革兰氏阴性杆菌、弧菌新编码鉴定法的建立和应用研究

细菌种类不同,其生化特征不一。本文对革兰氏阴性杆菌、弧菌等4个科、36个菌属、103个种及4个生物群的细菌进行7位数编码,建立了新革兰氏阴性杆菌、弧菌编码鉴定法。为此,编著《革兰氏阴性杆菌、弧菌新编码鉴定手册》,介绍此法的理论、有关技术及编码检索表。制备出发酵型与氧化型共用的一套鉴定系列培养基,并对部分培养基作了改良。使用新编鉴定法鉴定23个菌属709株标准菌株及临床参考菌株,与常规法鉴定结果的鉴定符合率为97.74%。本法的操作简单。判定容易,应用面广,是目前我国的最佳方法,适合基层实验室使用。与法国的     

扎兰屯地区酵米面中毒的病原菌研究

本文报告从两起酵米面食物中毒的酵米面中分离出2株非发酵革兰氏阴性杆菌,经系统生物学特征的鉴定,确认这2株菌为酵米面假单胞菌。与国外的椰毒假单胞菌为同一个种。对小白鼠、狗有致病性,实验动物脏器有不同程度的病理改变,表明这2株菌有较强的毒力。     

新型乳杆菌素产生菌的筛选及菌株特性的研究

从酸菜汁中分离出 2 4株乳酸杆菌 ,采用牛津杯定量扩散法筛选出 1株抑菌活性较高的乳酸杆菌 ,经鉴定为戊糖乳杆菌。排除乳酸对指示菌作用的干扰 ,该菌株的离心发酵液不仅对革兰氏阳性细菌有抑制作用 ,而且对大肠杆菌 (E .coli.) ,沙门氏菌 (Salmonellatyphi)等革兰氏阴性细菌也有一定的抑制作用     

一株琥珀酸产生菌的筛选及鉴定

从牛的瘤胃中筛选获得一株能发酵生产琥珀酸的兼性厌氧菌。对其进行生理生化特性鉴定及16S rRNA基因分析。该菌株短杆状,无鞭毛,革兰氏染色阴性,V-P反应阴性,能发酵多种糖类产酸;其16S rRNA基因与琥珀酸放线杆菌的同源性高达99．8%,认为属于琥珀酸放线杆菌(Actinobacillus succinogenes),并将其命名为琥珀酸放线杆菌(Actinobacillus succinogenes)SW0580,保藏号CGMCC 1593。初步发酵试验表明该菌能发酵60g/L葡萄糖产生25．8g/L的丁二酸。     

VITEK-2 Compact 仪器法鉴定棒状杆菌属细菌的方法学评价

【摘 要】 目的 评价全自动微生物鉴定系统鉴定棒状杆菌属细菌的准确率及可靠性。方法 分别选用VITEK-2 Compact系统、API CORY系统、Vitek-32系统鉴定37株纹带棒状杆菌，5株无枝菌酸棒状杆菌，两种方法间的比较采用卡方检验，同时以“API CORY系统”为金标准，计算VITEK-2 Compact仪器法的特异性、敏感性。结果 经卡方检验，VITEK-2 Compact系统在鉴定纹带棒状杆菌方面具有很好的一致性，特异性为100%，敏感性为100%，kappa值为1.0；VITEK-2 Compact系统在鉴定无枝菌酸棒状杆菌方面一致性较差，kappa值为0。API鉴定为纹带棒状杆菌的37株菌，VITEK-32均错误的鉴定为干燥棒状杆菌，5株无枝菌酸棒状杆菌在Vitek-32鉴定系统中，生长不良。结论 VITEK-2 compact在鉴定纹带棒状杆菌方面较准确可靠，但在鉴定其他棒状杆菌方面还需进一步研究。Vitek-32系统不能准确的鉴定棒状杆菌属细菌。     

几种杀螺细菌的筛选与功效研究

湖北钉螺是日本血吸虫的唯一中间宿主,生物杀螺具有环保、成本较低以及对钉螺定向特异的优点。从鄱阳湖草洲土壤及病螺体内分离出4株对钉螺具有高毒性作用的细菌。革兰氏染色和显微镜观察表明,一株为芽孢杆菌,其余3株均为革兰氏阴性杆菌。16srDNA扩增及序列比对鉴定其种属类型,结果显示分别为Enterobactersp．、B．cereus、S．putrefaciens和Aeromonassp．。杀螺研究结果表明,4株细菌的发酵液、发酵上清液和菌体对钉螺均表现出不同程度的毒杀作用,其中S．putrefaciens和Aeromonassp．的杀螺效果最好,72h发酵液和发酵上清液对钉螺的毒杀作用分别达100％和95％以上。各细菌发酵上清SDS-PAGE结果发现了丰富蛋白带,推测这些蛋白中存在对钉螺具有毒杀功效的组分。     

产抑菌物质乳杆菌的筛选及性质的研究

从健康成年人的口腔中筛选出一株产抑菌物质的菌株HO-69,经API系统鉴定为植物乳杆菌。排除酸性末端产物与过氧化氢的影响后,HO-69的发酵上清液对变形链球菌等革兰氏阳性菌、大肠杆菌等革兰氏阴性菌具有抑制作用。抑菌物质经初步提取,推测其分子量在10kDa以下,胰蛋白酶处理后抑菌活性部分损失,100℃水浴加热20min依然保持较高的抑菌活力,显示活性的pH范围是3.0~7.0,活力随pH的降低而增强。     

革兰氏阴性不发酵杆菌的鉴定及其对抗生素的敏感性

本文报道从临床病人和医院内环境分离的165株革兰氏阴性不发酵杆菌的鉴定,以及这些菌对常用抗生素敏感性试验的结果。165株菌归属为五个菌属：假单胞菌属、不动杆菌属、莫拉氏菌属、无色杆菌属和产碱菌属。绝大部分菌株对于常用抗生素耐药。讨论了细菌鉴定方法和程序。提出这些菌与临床感染具有密切关系,耐药菌株对于感染症治疗和医院内感染带来的问题。     

我国腹泻患者粪中非羧勒克氏菌的分离与鉴定

1987年从3例腹泻病人粪便中分离出3株产黄色素、发酵分解糖类、氧化酶阴性,具有周生鞭毛的革兰氏阴性杆菌。经系统生理生化特性鉴定、DNA的G+C mol％测定和DNA／DNA杂交,确认为非脱羧勒克氏菌(Leclercia adecarboxylate)。此外,还测定了该菌对抗菌素的敏感性,讨论了与临床感染症的关系。     

大熊猫肠道杆菌的初步调查

近年来成都动物园大熊猫曾出现类似出血性肠炎的疾病,并有死亡。为搞清病原,作者于1988年11月,对9只大熊猫的粪便作了初步检查。结果如下。材料和方法标本共9份,系采自成都动物园和成都大熊猫繁育研究基地大熊猫的粪便。分别划线接种于S—S平板和伊红美蓝琼脂平板培养基,置37℃孵箱24小时后,观察结果并挑选各种类型的菌落,分别涂片作革兰氏染色,生化反应和血清学鉴定。结果从9份标本中共分离出肠道杆菌31株,其中大肠杆菌20株占65%;变形杆菌4株占13%;枸椽酸杆菌1株占3%;肠杆菌2株占6%;克雷伯氏菌2株占6%;革兰氏阴性杆菌(未鉴定出的)2株占6%…     

608份胆汁标本中分离细菌菌谱及其药敏结果分析

了解胆系感染常见的病原菌及其药敏情况,为抗菌治疗提供依据。采用法国生物梅里埃公司的VITEK-2及API系统进行细菌鉴定,药敏试验采用K—B纸片法,应用WHONET5．4对药敏结果进行分析。608份胆汁标本中共分离细菌和真菌431株,其中革兰阴性杆菌320株（占74．2％）、革兰阳性球菌91株（占21．1％）、真菌20株（占4．6％）;排在前3位的菌株分别是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌和铜绿假单胞菌。胆系感染以革兰阴性杆菌为主,尤以肠杆菌科细菌为主,上述细菌对碳青霉烯类、酶抑制剂类以及三代头孢菌素的敏感率均较高。     

New host plants of Erwinia amylovora in Bulgaria

Nine strains of Erwinia amylovora were isolated from new host plants in Bulgaria--chokeberry and strawberry. The strains were characterized morphologically and biochemically using the API 20E and BIOLOG system. It was established that they showed three different API 20E metabolic profiles, not found by previous studies of E. amylovora. All strains were identified as E. amylovora due to their metabolic fingerprint patterns obtained by the BIOLOG system. The identification was confirmed by PCR amplification of a specific region of plasmid pEA29 and genome ams-region. This study is the first characterization and identification of E. amylovora strains isolated from chokeberry and strawberry by the API 20E and BIOLOG system and by polymerase chain reaction.     

Differences in the API 20E biochemical patterns of clinical and environmental Vibrio parahaemolyticus isolates

Genetic differences in clinical and environmental strains of Vibrio parahaemolyticus have been widely used as criteria in identifying pathogenic isolates. However, few studies have been carried out to assess the differences in biochemical characteristics of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from human and environmental sources. We compared the biochemical profiles obtained by the characterization of V. parahaemolyticus isolates from human infections and the marine environment using the API 20E system. Environmental and clinical isolates showed significant differences in the gelatin and arabinose tests. Additionally, clinical isolates were correctly identified according to the API 20E profile using 0.85% NaCl diluent, but they presented nonspecific profiles with 2% NaCl diluent. In contrast, use of 2% NaCl diluent facilitated correct identification of the environmental isolates. Clinical isolates showed significant differences in up to five biochemical tests with respect to the API 20E database. The API 20E system is widely used in routine identification of bacteria in clinical laboratories, and this discrepancy in an important number of biochemical tests may lead to misidentification of V. parahaemolyticus infection.     

Identification of enterococci isolated from cow's milk cheese: comparison of the classical methods and the API 20 STREP system (technical note)

A comparison of the results obtained using the classical methods with those of the API 20 Strep system was carried out in identifying 24 enterococci strains isolated from San Simón cow's milk cheese, a traditional Spanish variety. The results of both identification systems coincided exactly in 9 strains (37.5% of the strains studied). In one strain the results obtained using the classical methods did not coincide with those using the API 20 Strep method. 3 strains (12.5%) could not be identified using the API 20 Strep system. However, 11 strains (45%), that remained doubtful between both species E. faecalis and E. faecium on the basis of the classical methods, were identified using the API 20 Strep system. The API 20 Strep system does not include some biochemical tests of importance in identifying of foodborne enterococci and could not identify the atypical strains of Enterococcus. Moreover, this system is adapted to the identification of enterococci of clinical origin and their database does not include some species common in foods. However, it could have an application in combination with the classical methods in order to carry out a reasonably rapid and reliable identification of enterococci related to cheese.     

Phenotypic diversity of Erwinia amylovora in Bulgaria

Fifty-one strains of Erwinia amylovora isolated from nine host plants in Bulgaria were characterized phenotypically and identified by the API 20E and BIOLOG system. The identification was confirmed by PCR amplification of a specific region of the plasmid pEA29 and the genome ams region. The phenotypic diversity of the strains was studied on the basis of their API 20E and BIOLOG metabolic profiles, as well as of their SDS-PAGE protein profile. Metabolic diversity among the strains was established, but no connection with the origin of the strains was revealed. The Bulgarian strains showed API 20E metabolic profiles not found in previous studies of E. amylovora. The strains formed a homogenous group on the basis of their protein profiles. All the strains were sensitive to the antibiotics streptomycin, tetracycline and oxytetracycline. This study was an initial step towards an investigation of the diversity and evolution in the Bulgarian population of E. amylovora, and it was the first characterization of E. amylovora strains isolated from different host plants in the period 1995-2005 in Bulgaria.     

Diversity of culturable heterotrophic aerobic bacteria in pristine stream bed sediments

More than 900 culturable, heterotrophic aerobic isolates were obtained from the sediments of a forested, pristine stream and analyzed using three classical microbiological tests: API 20E, amplified ribosomal DNA restriction analysis (ARDRA), and fatty acid analysis. Gram-negative bacteria comprised most of the heterotrophic aerobic isolates (66.7%), similar to other oligotrophic environments. The isolates were assigned to the genus level as Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Micrococcus, Bacillus, Chromobacterium, Acinetobacter, Alcaligenes, Aeromonas, Methylobacterium, Enterobacter, Corynebacterium, and Sporolactobacillus. Genotypic analysis by ARDRA facilitated the comparison among strains within Pseudomonas, Bacillus, and Enterobacter groups. Temperature and predation may influence the survival of bacteria during seasons, as shown previously by others. Our results showed that the number of heterotrophic aerobic bacteria, especially Enterobacter, Alcaligenes, and Aeromonas, and Gram-positive bacteria, decreased in winter compared to summer conditions.     

Identification of dimethyl disulfide-forming bacteria isolated from activated sludge

Twenty-four strains with high dimethyl disulfide (DMDS)-forming ability were isolated from activated sludge and identified to the genus level. These bacteria were classified into four groups (A, B, C, and D) by the API ZYM System (API System S.A., Montalieu, France). Group A (three strains) was identified as genus Lactobacillus by the API 20B System, by the method of Cowan and Steel, and by production of lactic acid as confirmed by gas-liquid chromatography. Group B (eight strains) was identified as genus Corynebacterium by API 20B and the Cowan and Steel method. Group C (one strain) was suggested to belong to genus Corynebacterium by the API 20B System. Group D (12 strains) was identified as genus Pseudomonas or Alcaligenes by the API 20B System, as genus Alcaligenes by the Cowan and Steel method, and as Achromobacter group Vd by the API 20NE System. However, on the basis of guanine-plus-cytosine contents in DNA and form of flagella, these strains were identified as genus Pseudomonas. Formation of DMDS from DL-methionine and S-methyl-L-cysteine was tested. DMDS-forming bacteria isolated from activated sludge formed DMDS from both precursors. In genus Pseudomonas, P. aeruginosa could not form DMDS from either precursor, but P. acidovorans, P. alcaligenes, P. pseudoalcaligenes, and P. testosteroni formed DMDS. In genus Alcaligenes, A. denitrificans subsp. xylosoxydans, A. denitrificans subsp. denitrificans, A. faecalis, and A. odorans formed DMDS from both precursors. Achromobacter group Vd formed DMDS from S-methyl-L-cysteine, but could not from DL-methionine.     

Comparative evaluation of commercial test systems for the identification of gram-negative bacteria

Diagnostic efficiency of 5 test-systems i.e. Enterotube 11, Oxi-Ferm Tube, API 20E, API 20NE and MS-2 BID was estimated comparatively with using collection and clinical strains of enteric bacteria and nonfermenting organisms. The accuracy of the enteric bacteria identification as compared to that with the use of the routine methods was more than 90 per cent. The diagnostic mistakes were more frequent with species differentiation of Klebsiella and Enterobacter. In the studies with nonfermenting bacteria the results were less stable and statistically significant differences in identification of separate strains were stated. Advantages and disadvantages of various test-systems are discussed.     

Characterization of Bacillus strains from apple and pear trees in South Africa antagonistic to Erwinia amylovora

In order to find reasons for the absence of fire blight in most countries of the Southern hemisphere, bark samples from apple and pear trees in orchards of the Western Cape region in South Africa were extracted for bacteria which could be antagonistic to Erwinia amylovora. Screening was done in the late growth season and mainly Gram-positive bacteria were isolated. Approximately half of them produced growth inhibition zones on a lawn of E. amylovora. Most isolates were classified as Bacillus megaterium by microbiological assays and in API 50 test systems. They were visualized in the light microscope as non-motile large rods. These strains may not be responsible for the absence of fire blight in orchards, but they may indicate unfavourable climatic conditions for Gram-negative bacteria including E. amylovora. They may reduce the ability of E. amylovora to establish fire blight and could also be useful for application in biological disease control.     

Percentage of gelatinolytic bacteria among heterotrophic bacteria as indicator of water quality

The relationship between the physiological group of gelatinolytic bacteria and the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria in freshwater ecosystems was described, based on analysis of 1082 different freshwater samples collected in Croatia. Percentages of gelatinolytic bacteria among the population of heterotrophic bacteria showed a significant negative correlation with the abundance of heterotrophic bacteria. The relation between the physiological group (gelatinolytic bacteria) and heterotrophic bacteria can be considered to be an indicator of the pollution degree of freshwaters. A high relative content of gelatinolytic bacteria (> 76%) always indicates the colony-forming units of heterotrophic bacteria < 1000/mL, which corresponds to the high water quality; gelatinolytic bacteria < 11% indicate polluted waters. Isolated strains of aerobically grown gelatinolytic bacteria were Gram-negative rod-shaped or Gram-positive endospore-forming rod-shaped cells.