Ultra‐high temperature metamorphism recorded in Fe‐rich olivine‐bearing migmatite from the Khondalite Belt,North China Craton

We document the first occurrence of Fe‐rich olivine‐bearing migmatitic metapelite in the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton. Petrological analyses revealed two exotic assemblages of orthopyroxene+spinel+olivine and orthopyroxene+spinel+cordierite. Phase relation modelling suggests that these assemblages are diagnostic of ultra‐high temperature (UHT) metamorphism in the Fe‐rich system, with temperatures from 1,000 to 1,050°C at 0.6 GPa. U–Th–Pb SIMS analyses on zircon reveal a similar age of c. 1.92 Ga for the olivine‐bearing migmatite and an adjacent gabbronoritic intrusion that is therefore identified as the heat source for the UHT metamorphism. These results, coupled with additional analysis of the famous Tuguiwula sapphirine‐bearing granulite, lead to a re‐appraisal of the P–T path shape and heat source for the UHT metamorphism. We suggest that UHT metamorphism, dated between 1.92 and 1.88 Ga, across the whole Khondalite belt, proceeded from a clockwise P–T evolution with an initial near‐isobaric heating path at ~0.6–0.8 GPa, and a maximum temperature of 1,050°C followed by a cooling path with minor decompression to ~0.5 GPa. Considering our results and previous works, we propose that the orogenic crust underwent partial melting at temperature reaching 850°C and depth of ~20 to ~30 km during a period of c. 30 Ma, between 1.93 and 1.90 Ga. During this time span, the partially molten crust was continuously intruded by mafic magma pulses responsible for local greater heat supply and UHT metamorphism above 1,000°C. We propose that the UHT metamorphism in the Khondalite belt is not related to an extensional post‐collisional event, but is rather syn‐orogenic and associated with mafic magma supplies.     

Phase equilibria modelling and zircon age dating of pelitic granulites in Zhaojiayao,from the Jining Group of the Khondalite Belt,North China Craton

The Jining Group occurs as the eastern segment of the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton and is dominated by a series of granulite facies rocks involving ‘normal’ pelitic granulites recording peak temperatures of ~850 °C and ultrahigh‐temperature (UHT) pelitic granulites recording peak temperatures of 950–1100 °C. The P–T paths and ages of these two types of granulites are controversial. Three pelitic granulite samples in the Jining Group comprising two sillimanite–garnet gneiss samples (J1208 and J1210) and one spinel–garnet gneiss sample (J1303) were collected from Zhaojiayao, where ‘normal’ pelitic granulites occur, for determination of their metamorphic evolution and ages. Samples J1208 and J1210 are interpreted to record cooling paths from the T_max stages with P–T conditions respectively of ~870–890 °C/7–8 kbar and >840 °C/>7.5 kbar constrained from the stability fields of the observed mineral assemblages and the isopleths of plagioclase, garnet and biotite compositions in pseudosections. Sample J1303 is interpreted to record pre‐T_max decompression from the kyanite‐stability fields to the T_max stage of 950–1020 °C/8–9 kbar and a post‐T_max cooling path revealed mainly from the stability field of the observed mineral assemblage, the plagioclase zoning and the biotite composition isopleth in pseudosections. The post‐T_max cooling stage can be divided into suprasolidus and subsolidus stages. The suprasolidus cooling may not result in an equilibrium state at the solidus in a rock. Therefore, different minerals may record different P–T conditions along the cooling path; the inferred maximum temperature is commonly higher than the solidus as well as different solidi being recorded for different samples from the same outcrop but experiencing different degrees of melt loss. Plagioclase compositions, especially its zoning in plagioclase‐rich granulites, are predicted to be useful for recording the higher temperature conditions of a granulite's thermal history. The three samples studied seem to record the temperature range covering those of the ‘normal’ and UHT pelitic granulites in the Jining Group, suggesting that UHT conditions may be reached in ‘normal’ granulites without diagnostic UHT indicators. LA‐ICP‐MS zircon U–Pb data provide a continuous trend of concordant ²⁰⁷Pb/²⁰⁶Pb ages from 1.89 to 1.79 Ga for sample J1210, and from 1.94 to 1.80 Ga for sample J1303. These continuous and long age spectrums are interpreted to represent a slow cooling and exhumation process corresponding to the post‐T_max cooling P–T paths recorded by the pelitic granulites, which may have followed the exhumation of deeply buried rocks in a thickened crust region resulted from a collision event at c. 1.95 Ga as suggested by the pre‐T_max decompression P–T path.     

内蒙凉城2.0Ga变质花岗岩对超高温变质作用的制约

内蒙凉城位于华北克拉通北缘中段,孔兹岩带的东端.本区孔兹岩系内存在着大量的古元古代变质花岗岩,彼此呈构造接触.根据野外地质特征、岩石学和矿物学特征,可将其分为三类:Ⅰ)二长花岗岩;Ⅱ)深熔花岗岩;Ⅲ)似斑状紫苏花岗岩.本文针对Ⅰ类花岗岩进行详细的锆石和岩石成因研究.结果显示该类岩体形成于大约2.0Ga左右,并记录了1.95～1.90Ga的变质作用年龄,对应的岩浆和变质锆石结晶温度(采用锆石Ti温度计)分别为856～964℃(平均912℃)和861～900℃(平均879℃),暗示该花岗岩体源区曾经历了高温熔融事件,同时也说明它们与围岩孔兹岩共同经历了古元古代的超高温变质作用.该类型岩体的岩石化学特征类似太古宙TTG或Adakite,而深熔花岗岩类(Ⅱ类)的地球化学特征则类似岛弧岩浆岩.这种差异说明凉城2.0Ga变质花岗岩的原岩非孔兹岩重融而成的S型花岗岩.锆石Lu-Hf和全岩Nd同位素组成则指示形成岩体的物质主要来自新太古代和古元古代下地壳的熔融.     

Paleoproterozoic UHT metamorphism with isobaric cooling (IBC) followed by decompression–heating in the Khondalite Belt (North China Craton): New evidence from two sapphirine formation processes

Interpretation of reaction microstructures may provide constraints on the P–T path followed by rocks, with implications for the geodynamic evolution. Sapphirine generally occurs in diverse microstructures in ultrahigh-temperature (UHT) Mg–Al-rich granulites. Understanding multi-stage sapphirine formation processes and the resultant P–T path may provide insights into the cause of UHT metamorphism, which is otherwise under broad debate. Here, we investigate samples of UHT granulite containing two distinct types of sapphirine from the Dongpo locality in the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton, with the aim of understanding the processes of sapphirine formation and the metamorphic evolution of the host rocks. Petrographic observations show that early sapphirine, which occurs as coronas on spinel and as single porphyroblasts, formed together with biotite, sillimanite, and inclusion-rich garnet. Late symplectitic sapphirine along with fine-grained plagioclase and spinel plus plagioclase symplectites, formed by consumption of sillimanite, biotite, and garnet. Three pseudosections based on the bulk compositions of microdomains inferred to reflect spatially restricted equilibrium suggest that the rocks record near isobaric cooling (IBC) from ~980 to 830ºC at ~0.9 GPa for early sapphirine formation, and decompression and heating to ≤0.7 GPa and ~900ºC for late sapphirine formation. Our study in combination with other metamorphic P–T and age information reveals the common occurrence of IBC paths and long duration (c. 1.93 to 1.86 Ga) regional UHT metamorphism in the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton. Locally, this is followed by decompression–heating paths at c. 1.86 Ga. The Palaeoproterozoic UHT metamorphism with long-lived IBC path in the Khondalite Belt, North China Craton supports large hot orogen model in the amalgamation of this part in the supercontinent Nuna.     

Palaeoproterozoic tectonothermal evolution and deep crustal processes in the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji Belt,North China Craton: a review

The Palaeoproterozoic Jiao‐Liao‐Ji Belt is located in the eastern margin of the Eastern Block of the North China Craton. In this paper, we synthesize the tectonothermal evolution and deep crustal processes in the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji Belt based on recent information. A mantle plume‐related underplating from 2.53 to 2.36 Ga is envisaged which led to the emplacement of the 2.47–2.33 Ga alkali granite plutons and mafic dyke swarms, followed by the development of the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji Rift and bi‐modal volcanism. The underplating resulted not only in different sedimentary environments in the upper crust, but also in a differentiation of the initial thermal structure in the rift. This controlled the metamorphism and style of P‐T‐t paths in the different parts of the rift. Subsequent underplating resulted in the emplacement of the A‐type Liaoji granites of ca. 2.17 Ga in the lower crust, and the formation of associated pegmatites of 2.2 and 2.0 Ga, together with the development of a bedding‐parallel extension. However, the main orogeny occurred between 1.93 and 1.88 Ga with closing of the rift, compressional deformation and high‐pressure granulite metamorphism in the southern part of the orogen. Subsequently, lithospheric blocks were possibly delaminated at ∼1.85 Ga; anorogenic magmatic rocks such as rapakivi granite, alkaline granites and syenite were intruded, and pegmatite veins and mafic dyke swarms were emplaced cross‐cutting all the earlier structural traces. We identify that the underplating styles, collision processes and delamination types in the deep lithosphere controlled the tectonothermal evolution of the crust in the Jiao‐Liao‐Ji region. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

华北克拉通孔兹岩带古元古代凉城石榴石花岗岩成因机制及其岩石学意义

在华北克拉通孔兹岩带东段凉城地区分布有大规模古元古代石榴石花岗岩。凉城石榴石花岗岩是产于麻粒岩相变沉积岩中的原地-半原地花岗岩,伴生有徐武家岩体为代表的辉长苏长岩小侵入体群。凉城石榴石花岗岩富含石榴子石（5%~15%,局部可达25%）,常见紫苏辉石,推测形成于高温（>850~900℃）、高压（8~10kbar）条件下,不同于典型的S型花岗岩。地球化学特征上,石榴石花岗岩具有强过铝的地球化学属性（A/CNK=1.1~1.6）,显示低SiO₂（55%~75%）和富MgO+FeO^T（5%~14%）的特征,已经偏离了正常S型花岗岩的成分范围。凉城石榴石花岗岩低硅富镁铁的成分特征很可能是由残留体（石榴石岩）带入和辉长苏长岩物质添加造成,残留体和辉长苏长岩的物质贡献比例约占20%~40%。年代学研究表明凉城石榴石花岗岩形成时代为1.93~1.92Ga,与辉长苏长岩形成时代（1.93Ga）和变质沉积岩记录的超高温变质作用时代（1.92Ga）一致,指示凉城石榴石花岗岩是幔源基性岩浆侵入麻粒岩相变质沉积岩中引起变沉积岩在高温-超高温条件下大规模部分熔融的产物。大规模出露的高温石榴石花岗岩及多点分布的超高温麻粒岩共同反映了集宁-凉城区域上超高温的特点。

     

关于内蒙与晋冀交界地区早前寒武纪灰片麻岩和孔兹岩的讨论

晋冀内蒙边界地区的早前寒武纪岩石大致以大同－兴和一线为界分为南东部麻粒岩系和北西部孔兹岩系。麻粒岩系中称作灰片麻岩的浅色麻粒岩与世界各地太古代典型的灰片麻岩不同,其矿物组合含斜方辉石或二辉石,岩石化学成分高铁、高镁又高钙,不是典型的太古代灰片麻岩ＴＴＧ岩套,而应称作紫苏斜长花岗岩。如果原来是ＴＴＧ岩浆,则可能是因受表壳岩的混染所致。研究区内孔兹岩系的特征是堇青石片麻岩发育,沿韧性剪切带含堇青石的Ｓ－型花岗岩,以及作为熔融残留体的含堇青石麻粒岩也时有发现。三者的稀土元素分布型式表现出其间的成因关系。孔兹岩系中的夕线石多具近于平行（００１）的变形扭折带,在土贵乌拉还发现夕线石的（１１０）聚片双晶。这可能是夕线石双晶的首次发现。本文对夕线石作了详细测定。其＋２Ｖ＝２６°±０．５°．晶胞参数α＝β＝γ＝９０°,ａ＝７．５０,ｂ＝７．６５,ｃ＝５．８１,Ｖ＝３３０．０６３。     

高温-超高温变质作用成因研究——来自华北克拉通西部孔兹岩带和南非Kaapvaal克拉通西南部Namaqua活动带与Bushveld变质杂岩体的启示

超高温变质作用是在变质地质学领域,继超高压变质作用研究高峰之后的又一重要前缘课题,对于认识地壳构造-热演化具有重要意义。本文总结了华北克拉通西部孔兹岩带和南非Kaapvaal克拉通西南部Namaqua活动带与Bushveld变质杂岩体的高温-超高温麻粒岩的化学成分、矿物组合、变质演化特征,及其相应的变质事件与构造属性。我国的超高温变质作用带,包括华北克拉通西部的孔兹岩带——从内蒙西段的大青山到东段的集宁-凉城地区的超高温变质岩,皆为Al-Mg质和Al饱和体系的超高温变质岩石,常见假蓝宝石+石英、尖晶石+石英的典型超高温变质组合,以及含假蓝宝石±尖晶石、但缺少石英的非典型超高温变质组合。南非Namaqua活动带与Bushveld变质杂岩体分别发现有独特的Fe-Al饱和的铁尖晶石+石英+大隅石、刚玉+高温石英等超高温矿物组合,罕见的高温硼硅酸盐和硅硼铝镁石等超高温矿物组合;以及Ca-Mg质饱和的钙镁橄榄石+镁硅钙石镁黄长石+镁橄榄石等超高温矿物组合的麻粒岩。研究的核心问题是矿物和岩石在高温-超高温条件下的特殊行为方式,不同构造环境和岩石化学成分下的变质反应及其热动力学过程。由此提出超高温变质作用成因研究中的科学问题:包括不同类型和地质属性的高温-超高温麻粒岩的成因特征;麻粒岩的形成条件演化过程和构造背景;高温-超高温变质过程中部分熔融和重新水化过程中流体的作用以及岩体形变过程中的部分熔融;变质反应以及变质作用P-T-t轨迹、元素地球化学和熔体作用行为;岩石保留的可能的变质事件和年代学记录,定量评价高温-超高温过程中变质演化的时间跨度和演化速率。     

华北克拉通清原地体新太古代和古元古代两期麻粒岩相变质作用

对华北克拉通新太古代和古元古代的构造模式有多种不同认识,有必要进行深入的变质作用研究。本文选取了辽北清原地区中性麻粒岩、石榴方辉石岩和变质基性岩墙,开展系统的岩相学观察、矿物化学分析、相平衡模拟和锆石-独居定年研究,以阐明其变质演化过程和大地构造意义。中性麻粒岩和石榴方辉石岩均发育两期麻粒岩相组合。中性麻粒岩第一期斜长石发育复杂成份环带,从核到幔部其钙长石含量(X_An)降低,然后再向边部升高;石榴方辉石岩中第一期石榴石与斜方辉石互相包裹。第一期麻粒岩相变质作用P-T轨迹为逆时针型,包含峰期前升压至峰期和峰后降温降压至固相线两个变质阶段。依据两个样品中观测的峰期矿物组合在P-T视剖面图中的稳定范围,并结合斜长石幔部成份,确定峰期温压条件为1.0~1.2GPa/890~1000℃。石榴方辉石岩在峰前升压过程,斜方辉石转变为石榴石,形成石榴石包裹斜方辉石的结构;在峰后降温降压过程中,石榴石又转变为斜方辉石,导斜方辉石包裹石榴石。中性麻粒岩和石榴方辉石岩的第二期组合以形成石榴石+石英和黑云母+石英±单斜辉石±钾长石后成合晶和冠状体为特征。变质基性岩墙只发育第二期矿物组合,为高压麻粒岩组合,其P-T轨迹为顺时针型。根据变质斜长石中最小X_An,角闪石中最大Ti含量和石榴石幔部最高镁铝榴石含量等值线,确定峰期温压条件为~1.15GPa/830℃。锆石定年表明第一期高温-超高温麻粒岩相变质作用峰后冷却时间为2.49~2.48Ga,第二期高压麻粒岩相变质时间为~1.83Ga,独居石定年获得峰后退变质年龄为~1.75Ga。结合其他区域地质特征,本文认为第一期高温-超高温麻粒岩相变质作用受太古宙特有的垂直沉落构造控制,第二期高压麻粒岩相变质作用与沿华北克拉通北缘发生的碰撞造山事件有关。

     

乌拉山地区早古元古代花岗质片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及成因

早古元古代花岗质片麻岩类在华北克拉通孔兹岩带乌拉山地区广泛出露,是记录该区陆壳增生及构造演化的主要物质载体。4件代表性花岗质片麻岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析表明,它们形成于～2.45Ga,并经历了～2.45Ga及约1.89～1.95Ga多期变质热事件;它们的岩石地球化学分析结果显示,稀土元素含量较高(∑REE=301×10-6～909×10-6),富集轻稀土元素、亏损重稀土元素,(La/Yb)N比值在13～56之间,无明显Eu异常(Eu/Eu*=0.76～1.81,平均为1.18),具有较高的Sr含量(在495×10-6～895×10-6之间),低的Yb含量(在0.5×10-6～2.61×10-6之间);微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网模式图显示,强烈亏损Nb,Ta,Th,U及Ti等高场强元素,富集Ba,K,Rb及Sr等大离子亲石元素;它们为镁质、准铝质至弱过铝质、高钾钙——碱性系列,指示其可能形成于活动大陆边缘岛弧环境玄武质下地壳的部分熔融。暗示该区早古元古代时期的弧陆增生作用,并经历了从弧陆增生、陆——陆碰撞造山到造山后伸展的构造演化历史。     

孔兹岩带古元古代中期构造背景：来自卓资地区～2.2Ga紫苏碱长花岗岩的证据

麻粒岩-紫苏花岗岩杂岩在华北克拉通孔兹岩带内分布较广但研究程度较低,本文对孔兹岩带东部卓资地区大什字紫苏碱长花岗岩进行了详细的岩相学、地球化学和地质年代学研究,探讨了其形成时代、岩石成因及构造背景,为孔兹岩带构造演化及孔兹岩系沉积环境提供约束。SHRIMP锆石U-Pb测年结果表明大什字紫苏碱长花岗岩形成于古元古代中期(～2.2Ga),并经历了古元古代晚期构造热事件及～1.89Ga变质作用叠加改造。岩石具有铁质、钙碱性至碱钙性、准铝质至弱过铝质特征,具有较高SiO₂、Na₂O+K₂O、Ga、Zr含量及FeO~T/(FeO~T+MgO)值,低Al₂O₃、CaO、MgO、 Sr、Cr含量及较高的全岩锆石饱和温度(835～887℃,平均860℃),与A型花岗岩指标相近。样品呈现平坦的右倾型稀土元素配分模式和弱的负Eu异常,富集K、Rb、Ba、Zr、Hf,亏损Sr、Nb、Ta、P、Ti。综合研究表明大什字紫苏碱长花岗岩是在弧后伸展背景下幔源岩浆上涌导致英云闪长质、花岗闪长质地壳岩石部分熔...     

北秦岭构造带与华北板块关系探讨: 来自宽坪杂岩变碎屑岩锆石U-Pb年代学与变质作用证据

宽坪杂岩是连接北秦岭构造带和华北板块的重要岩石-构造单元之一,其物质组成和变质变形特征可为探讨北秦岭构造带与华北板块构造关系及演化提供重要证据。本文在已有研究基础上,对宝鸡-眉县-洛南一带宽坪变碎屑岩进行了系统的岩石学、矿物学和碎屑锆石U-Pb年代学研究。结果表明,宽坪碎屑岩最年轻碎屑锆石年龄峰值为~550Ma,最主要碎屑锆石年龄集中区为~2.5Ga和1.0~0.9Ga,次要年龄集中区为1.3~1.0Ga和850~750Ma。通过与周缘可能物源区的年代学特征对比揭示,宽坪碎屑岩物源主要来自北秦岭新元古代花岗岩与秦岭岩群副片麻岩,部分来自南秦岭和扬子板块北缘新元古代花岗岩以及太古宙基底岩系,缺乏华北板块物质;宽坪碎屑岩的碎屑锆石年龄谱特征与南侧的二郎坪碎屑岩近乎一致,暗示两者可能形成于同一沉积盆地。相平衡模拟结果显示,洛南红土岭宽坪杂岩含石榴子石石英片岩记录了顺时针P-T演化轨迹,峰期变质条件为P=7.17~7.92kbar,T=557~563℃,形成于大陆碰撞过程。结合前人报道宽坪杂岩~440Ma的变质年龄,我们认为在早志留世时期宽坪和二郎坪沉积盆地闭合,北秦岭构造带与华北板块碰撞形成现今的构造格局,在此之前北秦岭构造带与华北板块不具有亲缘性。

     

Extreme crustal metamorphism during Columbia supercontinent assembly: Evidence from North China Craton

A vast supracrustal belt of khondalites (granulite facies metapelites) occur along the northern margin of the North China Craton. We report here for the first time spinel + quartz equilibrium assemblage from these rocks in two textural settings: (1) high ZnO (up to 14.47 wt.%) spinel with quartz as inclusions within garnet porphyroblasts defining pressure above 12 kbar and temperature of 900 °C; and (2) low ZnO (down to 1.2 wt.%) spinel in association with quartz in the matrix assemblage formed during peak ultrahigh-temperature conditions (ca. 975 °C and 9 kbar). We present a unique case of decompression where the metamorphic conditions of the rocks traversed mostly through the spinel + quartz (extended) stability field. Monazite grains in textural association with both types of spinel + quartz textures were analysed for age determination, and the data define two age peaks at 1927 ± 11 Ma and 1819 ± 11 Ma. Since the peak thermal regime of the khondalites was close to or exceeded the theoretical closure temperature of Pb in monazite, we infer the 1819 ± 11 Ma age as the timing of ultrahigh-temperature event in this craton. Our data lend support to the idea of ca. 1.9–1.8 Ga E–W collisional orogen at the northern margin of the North China Craton. We correlate the extreme crustal metamorphism with tectonics associated with the assembly of the North China Craton within the Columbia supercontinent.     

Geochronological and petrological constraints on Palaeoproterozoic granulite facies metamorphism in southeastern margin of the North China Craton

In the southeastern margin of the North China Craton, high-pressure (HP) granulite facies meta-basic rocks exposed as bands or lenses in the Precambrian metamorphic basement (e.g. Bengbu) and as xenoliths in Mesozoic intrusions (e.g. Jiagou) are characterized by the assemblage garnet + clinopyroxene + plagioclase + quartz + rutile ± Ti-rich hornblende. Cathodoluminescence imaging and mineral inclusions reveal that most zircon from the three dated samples displays distinct core-mantle-rim structures. The cores show typical igneous zircon characteristics and give ages of 2.5–2.4 Ga, thus dating the protolith of the metabasites. The mantles formed at granulite facies conditions as evidenced by inclusions of the HP granulite mineral assemblage garnet + clinopyroxene + rutile + plagioclase + quartz ± hornblende and Ti-rich biotite and yield ages of 1839 ± 31, 1811 ± 19 and 1800 ± 15 Ma. An inclusion-free rim yields an age of 176 ± 2 Ma with the lower Th/U ratio of 0.02. The geochronological and preliminary petrological data of this study suggest that the lower crust beneath the southeastern margin of the North China Craton formed at 2.5–2.4 Ga and underwent HP granulite facies metamorphism at c. 1.8 Ga. This HT-HP metamorphic event may be ascribed to large-scale crustal heating and thickening related to mantle-derived magma underplating at the base of the lower crust, as evidenced by widespread extension, rifting and related mafic magma emplacement in the North China Craton during this period. The age of 176 ± 2 Ma most likely records the late amphibolite facies retrogression occurring during exhumation.     

胶-辽-吉带辽东宽甸地区古元古代二长(正长)花岗质片麻岩的锆石U-Pb年代学、地球化学及成因

古元古代二长(正长)花岗质片麻岩在胶-辽-吉构造带广泛出露,是构成胶-辽-吉带的最主要物质组成。2件中细粒二长花岗质片麻岩样品及1件正长花岗质片麻岩样品的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学分析表明,它们分别形成于2.17Ga和2.33Ga,代表两期花岗质岩浆事件,并经历了约1.89Ga的变质作用。这些花岗质岩石具高硅(SiO_2=71.68%~76.38%),富铁(Fe_2O_3+FeO=1.61%~4.35%)及全碱(K_2O+Na_2O=7.57%~9.3%),K_2O/Na_2O比值大于1,贫钙(CaO=0.2%~1.6%)、镁(MgO=0.05%~0.24%,Mg#=3.82~13.0)、磷(P_2O_5=0.01%~0.06%)及钛(TiO_2=0.12%~0.4%)的特征;它们具有较高的稀土元素总量(ΣREE=104×10~(-6)~440×10~(-6)),具有轻微的轻重稀土分异,(La/Yb)_N比值在2~11之间,具明显的铕负异常(Eu/Eu*=0.30~1.18,平均值为0.56),具有低Sr(大部分100×10~(-6))、Rb(62.8×10~(-6)~187×10~(-6))、Cr及Ni含量,高的Zr(250×10~(-6))及Yb(2×10~(-6))含量,Zr+Nb+Ce+Y平均值为506×10~(-6),10000×Ga/Al值大于2.7;微量元素原始地幔标准化蛛网模式图显示,富集Rb、U、K、Zr、Hf等元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr及Ti等元素;它们属铁质、准铝质至弱过铝质、碱钙-钙碱性系列,全岩锆饱和温度大于800℃,属A2型花岗岩;结合胶-辽-吉带内古元古代花岗质片麻岩的全岩Nd及锆石Hf同位素研究结果,指示这些古元古代A型花岗岩可能形成于高温低压的伸展构造背景下,大陆物质(TTG岩石)的部分熔融。暗示胶-辽-吉带可能经历了古元古代早期多阶段的陆壳伸展拉张,并形成初始洋盆,然后再到洋-陆俯冲、陆(弧)-陆碰撞的演化过程。     

华北克拉通及邻区孔兹岩系的时代及对太古宙基底组成的制约

根据地质、地球化学和Nd同位素研究 ,华北克拉通及邻区孔兹岩系主要形成于古元古代。笔者对孔兹岩系变泥沙质岩石进行了地球化学统计性研究。它们普遍高K2 O低Na2 O ,具有重稀土部分呈平坦型 ,轻重稀土分离较弱 ,存在较强负铕异常的稀土模式。在岩石/MORB -元素图解上 ,除Nb、P、Ti相对亏损外 ,还存在明显的负钡异常。具高成熟度的泥沙质岩石tDM和ΣNd( 2 .3Ga)变化范围分别为 2 .30～ 3.2 4Ga和 - 4 .77± 5.11。孔兹岩系形成于太古宙之后 ,与其主体由泥沙质岩石组成 ,并且需要有一个广泛出露、高成熟度陆壳基底物源区的认识相吻合。在考虑泥沙质岩石组成受源区组成和作用过程双重制约的情况下 ,给出了华北克拉通太古宙基底组成的估计值。它们与Taylor等 ( 1985)给出的太古宙上部地壳组成估计值存在较大区别     

Challenges in constraining the P–T conditions of mafic granulites: An example from the northern Trans‐North China Orogen

Some mafic granulites in the Sanggan area of the northern Trans‐North China Orogen (TNCO) have a relatively simple mineralogy with low energy grain shapes that are compatible with an assumption of equilibrium, but the rock‐forming minerals show variations in composition that create challenges for thermobarometry. The mafic granulites, which occur as apparently disrupted dyke‐like bodies in tonalite–trondhjemite–granodiorite gneisses, are divided into two types based on petrography and chemical composition. Type 1 mafic granulites are fine‐ to medium‐grained with an equilibrated texture and an assemblage of plagioclase+clinopyroxene+garnet+magnetite+ilmenite and sometimes minor hornblende±orthopyroxene. Type 2 mafic granulites are coarse‐grained and hornblende bearing with a peak assemblage of garnet+clinopyroxene+plagioclase+hornblende and variably developed coronae and symplectites of plagioclase+hornblende+orthopyroxene partially replacing porphyroblastic garnet±clinopyroxene. SIMS U–Pb dating of metamorphic zircon from two type 1 mafic granulites yields metamorphic ages of c. 1.84 and 1.83 Ga, consistent with published ages of the type 2 mafic granulites. Based on phase equilibrium modelling, we use the common overlap of P–T fields defined by the mineral assemblage limits, and the mole proportion and composition isopleths of different minerals in each sample to quantify the metamorphic conditions. For type 1 granulites, overlap of the mineral proportion and composition fields for each of three samples yields similar P–T conditions of 710–880°C at 0.57–0.79 GPa, 820–850°C at 0.59–0.63 GPa and 800–860°C at 0.59–0.68 GPa. For the type 2 granulites, overlaying the peak assemblage fields for three samples yields common P–T conditions of 870–890°C at 1.1–1.2 GPa. For the retrograde assemblage, overlap of the mineral proportion and composition fields for each sample yields similar P–T conditions of 820–840°C at 0.85–0.88 GPa, 860–880°C at 0.83–0.86 GPa and 880–930°C at 0.89–0.95 GPa. The P–T conditions appear distinct between the two types of mafic granulite, with the mineralogically simple type 1 mafic granulites recording the lowest pressures. However, there are significant uncertainties associated with these results. For the granulites, there are uncertainties related to the determination of modes and composition of the equilibration volume, particularly estimation of O and H₂O contents, and in the phase equilibrium modelling there are uncertainties that propagate through the calculation of mole proportions and mineral compositions. The compound uncertainties on pressure and temperature for high‐T granulites are large and the results of our study show that it may be unwise to rely on P–T conditions determined from the simple intersection of calculated mineral composition isopleths alone. Since the samples in this study are from a limited area—a few hundred square metres—we infer that they record a single P–T path involving both decompression and cooling. However, there is no evidence of the high‐P granulite facies event at 1.93–1.90 Ga that is recorded elsewhere in the TNCO, which suggests that the precursor basic dykes were emplaced late during the assembly of the North China Craton.     

华北克拉通古元古代构造事件

本文讨论了华北克拉通的古元古代表壳岩系、高压麻粒岩和孔兹岩系的若干问题,提出了(1)华北克拉通在约2500Ma太古宙结束时已基本形成.在2300Ma之前处于相对稳定的构造环境;(2)2300～1950Ma期间,华北克拉通经历了一次基底陆块的拉伸-破裂事件,在克拉通内部发育了晋豫、胶辽裂陷盆地和丰镇陆内凹陷盆地;(3)约1900Ma期间,有地幔上涌并伴随辉长岩浆的底侵作用,引起大青山-丰镇地区的超高温变质作用.底侵的辉长岩浆作为岩体和岩墙在下地壳就位,并发生高压麻粒岩相变质作用;(4)约1850Ma期间,华北克拉通经历了一次挤压构造事件,导致了裂陷盆地的闭合和焊接,形成晋豫和胶辽两个类似于现代陆.陆碰撞型的造山带;(5)在华北克拉通的北缘,华北克拉通可能与其北部的另一古老陆块或岛弧拼合,其拼合带应位于白云鄂博以北.现在已残缺不全.孔兹岩系可能代表了平行于北缘造山带的一条构造带.与北部造山带的俯冲碰撞相关的陆内深部逆掩造成了麻粒岩相岩石的形成和抬升;(6)白云鄂博群、化德群和渣尔泰(-狼山)群是与长城系相同时期发育的被动大陆边缘裂谷盆地;(7)1850～1700Ma期间,华北克拉通进入伸展构造体制,导致基底抬升,产生裂陷槽、基性岩墙群和非造山岩浆活动.     

Palaeoproterozoic granitic magmatism in the northern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt: implications for orogenesis along the Eastern Block of the North China Craton

As the northern segment of the Jiao-Liao-Ji Belt (JLJB), the Palaeoproterozoic Liaoji Belt is a key region for deciphering the formation and evolution of the North China Craton (NCC). In this study, we present the geochronology, geochemical, and isotopic studies on the monzogranitic gneiss, which is one of the major lithotectonic elements of the Liaoji Belt. LA-ICP-MS zircon U–Pb dating reveals that the studied monzogranitic gneisses were formed in the period of 2213–2178 Ma. They are in tectonic contact with the Palaeoproterozoic volcano-sedimentary rocks in the field. The monzogranitic gneisses belong to the high-K calc-alkaline series, and are metaluminous to peraluminous. They have 10,000 Ga/Al ratios of 2.63–3.14 with an average of 2.90, and are thus classified as aluminous A-type granites. Their ε_Nd(t) values vary from ?3.4 to +2.5, indicating heterogeneous source region. The monzogranitic gneisses are characterized by enrichment in LREE and LILE (e.g. Rb, Ba, Th, and K) and depletion in HREE and HFSE (such as Nb, Ta, and Ti), and are typical to magmatism in active continental margins formed in a subduction-related tectonic setting. Taking into account their A-type affinity and regional geological data, we suggest that the monzogranitic gneisses were most probably generated in a local extensional back-arc environment during subduction.     

超高温变质作用：以华北内蒙古土贵乌拉地区为例

超高温麻粒岩(富Mg-Al)是指温度高于900℃、压力为0.7~1.3GPa条件下形成的麻粒岩相变质岩,它记录了下地壳超高温极端变质作用的地质信息。富Mg-Al典型超高温矿物组合有:假蓝宝石+石英,尖晶石+石英,大隅石+石榴石,斜方辉石+夕线石+石英,高氟黑云母和钙镁闪石,刚玉+石英。目前世界上发现的超高温麻粒岩带(块)地区有非洲阿尔及利亚、南非、东南极、巴西中部、澳大利亚中部、印度南部和东南部等地。我们在华北克拉通北部内蒙古中南部地区孔兹岩区中发现了超高温麻粒岩,岩性主要为灰黑色条带状夕线石榴黑云片麻岩,其中含有尖晶石+石英、假蓝宝石+石英、斜方辉石+夕线石+石英以及刚玉+尖晶石+石榴石等超高温矿物组合,指示温度达1000℃,压力超过1.0GPa的变质作用。独居石定年获得了(1927±11)Ma以及(1819±11)Ma两个峰期年龄,代表变质年龄。华北克拉通北部超高温麻粒岩的发现对研究华北克拉通与哥伦比亚超大陆的演化关系有重要意义。