青藏高原积雪分布与变化特征

本文对青藏高原ＳＭＭＲ修积雪深度、ＮＯＡＡ周积雪面积、地面台站积雪深度进行了分析。结果表明青藏高原东西两侧多雪与腹地少雪形成鲜明对比,高原东部是高原积雪年际变化最显著的地区,它主导了整个高原积雪的年际变化,并且与西部多雪区年际波动呈反位相关系。从６０年代到８０年代积雪年际波动幅度有明显增加趋势,积雪变化具有３年左右准周期。随着全球变暖,青藏高原积雪将会有所增加。     

青藏高原冬季积雪时空变化特征及其与北极涛动的关系北大核心CSCDCSSCI

青藏高原积雪不仅是气候变化的敏感指示器,而且对亚洲季风区乃至全球气候具有显著影响。利用2002-2014年MODIS积雪覆盖范围产品及ERA-Interim再分析资料,采用气候统计诊断方法探究了青藏高原冬季积雪的时空变化特征及其与北极涛动(AO)的关系,结果表明:(1)高原冬季积雪空间分布差异明显,高原西部和东南部多雪,中部和北部少雪,东部积雪年际变化大,西部多雪区积雪较为稳定。(2)高原冬季积雪EOF分解第一模态具有东—西反位相变化特征,当高原东部积雪偏多(少)时,西部积雪偏少(多)。(3)该模态与AO密切相关。AO正位相时,东亚大槽减弱,南支槽加深东移,西太平洋副高加强使得更多暖湿气流到达高原,有利于高原东部降雪,而高原西南侧阿拉伯海附近存在反气旋异常,使得阿拉伯海的水汽不易抬升进入高原西部,高原西部盛行干燥的下沉气流异常,造成少雪的环流背景,且地表温度偏高不利于积雪维持,从而导致高原西部积雪的减少;AO负位相时,东亚大槽增强使得冬季风加强,高原东部受来自西北的干冷气流控制,不利于降雪产生,高原西南侧出现气旋异常,促使来自阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾的暖湿气流输送至高原西部,与来自西伯利亚的冷空气相遇,营造多雪的环流背景。     

青藏高原冬季积雪时空变化特征及其与北极涛动的关系

青藏高原积雪不仅是气候变化的敏感指示器,而且对亚洲季风区乃至全球气候具有显著影响。利用2002-2014年MODIS积雪覆盖范围产品及ERA-Interim再分析资料,采用气候统计诊断方法探究了青藏高原冬季积雪的时空变化特征及其与北极涛动(AO)的关系,结果表明:(1)高原冬季积雪空间分布差异明显,高原西部和东南部多雪,中部和北部少雪,东部积雪年际变化大,西部多雪区积雪较为稳定。(2)高原冬季积雪EOF分解第一模态具有东—西反位相变化特征,当高原东部积雪偏多(少)时,西部积雪偏少(多)。(3)该模态与AO密切相关。AO正位相时,东亚大槽减弱,南支槽加深东移,西太平洋副高加强使得更多暖湿气流到达高原,有利于高原东部降雪,而高原西南侧阿拉伯海附近存在反气旋异常,使得阿拉伯海的水汽不易抬升进入高原西部,高原西部盛行干燥的下沉气流异常,造成少雪的环流背景,且地表温度偏高不利于积雪维持,从而导致高原西部积雪的减少;AO负位相时,东亚大槽增强使得冬季风加强,高原东部受来自西北的干冷气流控制,不利于降雪产生,高原西南侧出现气旋异常,促使来自阿拉伯海和孟加拉湾的暖湿气流输送至高原西部,与来自西伯利亚的冷空气相遇,营造多雪的环流背景。     

青海南部牧区前冬积雪变化及其预测的关系模型研究

利用1961-2008年青海南部牧区地面气象观测资料、74个环流特征量和北半球500 hPa高度场网格点资料,整理了地表积雪序列和雪灾年表,并对积雪的变化趋势和雪灾发生的机理进行了研究。结果表明,1961-2008年青南牧区共有16 a发生积雪灾害,占总年数的33.33%。在4 450 m以下,累计积雪量随海拔高度的升高而增加,在4 451 m以上,累计积雪量随海拔高度的升高而减小。典型多积雪年新地岛地区的冷空气偏强、高原低值系统活动偏多,新地岛的冷空气容易沿偏西北路径侵入青南高原与高空槽前的暖湿空气汇合,形成云雨的物理条件充分,降雪多、积雪厚。典型少积雪年环流形势与上述基本相反。10-12月北美区极涡面积偏大和欧亚经向环流偏强、10月欧亚经向环流偏强、11月大西洋欧洲环流型E型日数偏多、12月大西洋副高北界位置偏北均有利于前冬青藏高原高度场的偏低和青南牧区累计积雪量的偏多。这些环流因子在相反的配置下,容易导致青南牧区累计积雪量的偏少。前冬模拟预报方程对典型多积雪年和1993年以来的积雪变化趋势全部预测成功。     

中国西部积雪微波遥感监测

用１９７８─１９８７年多通过微波扫描辐射计（ＳＭＭＲ）所获取的地表微波亮温及亮温－雪深区域订正反演算式，计算了１００°Ｅ以西中国境内年与季的平均雪量和雪盖率，以及它们的年际变化，阐明了积雪时空的变化。所取得的高原及高山低山积雪监测结果，为当地积雪资源的开发利用提供了可靠依据。     

天山西部中山带积雪变化趋势与气温和降水的关系——以巩乃斯河谷为例

根据位于巩乃斯河谷的天山积雪雪崩研究站近30年来的年最大雪深、月平均气温、月降水量观测记录，用平均差值法、最小二乘法、自回归滑动平均法检验了天山西部中山带积雪、冷季降水、冷季平均气温的变化趋势，结果表明，天山西部中山带积雪呈增加趋势，近30年来年平均增加1.43%，与青藏高原、南极大陆及格陵兰冰盖表面积雪积累增加相一致。天山西部中山带冷季气温和降水的变化趋势也是增加的，其中冷季降水平年平均增加0．12％，而冷季气温升高了0．8℃，积雪与冷季气温之间存在着弱的负相关关系，而与冷季降水呈显著的正相关关系。积雪的增加主要是因为气候变暖引起的冷季降水的增加对积雪增加的贡献大于由于冷季气温升高而造成积雪减少的贡献的结果。     

青海南部冬季积雪和雪灾变化的特征及其预评估

利用1961-2003年青海南部牧区气象台站观测的气温、降水、积雪资料,用气候诊断方法分析了该地区积雪等气候要素的年代际演变特征以及雪灾变化的成因。结果表明:20世纪60-90年代冬季,青南牧区中雪和大雪出现的站次以及雪灾出现的站次有逐步增多的趋势,降雪量和地表平均积雪量每10 a分别增加1.454 mm、9.861cm,单站积雪量在4 100 m左右的高度上增加比较明显,冬季降雪和积雪增加的趋势和新疆完全一致。典型多(少)雪年500 hPa高度距平场高原西部与中国东部地区为“- ”(“ -”)型。未来10 a冬季积雪增多的趋势仍将维持,雪灾发生的几率仍然偏大。     

基于MODIS数据的青藏高原积雪日数提取与时空变化分析

以青藏高原为研究对象,首先采用基于三次样条函数的去云算法对2001—2011年逐日MODIS积雪面积比例产品进行了去云处理,并对去云结果进行了精度验证。然后根据去云后的逐日无云MODIS积雪面积比例产品,提取了研究区近11年的积雪日数,并对积雪日数的时空分布特征进行了分析。结果表明:1.本文的去云算法能有效的获取云覆盖像元的积雪面积信息,总体平均绝对误差值为0.092。去云后MODIS积雪产品提取的积雪日数与地面观测值具有较高的一致性(87.03%),平均绝对误差3.8 d;2.青藏高原积雪日数的分布极不均匀,四周山区(特别是西部和南部山区)积雪分布广泛且积雪日数高,而高原腹地积雪日数低,年均稳定性积雪面积占27.24%;3.青藏高原积雪日数的年际波动较大,积雪日数在34.14%的地区呈减少的趋势,在24.75%的地区呈增加的趋势,其中显著减少和增加的地区分别为5.59%和3.9%。     

近50年青藏高原东部冬季积雪的时空变化特征

选取青藏高原东部地区1961-2010 年64 个测站的积雪数据,分析了冬季积雪日数的空间分布和年代际变化特征,结果表明：高原东部冬季积雪空间分布差异较大,巴颜喀拉山、唐古拉山和念青唐古拉山多雪且变率大,藏南谷地、川西干暖河谷地带及柴达木盆地少雪且变率小,这样的空间分布是由周边大气环流系统及复杂局地地形共同造成的;高原东部冬季积雪表现出“少—多—少”的年代际变化特征,分别在80 年代末和20 世纪末发生由少到多和由多到少的两次突变,尤其是20 世纪末的突变更为显著;降雪和气温的变化是影响积雪日数的重要因素,其中降雪的影响更为显著;80 年代末高原冬季降雪由少到多的突变是造成积雪日数发生相应变化的主要原因;20 世纪末高原冬季气温和降雪分别发生由低到高和由多到少突变,其影响叠加导致积雪日数发生了更为显著的突变。     

天山西部中山带积雪变化趋势与气温和降水的关系——以巩乃斯河谷为例

根据位于巩乃斯河谷的天山积雪雪崩研究站近30a来的年最大雪深、月平均气温、月降水量观测记录，用平均差值法、最小二乘法、自回归滑动平均法检验了天山西部中山带积雪、冷季降水、冷季平均气温的变化趋势，结果表明，天山西部中山带积雪呈增加趋势，近30a来年平均增加1．43％，与青藏高原、南极大陆及格陵兰冰盖表面积雪积累增加相一致。天山西部中山带冷季气温和降水的变化趋势也是增加的，其中冷季降水平年平均增加0．12％，而冷季气温升高了0．8℃，积雪与冷季气温之间存在着弱的负相关关系，而与冷季降水呈显著的正相关关系。积雪的增加主要是因为气候变暖引起的冷季降水的增加对积雪增加的贡献大于由于冷季气温升高而造成积雪减少的贡献的结果。     

RESPONSE OF TIBETAN SNOW COVER TO GLOBAL WARMING

I.foroductionSnowcoverisahiguysensitiveelementtoclimatevariationandclilnatechange.TrendsonsnowcoverofthelaopscaledimensionsarecriticalforidentifvingglobalwanhingandfordiagnosinginteraedonsbetWeenclimateandsnowcover.Alth0ughitisgenerallybelievedthatdecreas…     

Distribution of winter-spring snow over the Tibetan Plateau and its relationship with summer precipitation in Yangtze River

The distribution of winter-spring snow cover over the Tibetan Plateau(TP) and its relationship with summer precipitation in the middle and lower reaches of Yangtze River Valley(MLYRV) during 2003–2013 have been investigated with the moderate-resolution imaging spectrometer(MODIS) Terra data(MOD10A2) and precipitation observations. Results show that snow cover percentage(SCP) remains approximately 20% in winter and spring then tails off to below 5% with warmer temperature and snow melt in summer. The lower and highest percentages present a declining tendency while the middle SCP exhibits an opposite variation. The maximum value appears from the middle of October to March and the minimum emerges from July to August. The annual and winter-spring SCPs present a decreasing tendency. Snow cover is mainly situated in the periphery of the plateau and mountainous regions, and less snow in the interior of the plateau, basin and valley areas in view of snow cover frequency(SCF) over the TP. Whatever annual or winter-spring snow cover, they all have remarkable declining tendency during 2003–2013, and annual snow cover presents a decreasing trend in the interior of the TP and increasing trend in the periphery of the TP. The multi-year averaged eight-day SCP is negatively related to mean precipitation in the MLYRV. Spring SCP is negatively related to summer precipitation while winter SCP is positively related to summer precipitation in most parts of the MLYRV. Hence, the influence of winter snow cover on precipitation is much more significant than that in spring on the basis of correlation analysis. The oscillation of SCF from southeast to northwest over the TP corresponds well to the beginning, development and cessation of the rain belt in eastern China.     

北半球积雪/海冰面积与温度相关性的差异分析

积雪和海冰的时空变化对区域以及全球的气候、水文具有重要影响。基于雪冰数据和NCEP再分析气温数据,利用MK检验、滞后分析等方法,分析了积雪、海冰的时空变化特征及其与温度的相关特征。结果表明：1979-2013年,北半球积雪区、北极圈的年均温度呈显著上升的趋势,而积雪面积和海冰面积呈显著下降的趋势。在大部分地区,积雪覆盖频率随着温度的上升呈显著减少的趋势,但在中国长江中下游、青藏高原等局部地区,积雪覆盖频率随着温度的上升呈显著增加趋势。在大部分的近陆地海域,海冰覆盖频率随着温度的上升呈显著下降趋势。超前时间1~2个月的温度与海冰面积的负相关性最高。超前1~4个月的温度与积雪面积的负相关性最高。温度对海冰的影响时间比对积雪的影响时间长1~2个月。温度变化对海冰和积雪的影响存在一致性,但积雪和海冰对温度的响应时间存在差异,具有空间变异性。     

Characteristics of abrupt changes of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer in the Tibetan Plateau and their impacts on summer precipitation in China

In this paper, a variation series of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer from 1965 to 2004 on the Tibetan Plateau has been established by using the observation data from meteorological stations. The sliding T-test, M-K test and B-G algorithm are used to verify abrupt changes of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer in the Tibetan plateau. The results show that the snow cover has not undergone an abrupt change, but the seasonal freeze-thaw layer obviously witnessed a rapid degradation in 1987, with the frozen soil depth being reduced by about 15 cm. It is also found that when there is less snow in the plateau region, precipitation in South China and Southwest China increases. But when the frozen soil is deep, precipitation in most of China apparently decreases. Both snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer on the plateau can be used to predict the summer precipitation in China. However, if the impacts of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer are used at the same time, the predictability of summer precipitation can be significantly improved. The significant correlation zone of snow is located in middle reaches of the Yangtze River covering the Hexi Corridor and northeastern Inner Mongolia, and the seasonal freeze-thaw layer exists in Mt. Nanling, northern Shannxi and northwestern part of North China. The significant correlation zone of simultaneous impacts of snow cover and seasonal freeze-thaw layer is larger than that of either snow cover or seasonal freeze-thaw layer. There are three significant correlation zones extending from north to south: the north zone spreads from Mt. Daxinganling to the Hexi Corridor, crossing northern Mt. Taihang and northern Shannxi; the central zone covers middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River; and the south zone extends from Mt. Wuyi to Yunnan and Guizhou Plateau through Mt. Nanling.     

Comparison and analysis of snow cover data based on different definitions of snow cover days

In order to analyze the differences between the two snow cover data, the snow cover data of 884 meteorological stations in China from 1951 to 2005 are counted. The data include days of visual snow observation, snow depth, and snow cover durations, which vary according to different definitions of snow cover days. Two series of data, as defined by "snow depth" and by "weather observation," are investigated here. Our results show that there is no apparent difference between them in east China and the Xinjiang region, but in northeast China and the Tibetan Plateau the "weather observation" data vary by more than 10 days and the "snow depth" data vary by 0.4 cm. Especially in the Tibetan Plateau, there are at least 15 more days of "weather observation" snow in most areas (sometimes more than 30 days). There is an obvious difference in the snow cover data due to bimodal snowfall data in the Tibetan Plateau, which has peak snowfalls from September to October and from April to May. At those times the temperature is too high for snow cover formation and only a few days have trace snow cover. Also, the characteristics and changing trends of snow cover are analyzed here based on the snow cover data of nine weather stations in the northeast region of the Tibetan Plateau, by the Mann-Kendall test. The results show significantly fewer days of snow cover and shorter snow durations as defined by "snow depth" compared to that as defined by "weather observation." Mann-Kendall tests of both series of snow cover durations show an abrupt change in 1987.     

A new MODIS daily cloud free snow cover mapping algorithm on the Tibetan Plateau

Because of similar reflective characteristics of snow and cloud, the weather status seriously affects snow monitoring using optical remote sensing data. Cloud amount analysis during 2010 to 2011 snow seasons shows that cloud cover is the major limitation for snow cover monitoring using MOD10A1 and MYD10A1. By use of MODIS daily snow cover products and AMSR-E snow water equivalent products (SWE), several cloud elimination methods were integrated to produce a new daily cloud free snow cover product, and information of snow depth from 85 climate stations in Tibetan Plateau area (TP) were used to validate the accuracy of the new composite snow cover product. The results indicate that snow classification accuracy of the new daily snow cover product reaches 91.7% when snow depth is over 3 cm. This suggests that the new daily snow cover mapping algorithm is suitable for monitoring snow cover dynamic changes in TP.     

The role of declining Arctic sea ice in recent decreasing terrestrial Arctic snow depths

The dramatic decline in Arctic sea ice cover is anticipated to influence atmospheric temperatures and circulation patterns. These changes will affect the terrestrial climate beyond the boundary of the Arctic, consequently modulating terrestrial snow cover. Therefore, an improved understanding of the relationship between Arctic sea ice and snow depth over the terrestrial Arctic is warranted. We examined responses of snow depth to the declining Arctic sea ice extent in September, during the period of 1979–2006. The major reason for a focus on snow depth, rather than snow cover, is because its variability has a climatic memory that impacts hydrothermal processes during the following summer season. Analyses of combined data sets of satellite measurements of sea ice extent and snow depth, simulated by a land surface model (CHANGE), suggested that an anomalously larger snow depth over northeastern Siberia during autumn and winter was significantly correlated to the declining September Arctic sea ice extent, which has resulted in cooling temperatures, along with an increase in precipitation. Meanwhile, the reduction of Arctic sea ice has amplified warming temperatures in North America, which has readily offset the input of precipitation to snow cover, consequently further decreasing snow depth. However, a part of the Canadian Arctic recorded an increase in snow depth driven locally by the diminishing September Arctic sea ice extent. Decreasing snow depth at the hemispheric scale, outside the northernmost regions (i.e., northeastern Siberia and Canadian Arctic), indicated that Arctic amplification related to the diminishing Arctic sea ice has already impacted the terrestrial Arctic snow depth. The strong reduction in Arctic sea ice anticipated in the future also suggests a potential long-range impact on Arctic snow cover. Moreover, the snow depth during the early snow season tends to contribute to the warming of soil temperatures in the following summer, at least in the northernmost regions.     

基于MODIS数据的蒙古高原积雪时空变化研究

利用Terra卫星和Aqua卫星提供的2002年9月1日~2017年5月31日每日积雪覆盖产品MOD10C1和MYD10C1,提取蒙古高原积雪日数、积雪面积、积雪初日及积雪终日信息,得到蒙古高原积雪特征分布和变化趋势,同时,结合蒙古高原108个地面气象观测站的气温资料,分析研究区积雪变化特征和气温的关系。结果表明：（1）蒙古高原平均积雪日数在60～90 d之间,积雪初日主要分布在315～335 d之间,积雪终日大多集中在31～61 d之间,蒙古高原东部地区积雪初日有明显的提前趋势,西南地区积雪终日有明显的提前趋势。（2）积雪面积在积雪季内呈 “单峰型”,1月份为积雪面积最大月,年均积雪面积呈微弱的下降趋势。（3）最大积雪覆盖面积与温度具有明显的相关性,稳定积雪覆盖区的临界温度大概介于-11~-8 ℃之间。（4）温度是影响积雪特征变化的重要因素。     

Snow depth simulated by BATS-SAST model and its improvement

A BATS-SAST model was employed to simulate the snow processes in four snow cases of Sk_OJP 2001/2002, 2002/2003, 2003/2004 and Sk_HarvestJP 2003/2004 of Canada. At Sk_OJP site we modified the long-wave radiation and precipitation schemes. Considering the different interceptions between rain and snow and the effect of wind and canopy temperature on snow download, we improved the canopy interception model. At Sk_HarvestJP site we modified the snow cover fraction scheme. Results show that the model reasonably simulates the basic processes of snow cover. The modified model, which considers the part of the long-wave radiation and precipitation transmitted through the canopy at Sk_OJP site, can increase the simulation of snow depth which is closer to the observations. The improved canopy interception model, which influences the variation of snow depth under the canopy by changing canopy interception, is a great improvement on simulation of snow depth, especially on the ablation of snow cover. At Sk_HarvestJP site, there are obvious improvements on simulation of snow depth on the ablation of snow cover.