床评分、超声和螺旋CT以及实验室参数等.     

急性肺栓塞25例诊治分析

目的提高对肺栓塞的整体认识、诊断方法,能及早明确诊断、降低漏诊及误诊率,改善患者预后。方法对我科确诊的25例肺栓塞患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果 25例患者中,大多有肺栓塞的易感因素,发病时临床表现具有多样性,结合相关检查、综合分析明确诊断。结论提高肺栓塞的诊断意识,及早确诊、及时治疗是改善肺栓塞预后的关键。     

Diagnosis and treatment of acute pulmonary embolism in 2010

Diagnostic approaches in acute pulmonary embolism include evaluation of clinical likelihood, D-dimers, echocardiography and spiral CT angiography and pulmonary scintigraphy. Determination of D-dimers is only meaningful in patients with low or intermediate clinical likelihood. It is safe not to initiate anticoagulation treatment (or to discontinue such treatment) in patients with low clinical likelihood of acute pulmonary embolism and negative D-dimer test (only if methods with 99-100% sensitivity are used). Duplex sonography and pulmonary scintigraphy are only necessary at the centres with a first generation spiral CT and not those with multidetector devices. Investigations in normotensive patients should include echocardiography that should also include assessment of the right ventricular function using echocardiography and determination of biomarkers of pulmonary embolism. Right ventricular dysfunction together with elevated troponins identifies a normotensive group at an increases risk. Highly sensitive troponin T (hsTnT) appears to be particularly valuable. Echocardiography reading might the decisive factor for treatment initiation in patients with massive acute pulmonary embolism. Negative or unclear echocardiography finding warrants spiral CT angiography (CTA). Ventilation/perfusion scan or pulmonary arteriography are recommendable in patients with unclear CTA finding and patients with high clinical likelihood of pulmonary embolism and negative CTA finding. A combination of CTA and CTV also appears useful as it increases the overall sensitivity of the investigation and enables imaging of pelvic veins. Thrombolytic treatment is indicated in haemodynamically unstable patients, patients with a high risk of a massive pulmonary embolism associated with cardiogenic shock or hypotension (systolic pressure below 90 mmHg or a decrease in systolic pressure by > 40 mmHg) or symptoms of acute right-sided heart failure. Thrombolytic treatment is also indicated in pulmonary embolism not receding following heparin treatment, in recurring or expanding pulmonary embolism, in the presence of thrombi in the right heart and in patients with right-to-left shunting through patent foramen ovale. This treatment should also be considered in patients with submassive pulmonary embolism associated with a dysfunction of the right ventricle and increased troponins, and particularly in patients lacking even a relative contraindication of thrombolytic treatment. A thrombolytic of choice is alteplase. Embolectomy or catheterization should be used if thrombolytic treatment is contraindicated or ineffective. Long-term monitoring of massive and submassive acute pulmonary embolism is highly recommended. Low molecular weight heparins or unfractioned heparin or fondaparinux are used in haemodynamically stable patients.     

生物标记物在急性肺栓塞的风险评估中的作用

肺栓塞的临床谱较广,病情的轻重直接决定患者的预后和治疗决策的选择,因此对急性肺栓塞进行危险分层显得尤为重要.本文对几种生物标记物在肺栓塞风险分层中的作用作一综述.     

Clinical practice guidelines of the Spanish Society of Cardiology for pulmonary thromboembolism and hypertension

Primary pulmonary hypertension is a progressive disease. Most affected patients are young and middle-aged women. Etiology is unknown, although a familial and genetic factor is present in up to 6% of cases. Endothelial dysfunction and abnormalities in calcium channels of smooth muscle fibers are the present pathogenetics theories. Diagnostic tests try to exclude secondary causes of pulmonary hypertension and to evaluate its severity. Acute vasodilatory test is vital in the selection of treatment. Oral anticoagulation is indicated in all patients. Lung transplant is performed when medical treatment is unsuccessful. Atrial septostomy is an alternative and palliative treatment for selected cases. Chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension is a special form of secondary pulmonary hypertension, clinically undistinguishable from primary primary hypertension, is of mandatory diagnosis because it can be cured with thromboembolectomy.Pulmonary embolism is common in hospitalised patients. The mortality rate for pulmonary embolism continues to be high: up to 30% in untreated patients. The accurate detection of pulmonary embolism remains difficult, as pulmonary embolism can accompany as well as mimic other cardiopulmonary illnesses. Non-invasive diagnostic tests have poor specificity and sensitivity. The D-dimer level and the spiral CT angiography have also been employed as new alternatives and important tools for precise diagnosis of suspected pulmonary embolism. The standard therapy of pulmonary embolism is intravenous heparin for 5 to 10 days in conjunction with oral anticoagulants posteriorly for 3 to 6 months. The incidence of deep venous thrombosis, pulmonary embolism and death due to pulmonary embolism, can be reduced significantly and shown clear benefits only by adoption of a prophylactic strategy with low-molecular-weight-heparins or dextrans in patients at risk.     

肺血栓栓塞症18例临床分析

目的:探讨肺血栓栓塞症危险因素与发病的关系,提高对肺血栓栓塞症的诊断及治疗水平。方法:对1993年元月～2002年12月确诊的18例肺血栓栓塞患者的易患因素、临床表现、辅助检查、治疗方法进行临床回顾分析。结果:肺血栓栓塞症的临床表现差异较大,容易误诊,本组误诊率达52.9%,本组有11例死亡,病死率61.1%,6例患者经手术、溶栓及抗凝治疗后存活,1例自动出院。深静脉血栓形成是本组肺血栓栓塞症发生的主要原因。结论:肺血栓栓塞症的发病率与易患因素密切相关,综合医院临床医师应提高对肺血栓栓塞的警惕性,仔细查找病因,常规X线、动脉血气分析、心电图、血管超声等均有助于其诊断,但肺灌注显像及螺旋CT更方便可靠。     

小剂量尿激酶治疗肺栓塞的临床观察

目的评价小剂量尿激酶治疗肺栓塞的安全性和有效性。方法26例急性肺栓塞呼吸困难明显但无血液动力学异常的患者，进行小剂量的尿激酶静脉溶栓。结果26例中15例显效，占57．69％；5例有效，占19．23％；6例无效，占23．07％。结论小剂量尿激酶静脉溶栓治疗可以较快地改善患者的症状，缩短住院时间，而且安全。     

肺栓塞24例临床诊断与治疗分析

目的分析肺栓塞（PE）患者基础疾病、危险因素、临床表现、诊治方法,以提高对该病的认识和诊治水平。方法采用回顾性方式对2002年6月至2011年6月收治的24例肺栓塞患者的临床诊治情况进行分析。结果24例肺栓塞患者中,治愈4例,好转15例,死亡5例。死亡5例中,4例为大面积肺血栓栓塞症（PTE）。结论肺栓塞患者临床表现缺乏特异性,尤其是大面积PTE死亡率高。临床上对于存在危险因素者,要提高对肺动脉栓塞的警惕性,尽快行血气分析、D-二聚体、心电图、超声心动图、胸部CT、CT肺动脉造影（CTPA）检查,抗凝溶栓治疗能安全有效治疗肺栓塞。