冠突散囊菌及其发酵应用研究进展

茯砖茶在加工过程中会"发花",产生金黄色颗粒,而冠突散囊菌是茯砖茶"发花"的关键微生物,对茶的品质起关键作用.冠突散囊菌发酵可促进茶叶内含成分转化,改善产品香气滋味,且产生多种活性代谢物,具有抑菌、降血糖、调节肠道菌群、抗氧化等功效,已经成为重要的资源微生物得到广泛应用.本文综述了冠突散囊菌的基本生物学特性,丰富的酶系...     

散茶人工发花工艺研究

试验通过人工接种冠突散囊菌发酵黑毛茶制作散茯茶,并优化了散茶发花的工艺条件。经过单因素试验及正交试验设计结果表明,其适宜发酵条件为含水量40%、渥堆时间4 h、渥堆温度50℃以及接种量0.12%,经过上述优化后,金花茂盛,颗粒饱满,汤色橙黄明亮,滋味醇和,金花香气浓郁。茶叶水分含量为8.3%,水浸出物为38.5%。     

冠突散囊菌接种发酵茯砖茶的初步研究

探讨了冠突散囊菌液体发酵培养条件,并将纯培养冠突散囊菌菌悬液接种于黑茶进行茯砖茶发酵,与市售茯砖茶茶叶浸出液接种于黑茶发酵茯砖茶进行对比试验。实验表明,冠突散囊菌的最佳培养基配方为：NaCl 32g、NH4NO33g、蔗糖20g、MgSO40.5g、K2HPO41g、水1000mL;最佳培养条件为：pH5.8、温度30℃、转速180r/min。试验分别采用冠突散囊菌纯菌液及市售茯砖茶茶叶浸出液分别接种发酵茯砖茶,接种量为5mL、10mL、15mL。发酵中、末期用血球计数板对2组茯砖茶中冠突散囊菌孢子进行计数。经检测,在发酵结束时,接种茶叶浸出液的孢子数只有2.94×104—7.28×104个/g干茶,而接冠突散囊菌菌液的孢子数可达0.313×107—1.71×107个/g干茶。结果表明,使用纯菌液接种发酵茯砖茶可明显提高＂金花＂产量,可为改良传统工艺提供科学依据。     

冠突散囊菌对夏秋绿茶发酵的影响

通过培养法、感官评定和GC-MS法评估冠突散囊菌发酵夏秋绿茶前后菌落、感官和挥发性香气成分。轻度发酵后茶样中繁殖大量菌落,数量与陈化六堡茶相当,少于接种茯砖茶。接种能够增加菌香,但滋味以轻度发酵评价较高。经轻度发酵后,茶多酚含量减少量不大。GC-MS法共检测出40种香气成分,碳氢化合物23种、酯类6种、醇类4种、酚类和酸类各2种、烯类和酮类与醛类各1种。原料绿茶和发酵茶样检出6种共同成分,发酵茶样检出2种共同成分,3种发酵茶样中新检出化合物5种,但与接种茯砖茶相比,检出香气成分较少。接种冠突散囊菌能够加速茶叶化学物质代谢,可以作为夏秋绿茶制作轻度发酵黑茶的方法。     

茯砖茶人工接种发酵过程主要功效成分的变化

以黑毛茶为原料,在茯砖茶常规加工工艺的第二次汽蒸后接种冠突散囊菌纯菌种发酵剂,进行发花试验,分析主要功效成分的变化。结果表明,与对照相比,人工接种的茶砖发花提前4~6 d。发花第4天至成品,人工接种茶砖的茶氨酸、咖啡碱、茶多酚、茶红素和茶黄素含量分别下降了43.79%、14.11%、32.32%、57.03%和27.70%,茶褐素含量增加了32.88%,茶多糖和茶色素含量与冠突散囊菌的增长呈正相关变化,冠突散囊菌发花越多,功效成分变化越大,砖茶品质越好。     

冠突散囊菌在不同培养环境下生长特性的研究

探究冠突散囊菌（Eurotium cristatum,E.C.）在不同加工工艺、生长基质和生长地域的生长特性;采用不同加工工艺（改变压制密度、茶梗含量和入烘水分）、不同生长基质（不同产区的6大茶类基质和25种不同的非茶类基质）、7个不同地域茯砖茶为研究对象,使用茯茶加工工艺对上述材料进行冠突散囊菌发酵,结合茯茶理化指标对发酵后材料进行评判,观察冠突散囊菌菌体形态学,生长特征,显微特征,最终利用形态学,分子生物学等指标对不同地域茯茶内优势菌株鉴定和同源性比较;茯砖茶的加工过程中,不同的茶梗含量,压制密度和入烘水分,冠突散囊菌的数量、闭囊壳大小及茶水浸出物均可发生显著变化,其中调控入烘茶砖的水分对于产品质量优劣是比较有效的控制方法。同时,冠突散囊菌在各种茶类和非茶类基质上均可以生长,7个产区茯茶样品中分离获得的冠突散囊菌形态学特征,超微结构接近,同源性大于97.5%;冠突散囊菌生长具有普遍性,可控性和非地域性。     

不同茶类发花茯茶中“金花”菌的分离、鉴定及产黄曲霉毒素分析

以乌龙茶(大红袍)、红茶、绿茶、黑茶(天尖原料、金湘益茯砖茶原料)5种茶样为原料,运用"散茶发花"技术制得不同茶类散装茯茶,基于各成品茶中"金花"菌间存在一定的形态差异,运用微生物手段对各茯茶制品中"金花"菌进行差异分析,同时从形态与DNA序列分析角度对其进行了系统的鉴定,并运用高效液相色谱-三重四极杆串联质谱对其是否具备产黄曲霉毒素的能力进行检测分析。结果表明:不同茶类发花茯茶成品中的"金花"菌实属同一种真菌,无异于原接种供试"金花"菌,该菌被鉴定为真菌门(Eumycota;Mycobionta)、子囊菌纲(Ascomycetes)、真子囊菌亚纲(Euascomycetes)、曲霉目(Eurotiales)、曲霉科(Eurotiaceae)、散子囊菌属(Eurotium)、冠突散囊菌(Eurotium cristatum),无性型为针刺曲霉(Aspergillus spiculosus Blaser);此外,质谱数据显示未检测出黄曲霉毒素B_1、黄曲霉毒素B_2、黄曲霉毒素G_1和黄曲霉毒素G_2,表明该分离"金花"菌不具备产黄曲霉毒素的能力。     

冠突散囊菌在发酵茶中应用的研究进展

冠突散囊菌是茯砖茶在特定环境下通过"发花"工艺长成的自然益生菌体,具有改良茶品质,增强产品降血压,减肥等功效。主要介绍冠突散囊菌的功能特性、"发花"条件与茶品质关系,存在问题与发展方向,以期为冠突散囊菌深入研究和应用提供帮助。     

基于微生物组扩增子ITS的茯砖茶发花特征真菌菌群演替规律分析

茯砖茶是一种微生物参与发酵的黑茶。菌花香是茯砖茶独特的香气品质,其成因可能与发花过程中的真菌演替有关。为揭示茯砖茶发花特征真菌菌群演替规律,以薮北种茶树为原料制成黑茶与白茶,之后同时、同地发花分别制成茯砖茶与白茶砖。采用微生物组扩增子ITS分析发花过程中真菌演替规律。结果表明:1)不同茶类在发花过程中的特征真菌丰度的变化规律不同。2)渥堆改变了茯砖茶的菌群结构及微生物生长环境,导致茯砖茶与其它茶类的发花真菌菌群演替有差异。3)茯砖茶发花特征真菌菌群演替规律:茯砖茶发花前期,由渥堆影响丰度较高的黑曲霉、局限曲霉、萨氏曲霉、岐皱青霉、西兰花青霉、汉逊德巴利酵母等在发花6 d出现丰度峰。发花第9天散囊菌属、卡利比克迈耶氏酵母、海洋嗜杀酵母等真菌出现丰度峰,黑曲霉、汉逊德巴利酵母、局限曲霉维持丰度;发花12 d假灰绿曲霉出现丰度峰, 黑曲霉维持丰度。第22天发花结束,散囊菌属最终成为优势菌种。     

茯砖茶发花过程中冠突散囊菌的变化及差异性初报

目的探讨不同季节、地区茯砖茶发花过程中冠突散囊菌类型的变化。方法样品取自武义、长沙不同发花季节,通过稀释平板法对样品中微生物进行培养与初筛,并于光镜下观察初筛菌株的结构。对照《中国真菌志》对菌株进行鉴定。结果在武义四季发花过程样中共分离得到两株冠突散囊菌,长沙三季发花过程样中有五株冠突散囊菌、一株阿姆斯特丹散囊菌及一株肋状散囊菌。武义各季节发花过程中散囊菌无类型差异,长沙夏季发花过程中散囊菌与其他两季有明显类型差异;所有样品中的优势散囊菌均相同。结论在发花过程中微生物的类型存在地域性和季节性的差异。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Announcing a new international peer-reviewed journal:Food Science and Human Wellness now accepting manuscript submission in English

<正>We are pleased to announce the launch of a new international peer-reviewed journal-Food Science and Human Wellness,ISSN 2213-4530,which is an open access journal,produced and hosted by Elsevier B.V.on behalf of Beijing Academy of Food Sciences.Food Science and Human Wellness is an international peer-reviewed English journal that provides a forum for the dissemination of the     

Chinese CTP Market

According to Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China（PEIAC）＇s statistics to the plate manufucturer in China, in 2013, the actual offset plate production has reached 346 million square meters in China. Among them, the CTP production volume was 245 million square meters, up by 11% than that of last year; the total sales of the CTP plate was 239 million square meters, up by 13%.     

Preparatory Work of Print China 2015 is Going Smoothly

正Held at Guangdong Modern International Exhibition Center,Print China 2015 will cover 7exhibition halls,besides the original Hall No.3,4,5,6,7,the newly built F zone of Hall 3 will be used too.The total area will be140,000 square meters.Hall 3:Offset and large printing equipment,package printing equipment,post press     

INFOPRINT 2014 was Successfully Held in Dongguan

Sponsored by Printing and Printing Equipment Industries Association of China （PEIAC） and organized by Print China magazine, the Seventeenth Beijing International Printing Information Conference （INFOPRINT 2014） was successfully held on 11th Dec. 2014 at Dongguan Exhibition International Hotel.