琼东南盆地构造沉降的时空分布及裂后期异常沉降机制

为考察琼东南盆地构造沉降的时空分布及裂后期异常沉降机制,利用回剥技术计算了盆内68口井的构造沉降史,并选择15口代表井进行拉张应变速率反演及拉张因子计算。结果表明:琼东南盆地构造沉降空间上表现为中央凹陷带和南部凹陷带强于北部凹陷带;时间上在裂陷期出现局部快速沉降-整体慢速沉降—局部快速沉降的阶段特征,进入裂后期逐渐减缓并在15.5～10.5Ma期间减至最低值,但自10.5～5.5Ma以来又明显增大。裂后期异常沉降在盆地东西部都有明显表现,在北部凹陷带较小,在中央凹陷带内往东区有逐渐增大趋势;时间上裂后异常构造沉降随时间增大,增长过程具有快-慢-快的阶段性。分析认为:裂后阶段早期的快速沉降可能是裂陷期非均匀拉张的结果,而晚中新世以后的快速构造沉降主要与岩浆活动有关。     

琼东南盆地深水区岩石圈伸展模式及其对裂后期沉降的控制

为了揭示盆地深水区演化及裂后期大规模沉降的成因机制, 在琼东南盆地典型的、高品质地震剖面地质构造精细解释基础上, 结合岩石圈变形的挠曲悬臂梁模型和挠曲均衡模型, 应用正演和反演模拟技术, 定量恢复了该盆地所处地区的上地壳、地壳以及岩石圈的伸展程度.结果表明, 琼东南盆地自陆架边缘到深水坳陷区, 岩石圈上地壳的伸展系数较小, β值最大为1.23~1.32;整个地壳的伸展系数变化较大, 盆地边缘隆起区的β值在1.1~1.2之间, 向盆地中部β值逐渐增大到3.14;而对整个岩石圈而言, 其伸展系数β值由陆架到陆坡深水盆地也从1.2逐渐增大到4.2.根据对南海地区的构造及岩石圈和地壳的结构分析认为, 与McKenzie的岩石圈均一伸展以及由热控制的裂后期缓慢沉降过程不同的是, 上述与深度相关的岩石圈伸展减薄是由南海西北次海盆扩张过程中深部物质的离散上涌流动所导致的下地壳的快速而强烈的塑性流动所引起的, 并由此建立了琼东南盆地的形成演化模式, 来解释和探讨深水坳陷区及裂后期快速而大规模沉降的成因机制.      

琼东南盆地深水区构造格局和幕式演化过程

基于大量琼东南盆地深水区高精度的地质-地球物理和钻井资料解释, 确立了该盆地"南北分带, 东西分块"的基本构造格局; 通过构造-地层、沉降史和沉降中心厘定等方面的综合研究, 在琼东南深水盆地中深入描述和分析了T70重要的构造变革界面特征, 该界面之下发育了一系列分散的、NE向展布的小型断陷盆地群, 该界面之上一直到T60界面发育时期, 盆地的沉降中心逐渐迁移到位于琼东南盆地中央坳陷区的、呈NE-WE-NWW弧形展布的大型断坳式盆地内, 该断坳盆地与下伏小型断陷盆地群构成显著的叠加关系; 以控盆边界断层的性质和几何学分布, 确定下伏的NE向展布的小型断陷盆地群受控于NW-SE向拉伸应力场, 而上覆的断坳盆地由近SN向拉伸应力作用所形成; 区域对比表明该界面广泛分布于南海北部大陆边缘盆地中, 具有区域性分布的特征; 生物地层和区域对比表明该界面年龄为32 Ma, 与南海初始扩张的年龄一致.因此, 该界面是一个发育于南海北部的、代表了南海扩张开始的一个区域性构造变革界面.该界面的发育导致了琼东南盆地深水区盆地结构和构造演化的复杂性, 以该界面为基础, 结合盆地充填序列中的其他重要界面和盆地的沉降史分析, 将盆地的构造演化划分为断陷、断坳、裂后热沉降和加速沉降4个构造演化幕, 从而确定了该盆地具有典型的幕式演化特征; 详细讨论了盆地周缘板块运动学重组事件和岩石圈深部活动对琼东南盆地幕式发育过程的控制机制.      

琼东南盆地断裂活动性定量计算及其发育演化模式

在地震剖面解释的基础上,运用断层活动速率法和位移-距离法对琼东南盆地主要断裂系统的活动性进行了定量计 算。结果表明,断裂的活动性与盆地的演化阶段相对应,同时可以在同裂陷阶段划分出始新世-早渐新世裂陷幕和晚渐新 世断坳转换幕,这两幕裂陷控制了盆地深部的基本构造格局。单条断层在早渐新世至晚渐新世期间断裂主要活动中心存在 由东向西迁移的过程,盆地断裂系统活动中心在晚渐新世至早中新世也存在由东向西迁移的过程,盆地内规模较大的复合 断裂带具有区段式活动的特征。将盆地内断裂系统发育模式总结为两种：以6号和11号断裂带为代表的简单生长模型,断裂 系统发育演化过程中表现为单一区段断层独立生长的特征,断层简单地由中间向两侧生长,断层位移距离曲线自始至终为 半椭圆型,且最大位移大致位于断层中部;以2号和5号断裂带为代表的生长连通型生长模式,断裂带由多条区段式活动的 断层生长连接形成,其生长发育过程表现为沿断层面纵向上最大滑移量由各个区段的中心向各个区段交汇处迁移,由此各 个区段断端破裂扩展,最终相互连接而形成一条大型断裂带。     

Features of Late Cenozoic Deepwater Sedimentation in Southern Qiongdongnan Basin,Northwestern South China Sea

Based on high resolution 2D and 3D seismic data acquired in recent years,using sequence stratigraphy analysis and geophysical methods,we discuss the features of Late Cenozoic deepwater sedimentation in the southern Qiongdongnan (琼东南) basin.The study area entered a bathyal slope environment in the Miocene.The channel developed in the Sanya (三亚) Formation was controlled by a fault break,and its shingled seismic characteristics represent multiple erosion and fill,which may indicate that turbidite current developed in the slope environment.The polygon faults found in mudstone of the Meishan (梅山) Formation represent the deepwater hungry sedimentary environment.The large-scale channels developed on the top of HuangUu (黄流) Formation could be the result of a big sea level drop and an increase of sediment supply.The fantastic turbidite channel developed in Late Quaternary in the slope environment has "fan-like" body and long frontal tiny avuision channel The analysis of these features suggests that the sediment supply of the study area in the post-rifting period was dominant from the Vietnam uplift in the southwest.These deepwater sedimentary features could be potential reservoirs or migration pathways for deepwater petroleum systems.     

Characteristics and Origin of Yacheng Gas Field in Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

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Gravity Flow on Slope and Abyssal Systems in the Qiongdongnan Basin, Northern South China Sea

The study of new seismic data permits the identification of sediment gravity flows in terms of internal architecture and the distribution on shelf and abyssal setting in the Qiongdongnan Basin (QDNB). Six gravity flow types are recognized: (1) turbidite channels with a truncational basal and concordant overburden relationship along the shelf edge and slope, comprising laterally-shifting and vertically-aggrading channel complexes; (2) slides with a spoon-shaped morphology slip steps on the shelf-break and generated from the deformation of poorly-consolidated and high water content sediments; (3) slumps are limited on the shelf slope, triggered either by an anomalous slope gradient or by fault activity; (4) turbidite sheet complexes (TSC) were ascribed to the basin-floor fan and slope fan origin, occasionally feeding the deep marine deposits by turbidity currents; (5) sediment waves occurring in the lower slope-basin floor, and covering an area of approximately 400?km2, were generated beneath currents flowing across the sea bed; and (6) the central canyon in the deep water area represents an exceptive type of gravity flow composed of an association of debris flow, turbidite channels, and TSC. It presents planar multisegment and vertical multiphase characteristics. Turbidite associated with good petrophysical property in the canyon could be treated as a potential exploration target in the QDNB.     

南海北康盆地热流分布特征及其构造控制因素探讨

热流是天然气水合物储量估算和油气资源评价的基础数据。南海实测热流数据虽然多,但分布不均。为深入认识北康盆地的热流特征,本文首先利用北康盆地获得的实测热流数据和前人研究成果,绘制了北康盆地热流分布图;根据热流和地温梯度变化特征,重点讨论了北康盆地热流异常区的成因机制,并根据区域地质构造背景,对北康盆地热流分布主要的控制因素进行了简要分析。数据统计结果表明:北康盆地热流变化范围为43.0~115.0mW/m~2,平均为76.8±21.7 mW/m~2;地温梯度变化范围为49.0~133.1℃/km,平均地温梯度为82.2±22.4℃/km。热流整体偏高,具有西高东低,南部高、东南部热流最低的热流特征,且在盆地西北部具有明显的热流异常。分析认为:(1)热流异常区中B区是由于海底高导层埋深影响,A区和C区是由海底流体渗漏区的地下水循环导致热流异常,推测A区为补给区,C区为排泄区;(2)北康盆地热流分布明显受构造作用的控制。西北部及南部受廷贾断裂控制,而东南部为古俯冲带及古洋陆过渡带,西高东低的热流分布特征还与盆地经历的3次快速沉降作用有关,但北康盆地拉张的构造背景引起整体热流值偏高。这对北康盆地油气和天然气水合物的研究均有重要意义。     

Tectonic Evolution and Dynamics of Deepwater Area of Pearl River Mouth Basin,Northern South China Sea

Quantitative studies on the evolution and dynamics of the deepwater area of Pearl River Mouth basin (PRMB) were carried out based on the latest geological and seismic data.The study area is generally in an extensional state during the Cenozoic.The major extension happened in the earlier syn-rift stages before 23 Ma and the extension after 23 Ma is negligible.Two rapid subsidence periods,32-23 Ma and 5.3-2.6 Ma,are identified,which are related to the abrupt heat decay during margin breakup and the collision between the Philippine Sea plate and the Eurasian plate,respectively.The strongest crustal thinning in the Baiyun (白云) sag may trigger the syn-rift volcanism along the weak faulted belt around the sag.The Cenozoic tectonic evolution of the study area could be divided into five stages：rifting (～0-40 Ma),rift-driR transition (～40-32 Ma),early post-breakup (～32-23 Ma),thermal subsidence (～23-5.3 Ma) and neotectonic movement (～5.3-0 Ma).     

琼东南盆地地壳伸展因子计算及其伸展模式探讨

对伸展因子β的计算分析,可认识岩石圈的伸展变形特点。基于琼东南盆地具有"多米诺"伸展断层构造的5条反射地震剖面资料,利用"多米诺"伸展断层模式计算了上地壳伸展因子,其值分布在1.17～1.58之间;与对应位置的全地壳和岩石圈的伸展因子比较,结果显示上地壳、全地壳和岩石圈伸展因子三者之间存在差别,但不是简单的随深度增大,具体表现为盆地中北部的岩石圈伸展变形特点为岩石圈伸展因子大于全地壳大于上地壳,盆地西南部则表现为全地壳最大,岩石圈最小。通过计算,结合研究区相关研究成果,本文认为琼东南盆地岩石圈发生了随深度变化的伸展变形;不同构造位置的岩石圈伸展变形存在明显差异。     

南海南部礼乐盆地构造热演化研究

礼乐盆地位于南海海域南部,是一个形成于中新生代的叠合盆地,长期以来缺乏构造热演化方面研究。本文在认识礼乐盆地构造演化的基础上,选用盆地内地震测线(L2剖面),应用二维横向不均匀拉张模型对礼乐盆地构造热演化史进行了模拟研究。模拟结果揭示了盆地在新生代的构造热演化特征:(1)盆地经历了两次连续的拉张过程,第一期拉张幅度较小,拉张系数在1.05左右,第二次拉张程度较第一次拉张强烈,深水地区拉张系数达到1.3;(2)礼乐盆地两次拉张使得盆地逐步升温,第二次拉张结束时达到历史最高温时期,之后热流持续下降;(3)盆地不同构造部位热流史具有差异性,其中深水区经历的古热流最高,达75mW/m2,礼乐滩最低,仅为63mW/m2。     

琼东南盆地古近纪幕式裂陷及构造、层序和沉积的综合响应过程

通过对区域性角度不整合、构造沉降阶段性演化以及断裂幕式活动和古构造格架变化等信息的识别与厘定,揭示了琼东南盆地古近纪构造活动的幕式演化过程及其特征。进一步结合层序地层与沉积充填综合分析,系统论述了幕式裂陷作用对沉积层序形成与演化的控制。研究表明：琼东南盆地古近纪经历了3个裂陷阶段,即裂陷Ⅰ幕（S₁₀₀-S₈₀）、裂陷Ⅱ幕（S₈₀-S₇₀）和裂陷Ⅲ幕（S₇₀-S₆₀）,分别对应盆地的初始断陷期、主断陷期和断坳转换期。裂陷活动早期以强烈的差异性块断作用为主导,而晚期逐渐被区域性坳陷作用和少量断裂活动共同控制的均一化沉降作用所取代,整体呈现出弱-强-弱的演化特征。裂陷作用的幕式过程及不同裂陷幕同沉积构造活动的差异性通过对可容纳空间、沉降速率、同沉积断裂活动和古构造格架的深刻影响,进而控制了盆地内层序地层单元与沉积旋回的整体发育、沉积与沉降中心的时空展布以及层序地层格架下沉积体系域的构成样式。     

南海琼东南盆地深水区储层类型及研究意义

通过对琼东南盆地钻井及典型地震相分析,认为琼东南盆地深水区发育两种类型的储层:第一类为形成于浅水环境的储层,包括扇三角洲砂体、滨浅海相滩坝砂体和台地碳酸盐岩;第二类为形成于深水环境的储层,包括盆底扇和峡谷水道等低位砂体。其中,深水区广泛分布的海底扇、峡谷水道砂体和台地碳酸盐岩具有良好的深水油气勘探潜力。     

Thermodynamic Modeling of Fluid-Bearing Natural Gas Inclusions for Geothermometer and Geobarometer of Overpressured Environments in Qiongdongnan Basin, South China Sea

It is a very difficult problem to directly determine fluid pressure during hydrocarbon migration and accumulation in sedimentary basins. pVt modeling of coupling hydrocarbon fluid inclusion of its coeval aqueous fluid inclusion provides a powerful tool for establishing the relationship of formation pressure evolution with time. Homogenization temperature of fluid inclusion can routinely be measured under microthermometric microscopy. Crushing technique has been employed to obtain the composition of fluid inclusions, and the commercial software VTFLINC easily and rapidly completes the construction of p-t phase diagram. The minimum trapping pressure of hydrocarbon fluid inclusion would be then determined in the p-t space. In this paper, three samples of YC21-1-1 and YC21-1-4 wells at YC21-1 structural closure, Qiongdongnan basin, South China Sea, were selected for the pVt modeling practice, and the formation pressure coefficient (equals to fluid pressure/hydrostatic pressure) changing trend with time has primarily been established. The modeling results also indicate that the reservoirs of Lingshui and Yacheng formations in YC21-1 structure are within a very high potential system and would have undergone a discharging of thermal fluids through top seal rupture, which depicts that there is a very high risk for natural gas exploration in this area.     

琼东南盆地超压系统泄压带: 可能的天然气聚集场所

泄压带是超压系统内部流体向外运移的通道和有利的油气聚集场所, 对水溶相天然气析离成藏更有着重要意义.本文综合应用速度谱、测井、钻井和地层测试等资料预测了琼东南盆地超压系统的分布, 将其划分为3种结构类型; 结合粘土分析等资料识别出了4种类型的泄压带, 并讨论了泄压带的分布与可能的天然气聚集区带.琼东南盆地中央坳陷带整体发育一个超压系统, 其分布格局主要受陆坡带的形成和莺歌海盆地超压传递的影响, 陆坡区的超压明显强于非陆坡区, 西部的超压整体强于东部并在浅部呈现自西向东传递的趋势.泄压带内的天然气成藏主要取决于压力、温度和溶解气量, 需满足溶解气量足够多和溶解度变化量足够大, 相对而言, Ⅱ型泄压带成藏条件最优, 既有断裂沟通深部水溶气和浅部储层, 又有温压条件的显著变化, 因而流体运移最活跃.Ⅲ型泄压带次之, 但分布最广, 该类型最有利部位分布在陵水低凸起和宝岛凹陷北坡.      

The deep mantle upwelling beneath the northwestern South China Sea:Insights from the time-varying residual subsidence in the Qiongdongnan Basin

Deep hot mantle upwelling is widely revealed around the Qiongdongnan Basin on the northwestern South China Sea margin.However,when and how it influenced the hyper-extended basin is unclear.To resolve these issues,a detailed analysis of the Cenozoic time-varying residual subsidence derived by subtracting the predicted subsidence from the backstripped subsidence was performed along a new seismic reflection line in the western Qiongdongnan Basin.For the first time,a method is proposed to cal-culate the time-varying strain rates constrained by the faults growth rates,on basis of which,the pre-dicted basement subsidence is obtained with a basin-and lithosphere-scale coupled finite extension model,and the backstripped subsidence is accurately recovered with a modified technique of backstrip-ping to eliminate the effects of later episodes of rifting on earlier sediment thickness.Results show no residual subsidence in 45-28.4 Ma.But after 28.4 Ma,negative residual subsidence occurred,reached and remained ca.-1000 m during 23-11.6 Ma,and reduced dramatically after 11.6 Ma.In the syn-rift period(45-23 Ma),the residual subsidence is ca.-1000 m,however in the post-rift period(23-0 Ma),it is positive of ca.300 to 1300 m increasing southeastwards.These results suggest that the syn-rift sub-sidence deficit commenced at 28.4 Ma,while the post-rift excess subsidence occurred after 11.6 Ma.Combined with previous studies,it is inferred that the opposite residual subsidence in the syn-and post-rift periods with similar large wavelengths(＞102 km)and km-scale amplitudes are the results of transient dynamic topography induced by deep mantle upwelling beneath the central QDNB,which started to influence the basin at ca.28.4 Ma,continued into the Middle Miocene,and decayed at ca.11.6 Ma.The initial mantle upwelling with significant dynamic uplift had precipitated considerable con-tinental extension and faulting in the Late Oligocene(28.4-23 Ma).After ca.11.6 Ma,strong mantle upwelling probably occurred beneath the Leizhou-Hainan area to form vast basaltic lava flow.     

琼东南盆地松南低凸起花岗岩年代学、地球化学特征及构造环境

为了探讨琼东南盆地松南低凸起花岗岩的岩石成因及构造环境,本文对其进行了岩相学、锆石年代学与地球化学研究。研究结果显示：潜山岩性主要为花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩;花岗闪长岩和二长花岗岩LAICPMS锆石UPb定年结果分别为228.6和243.7 Ma,为三叠纪岩浆活动产物;岩体属于高钾钙碱性系列,具有高硅（w（SiO2)为54.94%~79.71%）,中等质量分数的碱（w（K2O+Na2O）为3.53%~6.43%）、铝（w（Al2O3）为9.82%~18.23%）、钙（w（CaO）为1.24%~9.55%）和镁（w（MgO）为0.37%~2.28%）的特征;铝饱和指数（A/CNK）为1.09~2.13,兼有准铝质和过铝质花岗岩;岩石整体富集K、Rb、Th等大离子亲石元素,亏损 Ta、Nb、Ti 等高场强元素,中等—弱的Eu负异常（δEu为0.50~0.85）。岩相学和地球化学特征显示花岗闪长岩为准铝质I型花岗岩、二长花岗岩为过铝质S型花岗岩,形成于壳内沉积物的部分熔融。综合分析认为该花岗岩具有后碰撞花岗岩的特征,形成于伸展构造环境,与华南、印支块体碰撞后的反向伸展作用有关。     

南海北部琼东南盆地第四系陆架边缘轨迹迁移及深水沉积模式

陆架边缘迁移轨迹综合受控于构造、物源、海平面和气候等多种因素,其迁移演化与深水沉积体系发育关系密切。陆架边缘迁移规律及沉积物输送体制与深水砂体预测是当前国际地学领域的热点议题。本文通过基于琼东南盆地新采集的高精度地震资料,定量表征了第四系陆架边缘轨迹,识别了低角度缓慢上升型、中等角度上升型和高角度急剧上升型等3类陆架边缘轨迹类型。2.4 Ma以来,陆架边缘轨迹时空演化可分为3个阶段且具有侧向差异性:2.4~1.9 Ma以低角度缓慢上升型为主,1.9~0.8 Ma西北部以低角度缓慢上升型为主,东北部则以中等角度上升型为主,0.8 Ma至今西北部以中等角度上升型为主,东北部以高角度急剧上升型为主。琼东南盆地第四系陆架边缘迁移轨迹研究表明:当陆架边缘轨迹角0°<α<4°时,陆坡区峡谷规模较小且下切浅,深海平原区发育多期大型海底扇沉积,块体搬运沉积(MTDs)较少;当4°<α<35°时,陆坡区峡谷规模有所增加,深海平原区海底扇沉积与块体搬运沉积均有出现;当35°<α<90°时,陆坡区峡谷发育较少但下切深,深水平原区沉积以大型块体搬运沉积为主,海底扇几乎不发育。琼东南盆地更新世以来气温不断下降,以及东亚冬季风的显著增强,物源供给增强加之海平面的下降进而导致了西北部陆架边缘表现为进积特征;研究区东北部的断裂活动频繁以及物源供给弱,导致了研究区东北部陆坡推进距离远远小于研究区西北部且发育多期次块体搬运沉积物。以上认识对南海北部陆架边缘体系及深水扇预测具有一定的理论意义。     

The Red River sediment budget in the Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins,northwestern South China Sea,and its tectonic implications

ABSTRACT

The rapid uplift of the Tibetan plateau, the intense movement of the Ailao Shan-Red River Shear Zone (ARSZ), and the related climate change during the Cenozoic Indo-Asian collision have been widely studied; however, their timings varied considerably due to different data and methods used. As these events have been documented in the Red River sediment that came from the eastern Tibetan plateau and the Red River region and eventually deposited in the offshore Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins, here these events can be explored by calculating and analysing the Red River sediment budget, especially in the Qiongdongnan basin based on dense seismic profiles and wells. Results show that the Red River sediment mainly accumulated in the Yinggehai basin and the west part of the Qiongdongnan basin, and there are three sedimentary accumulation peaks in the Red River sediment budget during ~29.5–21, ~15.5–10.5, and ~5.5–0 Ma. By further comparing with previous studies on the timings of these events, it is inferred that the first sedimentary peak, prior to the onset of the monsoon intensification (~22 Ma), was probably driven by an intense left-lateral movement of the ARSZ in ~29.5–21 Ma. The second peak (~15.5–10.5 Ma), however, reflects a rapid uplift of the Tibetan plateau after the cessation of the left-lateral strike slip of the ARSZ. The third peak (~5.5–0 Ma) is most likely linked with a right-lateral movement of the ARSZ and the related climate change. Overall, the Red River sediment budget from the offshore Yinggehai and Qiongdongnan basins provides an important constraint on the timings of these tectonic events as well as the related climate change during the Cenozoic Indo-Asian collision.