外源EBR和NO信号对低温胁迫下玉米种胚抗氧化系统和低温响应基因表达的影响

以玉米主栽品种先玉335为试材,研究24-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对低温胁迫下玉米种胚抗氧化能力和低温响应基因表达的影响.结果表明:EBR浸种处理后,玉米种子活力指数和早期幼苗生长显著提高,种胚中超氧自由基(O2(-))含量明显降低,抗氧化酶(包括超氧化物歧化酶SOD、过氧化物酶POD、过氧化氢酶CAT和谷胱甘肽还原酶GR等)活性和非酶类抗氧化物质谷胱甘肽GSH及脯氨酸含量升高,同时促进一氧化氮(NO)的累积,而使用NO清除剂c-PTIO和NO合成酶抑制剂L-NAME处理后,种胚中CAT、POD和脯氨酸含量有所下降,但是外源NO可提高种胚中CAT、POD和脯氨酸的含量,表明EBR诱导的玉米种胚抗氧化能力增加是通过NO介导的.低温胁迫诱导玉米幼胚中P5CS1、CBF1、CBF3和COR15a等基因的表达,EBR处理基因表达进一步提高,而c-PTIO和L-NAME处理基因表达降低;NO供体SNP则提高了这些基因的表达,这表明EBR可能通过NO途径调控低温响应基因的表达.可见,外源EBR可通过NO途径增强玉米种胚抗氧化能力和调控低温响应基因的表达,进而提高低温胁迫的耐受性.     

高浓度O3对城市蒙古栎凋落叶分解和养分释放的影响

采用开顶箱(OTCs)模拟法和分解袋法,以O₃自然浓度(40 nmol·mol^-1)为对照,研究高浓度O₃(约120 nmol·mol^-1)对城市自然环境下生长的10年生蒙古栎凋落叶分解和养分释放的影响,分解时长达150 d.结果表明：高浓度O₃未对蒙古栎凋落叶的分解产生显著影响.高浓度O₃抑制了蒙古栎凋落叶C、K释放,分解150 d,高浓度O₃处理K残留率为23.9%,显著高于对照(17.1%).高浓度O₃在分解前期(0～60 d)抑制了凋落叶N、木质素的释放,在分解后期(60～150 d)起促进作用.高浓度O₃处理与对照木质素/N变化趋势一致且无显著差异.除分解中期(60 d)外,对照P残留率始终高于高浓度O₃处理.C/P变化趋势与P相反,在整个分解过程中,高浓度O₃处理C/P高于对照,而且C、N、K残留率以及C/N与凋落叶干质量剩余率呈显著正相关.因此,高浓度O₃将对蒙古栎林的营养循环产生一定影响.     

甜瓜幼苗叶片内源一氧化氮和蔗糖代谢对低温胁迫的响应

以低温敏感型甜瓜品种‘XL-1’和耐低温型品种‘红优’为试材,采用6℃低温处理0、1、3、6、12、24h及3d、5d和7d,研究低温胁迫下甜瓜幼苗叶片中NO合成和蔗糖代谢的变化特征。结果表明:(1)低温胁迫能提高甜瓜幼苗叶片中硝酸还原酶(NR)活性,诱导促进NO生成,其中耐低温型甜瓜‘红优’中NO对低温的响应时间更早,变化幅度更大。(2)与对照相比,低温胁迫处理提高了2种甜瓜幼苗叶片中蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖含量,增加了蔗糖磷酸合成酶(SPS)、蔗糖合成酶(SS)、酸性转化酶(AI)和中性转化酶(NI)活性,降低了淀粉含量。(3)低温胁迫处理使2种甜瓜叶片中渗透调节物质可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸的含量上升。研究发现,低温胁迫通过增加甜瓜体内NO合成酶的活性刺激体内NO合成,通过促进蔗糖代谢相关酶的活性,提高蔗糖、果糖和葡萄糖的含量,从而响应低温胁迫,且低温胁迫诱导的糖分物质积累时间晚于NO的产生时间。     

油菜素内酯对氯化钠胁迫下黄瓜幼苗的缓解效应

研究了2,4-表油菜素内酯(EBR)对氯化钠胁迫下黄瓜幼苗叶片光合作用及抗氧化系统的影响．结果表明： 与对照相比,氯化钠胁迫导致黄瓜幼苗叶片超氧阴离子产生速率、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量、细胞膜透性显著升高,净光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率、胞间CO₂浓度显著下降,幼苗生长显著受抑．EBR可提高黄瓜幼苗叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶、过氧化氢酶等抗氧化酶活性,降低超氧阴离子产生速率、过氧化氢和丙二醛含量及细胞膜透性,维持良好的光合性能,从而促进幼苗生长,有效缓解氯化钠胁迫造成的伤害.
     

沈阳城市土壤全钾和碱解氮的空间变异性

采用地统计学和地理信息系统（GIS）相结合的方法研究了沈阳城市土壤全钾、碱解氮2种土壤养分的空间变异性.结果表明：全钾的最佳拟合模型为指数模型,碱解氮的最佳拟合模型为高斯模型;其块金值/基台值［C₀/(C₀+C)］分别为10.65%和17.96%,说明沈阳城市土壤全钾和碱解氮的空间相关性较强,其空间变异主要是由结构性因素引起的.通过克立格插值对沈阳城市土壤全钾和碱解氮的空间分布特征进行分析发现：全钾的空间分布没有明显的规律性;碱解氮的空间分布则为周边高、城区中部低.     

臭氧对原位条件下冬小麦叶片光合色素、脂质过氧化的影响

运用开顶式气室(OTC-1)研究了O3胁迫对原位条件下冬小麦叶片的光合色素、脂质过氧化和抗氧化系统的影响.结果表明:随着O3浓度的升高,各个生育期小麦叶片中叶绿素含量下降,叶绿素组成发生改变,且在灌浆期变化明显;叶片相对电导率(REC)增大,丙二醛(M DA)含量增加;过氧化氢酶(CAT)、过氧化物酶(POD)活性和类胡萝卜素(C ar)含量降低,超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活性在O3浓度低于1×10-7(φO3)时逐渐升高,而后急剧降低.可见O3促进了小麦叶片老化,加剧了膜脂过氧化,破坏了抗氧化系统功能,影响了叶片的正常生理代谢.     

油菜素内酯浸种对盐胁迫番茄种子萌发的影响及其生理机制

为揭示油菜素甾醇类化合物提高作物耐盐的效应和机理,研究了10^-11、10^-10、10^-9、10^-8、10^-7、10^-6、10^-5 mol/L 2,4-表油菜素内酯（EBL）浸种处理对0、50、100、150、175 mmol/L NaCl胁迫7 d的番茄种子萌发、生长、溶质积累、抗氧化代谢的影响。结果显示：NaCl浓度越高的盐胁迫下,10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种可体现出越显著的促进番茄种子萌发的效应;在所有处理下,EBL浸种浓度过高,即10^-6、10^-5 mol/L EBL,均表现出对种子萌发的抑制效应。盐胁迫下种子萌发后,一定浓度的EBL浸种可表现出明显的增加种子胚根和下胚轴长,提高萌发种子鲜重和种子活力指数,其中10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种处理促进效果最适;EBL浸种浓度过高,则表现出抑制效应。150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫或非盐胁迫下,10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种均可降低萌发种子体内的O₂^·-、H₂O₂、丙二醛（MDA）和脯氨酸（Pro）含量;盐胁迫下,10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种可显著提高萌发种子可溶性糖（SS）和可溶性蛋白（SP）的含量。150 mmol/L NaCl胁迫或非盐胁迫下,10^-9 mol/L EBL处理可不同程度促进番茄种苗超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）和过氧化物酶（POD）活性的上升。综上所述,盐胁迫下,一定浓度范围内的EBL浸种可明显促进番茄种子萌发或成苗,其中以10^-9 mol/L EBL浸种的效果最好,主要是因为EBL施用可积极促进番茄种子萌发中物质转化,SS和SP等溶质积累增多,增强其渗透调节能力;同时SOD和POD酶活增强,缓解盐胁迫导致番茄种子萌发中的次生氧化胁迫。     

臭氧和氟化氢复合熏气对小麦叶片形态和生理机能的影响

用开顶式熏气装置,研究了臭氧（Ｏ＿３）和氟化氢（ＨＦ）单独与复合熏气对春小麦（ＴｒｉｔｉｃｕｍａｅｓｔｉｖｕｍＬ．）叶片伤害症状、叶片的膜透性、糖和叶绿素含量的影响。结果表明,复合熏气比单独熏气对叶片的伤害更重,它们都使膜透性增大,叶绿素含量下降。熏气初期可溶性糖含量升高,伤害加重时则含量下降。研究还得出Ｏ＿３和ＨＦ复合熏气对小麦的伤害具有联合作用,对幼叶的伤害具有协同效应,而对老龄叶的危害似有一定的拮抗作用。     

腐植酸浸种对低温胁迫下玉米幼苗抗氧化系统的影响

低温冷害是导致黑龙江省玉米产量不稳、品质不高的重要农业气象灾害,而关于低温胁迫下玉米抗氧化应激能力和程度的研究较少。采用清水为对照（CK）,以腐植酸质量浓度为0.2%、0.4%、0.8%、1.2%、1.6%和2.0%浸种,研究了昼夜温度为15℃/8℃低温胁迫48 h下玉米幼苗的代表性抗氧化酶活性、抗坏血酸-谷胱甘肽（AsA-GSH）循环、系统抗性及碳氮代谢的变化,以明确腐植酸对玉米的耐低温胁迫响应机制及适宜的浸种浓度。结果表明：低温胁迫条件下腐植酸浸种主要受过氧化氢（H₂O₂）积累诱导,随着浸种浓度的增加,大多数抗氧化酶和系统抗性酶活性、AsA-GSH循环、碳氮代谢主要物质含量、根系活力和鲜重均呈单峰曲线分布,其中0.8%-2.0%浓度处理的叶片和根系可溶性蛋白含量分别显著增加了23.3%-34.9%和31.9%-89.6%;1.6%浓度处理的叶片和根系苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性分别显著增加了16.8%和38.8%,多酚氧化酶活性分别增加了27.7%和13.4%,抗坏血酸含量分别显著增加了62.6%和55.3%,脱氢抗坏血酸含量分别显著增加了31.9%和66.4%;0.8%浓度处理的叶片和根系过氧化氢酶活性分别显著增加了66.4%和108.1%。因此,腐植酸浸种处理的叶片H₂O₂含量较对照显著降低了18.7%-37.6%,根系H₂O₂含量显著降低了27.5%-49.7%。0.4%和0.8%浓度处理的根系鲜重较对照分别显著增加了85.2%和105.3%,单株鲜重分别显著增加了31.9%和40.8%。腐植酸0.4%-0.8%处理增强了AsA为核心的AsA-GSH循环系统的运转活性和系统抗性,提高了玉米幼苗的抗氧化应激能力,获得最大的根系活力和植株鲜重,是水培条件下较为适宜的浸种浓度。     

夜间低温胁迫对两种生长光强下藤黄幼苗叶片荧光特征和活性氧代谢的影响

对两种不同生长光强下（自然光的8％和50％）西双版纳热带雨林木本植物藤黄（Garcinia han-buryi）幼苗经夜间低温（4℃）处理后荧光特性和活性氧代谢的研究结果表明,低温使藤黄叶片光合机构PSⅡ原初光能转化效率（Fv/Fm）、PSⅡ非环式电子传递的量子效率（ФPSⅡ）、非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）下降,原初荧光（F0）上升。低温胁迫消除后,生长在50％光强下藤黄叶片的Fv/Fm和F0在3d后仍不能完全恢复,而生长在8％光强下藤黄叶片的Fv/Fm和F0基本恢复,说明低温使生长在8％光强下藤黄的光合机构PSⅡ反应中心受到可逆失活,而生长在50％光强下藤黄的光合机构受到氧化伤害。随着低温胁迫时间的延长,两种生长光强藤黄叶片活性氧保护酶（SOD,CAT,APX）的活性虽升高,但O2^-的生成速率、H2O2和MDA含量积累增加。而在恢复阶段,生长在8％光强比生长在50％光强下藤黄叶片的活性氧含量下降得快,进一步说明生长在高光强的植物比生长在低光强的植物受低温伤害大。     

温度增高、CO2浓度升高、施氮对蒙古栎幼苗非结构碳水化合物积累及其分配的综合影响

蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)是中国东北地区天然次生林重要组成树种, 研究该树种幼苗有机碳积累及碳库容对未来气候变化的响应, 可为预测未来气候变暖情景下蒙古栎林的天然更新及幼苗的培育提供科学参考。该文旨在探讨CO₂浓度和温度升高综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗非结构性碳水化合物(NSC)积累及其分配的影响。实验环境条件用人工气候箱控制, 控制条件如下: 1) CO₂浓度倍增(700 μmol·mol^-1), 温度升高4 ℃处理(HCHT); 2) CO₂浓度正常(400 μmol·mol^-1), 温度升高4 ℃处理(HT); 3) CO₂浓度和温度均正常, 即对照组(CK); 每个气候箱幼苗分别在3种氮素水平下生长: N2 (15 mmol·L^-1, 高氮), N1 (7.5 mmol·L^-1, 正常供氮)和N0 (不施氮), 一共为9个处理。研究结果表明, 1) HCHT共同作用对NSC积累无促进作用, 但改变了植物各器官中NSC的分配比例, 叶片中可溶性糖和淀粉的积累明显增加, HCHT下N2水平有利于NSC的积累。2) HT明显影响了蒙古栎一年生幼苗NCS的积累和分配。在N2水平下, HT明显促进NSC的积累, 并增加了在主根中的分配比例。3)植株各器官可溶性糖含量的动态变化因处理不同而异。主根淀粉含量随时间逐渐增加, 而细根淀粉含量随时间逐渐减少。在未来气候变暖的情况下, 土壤中大量的氮供给, 可能将促进蒙古栎幼苗的生长、增加其碳库容和抵御不良环境的能力, 进而提高其天然更新潜力。     

不同氮素水平下增温及[CO2]升高综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗生物量及其分配的影响

 蒙古栎(Quercus mongolica)是东北地区天然次生林重要组成树种, 研究该树种对未来气候变暖的响应, 可为预测未来气候变暖情况下蒙古栎林的发展动态、制定合理的经营措施提供科学参考。该文旨在探讨不同的供氮水平下, CO₂浓度和温度升高综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗生物量及其分配的影响。实验采用人工气候箱控制, 控制条件分别为温度升高4 ℃(ET)、CO₂浓度倍增(700 μmol CO₂ ·mol^–1) × 温度升高4 ℃ (ECET)和对照(正常温度, CO₂浓度为400 μmol CO₂·mol^–1) (CK), 每个控制条件幼苗的基质分别用3种氮素水平处理: N1 (15 mmol·L^–1 N)、N2 (7.5 mmol·L^–1 N)和N3 (不施氮)。研究结果显示, 1)在ET条件下, N1明显促进幼苗茎的高生长、径生长和生物量积累, 幼苗生物量的分配随氮素浓度的增加, 地下生物量所占的比例增大。2) ECET条件下N1明显促进幼苗的高生长, 但对径生长影响不显著, 对幼苗总生物量积累的影响不显著。但N1增加了地下生物量的比例。3) ET与ECET条件下幼苗叶片的碳氮比均随供氮水平降低而升高, 但ECET下碳氮比的升高是由于叶片碳含量较高引起的, 而ET条件下则是由于叶片氮含量的降低而引起的。ECET和ET条件较低的氮素供应水平综合作用对蒙古栎幼苗的生物量积累无促进作用。因此, 在未来气候变化情况下, 土壤中充足的氮供给可能将促进蒙古栎幼苗的生长, 增加其天然更新潜力, 并增加其碳库容。     

O_3与CO_2浓度倍增对油松针叶抗氧化酶活性的影响

以4年生的油松幼苗为试材,采用开顶箱内气体熏蒸实验,对经高浓度O_3(80nmol·mol~(-1))和CO_2(700 μmol·mol~(-1))单一及复合处理3年后,油松当年生针叶内丙二醛(MDA)含量、活性氧自由基和抗氧化酶等逆境生理指标进行了分析.结果表明:超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)和脱氢抗坏血酸还原酶(DHAR)活性经O_3处理后显著升高,分别比对照上升了43.1%、18.9%、283.5%和142.6%,而CO_2和复合处理仅对APX和CAT活性有明显的诱导作用,但均低于O_3处理;O_3处理导致MDA含量上升51.8%,而外加CO_2则能有效逆转这一趋势;超氧阴离子(O_2~-·)产生速率和H_2O_2含量在所有处理组合间均无显著差异.上述结果说明,O_3能有效地激活油松当年生针叶内的抗氧化酶系统,而CO_2能缓解O_3所带来的不利影响,但并非通过提高抗氧化酶活性这一途径.

Abstract：

Four-year-old Pinus tabulaeformis seedlings were planted in open-topped chambers and treated with elevated O_3(80 nmol·mol~(-1)) and/or CO_2(700 μmol·mol~(-1)). After treated for three years, the malondialdehyde (MDA) content, reactive oxygen species, and antioxidant enzyme activities in the current year needles were analyzed. In treatment elevated O_3, the activi-ties of superoxide dismutase (SOD), aseorbate peroxidase (APX), catalase (CAT) and de-hydroaseorbate reductase (DHAR) increased significantly, being 43. 1%, 18.9%, 283.5% and 142. 6% higher than the control; and in treatments elevated CO_2 and its combination with el-evated O_3, only APX and CAT activities were induced remarkably but still lower than those in treatment elevated O_3. Elevated O_3 increased the MDA content by 51.8%, whereas the combina-tion of elevated O_3 and CO_2 reversed this increase efficiently. No significant differences were ob-served in the superoxide anion (O_2~-·) generating rate and H_2O_2 content among all treatments. All the results demonstrated that elevated O_3 was able to effectively activate the antioxidant enzyme system in P. Tabulaeformis current year needles, while elevated CO_2 could mitigate the negative effects of elevated O_3 through the actions other than enhancing the antioxidant enzyme activities.     

Combination of elevated CO<Subscript>2</Subscript> concentration and elevated temperature and elevated temperature only promote photosynthesis of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Quercus mongolica</Emphasis> seedlings

One-year-old oak (Quercus mongolica Fisch.) seedlings were grown in growth chambers for 30 days to investigate the effects of the combination of elevated CO₂ concentration ([CO₂], 700 μmol/mol) and temperature (ambient T + 4°C) and only elevated temperature (ambient T +4°C) on leaf gas exchange, chlorophyll a fluorescence, and chlorophyll content. In the growth chambers, natural conditions of the Maoershan mountain regions of Heilongjiang Province (45–46°N, 127–128°E) of China for the average growth season were simulated. The results showed that the maximum net photosynthetic rate (P _Nmax) was ≈ 1.64 times greater at elevated temperature than at ambient temperature. The irradiance saturation point (I _s), apparent quantum yield (AQY), maximum photosystem II efficiency (F _v/F _m), and chlorophyll content significantly increased, while irradiance compensation point (I _c) was not affected by elevated temperature. The combination of elevated [CO₂] and temperature also significantly increased P _Nmax by approximately 34% but much lower than that under elevated temperature only. In the case of factor combination, dark respiration (R _d), I _c, F _v/F _m, and total chlorophyll content increased significantly, while I _s and AQY were not affected. Moreover, under elevated [CO₂] and temperature, R _d and I _c, F _v/F _m were significantly higher than under elevated temperature only. The results indicated that the combination of elevated [CO₂] and temperature expected in connection with the further global climate change may affect carbon storage of the coenotype of Q. mongolica in this region of China. This text was submitted by the authors in English.     

Effects of elevated CO2 and O3 on leaf litter phenolics and subsequent performance of litter-feeding soil macrofauna

Two field-growing silver birch (Betula pendula Roth) clones (clone 4 and 80) were exposed to elevated CO₂ and O₃ for three growing seasons (1999–2001). The phenolic compounds of naturally abscised leaf litter were analyzed in order to determine the possible CO₂- and O₃-induced changes in the litter quality. The potential litter-mediated CO₂ and O₃ effects on litter-feeding soil macrofauna (detritivore) performance were assessed in microcosm experiments, i.e., the relative growth rates (RGR) of Lumbricus terrestris and Porcellio scaber, the relative consumption rates (RCR) of P. scaber, and mortality of the test animals were measured. The leaf litter grown under elevated CO₂ had increased concentrations (weight per mass unit) and contents (weight per leaf) of phenolic acids, flavonol glycosides, condensed tannins and total measured phenolics. Elevated O₃ increased the concentrations of 3,4’-dihydroxypropiophenone 3-β-d-glucoside (DHPPG) and flavonoid aglycones but only under ambient CO₂. However, elevated O₃ effects on the content of some low-molecular-weight phenolic (LMWP) compounds (i.e. phenolic acids, DHPPG, flavonoid aglycones) and total LMWP changed over time emphasizing the importance of conducting long-term (>3 years) exposure studies. In general, RGR of young L. terrestris was affected by the litter quality changes induced by elevated CO₂ and O₃, as the animal growth rates were reduced when they were fed with CO₂- and O₃-exposed leaf litter of clone 80 in Experiment 1. P. scaber RCR or RGR responses to CO₂- and O₃-induced changes in litter quality were more variable and inconsistent, and neither were there any litter-mediated CO₂ and O₃ effects on animal mortality in these microcosm experiments. In conclusion, elevated CO₂ has the potential to alter silver birch leaf litter quality, but the possible O₃ effects on phenolic compounds and litter-mediated CO₂ and O₃ effects on detritivores are more difficult to validate.     

大气CO2浓度及温度升高对高山灌木鬼箭锦鸡儿(Caragana jubata)生长及抗氧化系统的影响

以CO_2浓度及温度升高为主要标志的全球气候变化将对我国西北地区脆弱的生态系统产生重要影响。利用环境控制实验研究CO_2浓度倍增(eCO_2, C_1:400μmol/mol和C_2:800μmol/mol)和温度升高(eT, T_1:20℃/10℃和T_2:23℃/13℃)对高山灌木鬼箭锦鸡儿(Caragana jubata)生长及抗氧化系统的影响。结果表明:eCO_2和eT表现出相反的生长和生理效应,eT对幼苗生长的影响要大于eCO_2对其的影响。eT使幼苗的总生物量、净光合速率(NAR)和相对生长速率(RGR)降低;但可促进地上部分生长,叶生物量比及叶面积比增加。eCO_2可减缓或补偿由eT引起的总生物量、NAR和RGR的降低,并促进地下部分生长。对抗氧化系统来说,eT使得超氧化歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)及抗坏血酸过氧化物酶(APX)活性降低,还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)和抗坏血酸(ASA)含量降低;eCO_2只增加常温下SOD酶活性,并使GSH、ASA整体水平提高。结论:温度升高和CO_2浓度倍增没有协同促进鬼箭锦鸡儿幼苗的生长和光合能力。温度升高将对幼苗生长和抗氧化系统产生不利影响,eCO_2可促进生长并可能通过抗氧剂含量增加来缓解氧化胁迫。因此,未来气候变化,尤其是温度升高将会对高寒区植物产生较大影响,CO_2浓度增加可缓解增温的不利影响。     

Fungal community composition and metabolism under elevated CO2 and O3

Atmospheric CO₂ and O₃ concentrations are increasing due to human activity and both trace gases have the potential to alter C cycling in forest ecosystems. Because soil microorganisms depend on plant litter as a source of energy for metabolism, changes in the amount or the biochemistry of plant litter produced under elevated CO₂ and O₃ could alter microbial community function and composition. Previously, we have observed that elevated CO₂ increased the microbial metabolism of cellulose and chitin, whereas elevated O₃ dampened this response. We hypothesized that this change in metabolism under CO₂ and O₃ enrichment would be accompanied by a concomitant change in fungal community composition. We tested our hypothesis at the free-air CO₂ and O₃ enrichment (FACE) experiment at Rhinelander, Wisconsin, in which Populus tremuloides, Betula papyrifera, and Acer saccharum were grown under factorial CO₂ and O₃ treatments. We employed extracellular enzyme analysis to assay microbial metabolism, phospholipid fatty acid (PLFA) analysis to determine changes in microbial community composition, and polymerase chain reaction–denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (PCR–DGGE) to analyze the fungal community composition. The activities of 1,4-β-glucosidase (+37%) and 1,4,-β-N-acetylglucosaminidase (+84%) were significantly increased under elevated CO₂, whereas 1,4-β-glucosidase activity (−25%) was significantly suppressed by elevated O₃. There was no significant main effect of elevated CO₂ or O₃ on fungal relative abundance, as measured by PLFA. We identified 39 fungal taxonomic units from soil using DGGE, and found that O₃ enrichment significantly altered fungal community composition. We conclude that fungal metabolism is altered under elevated CO₂ and O₃, and that there was a concomitant change in fungal community composition under elevated O₃. Thus, changes in plant inputs to soil under elevated CO₂ and O₃ can propagate through the microbial food web to alter the cycling of C in soil.     

减少降水对长白山蒙古栎叶片生理生态特性的影响

以长白山针阔叶混交林优势树种蒙古栎为实验对象,研究了生长季(6-9月)减少降水30％(人工截留穿透雨30％)对蒙古栎叶光饱和光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率的影响.结果表明:在叶片生长初期(6月),减少降水使土壤含水量降低26.4％,减少降水条件下与对照条件下叶片的光饱和光合速率无明显差异,但明显下降的蒸腾作用使蒙古栎叶片的水分利用效率增加了40.3％;7-9月,较高的自然降水量导致不同降水处理条件下的土壤含水量无显著差异,因而叶片的光饱和光合速率、气孔导度、蒸腾速率和水分利用效率亦无明显影响;由此可见,无论是低雨量时期(6月)还是高雨量时期(7-9月),长白山地区降水减少30％不会影响成熟蒙古栎的光合能力;8月的高光合速率可能说明,较高的土壤高含水量并未形成对蒙古栎根系吸水的限制.研究结果认为,成熟蒙古栎能适应较广的土壤含水量范围,在未来气候变暖、降水量变化条件下仍能保持较强的生长和适应能力.     

Interactions between carbon dioxide and oxygen in the photosynthesis of three species of marine red macroalgae

Summary

Red algae have the highest known selectivity factor (S_rel) for CO₂ over O₂ of ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase-oxygenase (RUBISCO). This allows the prediction that a red alga relying on diffusive supply of CO₂ to RUBISCO from air-equilibrated solution should have less O₂ inhibition of photosynthesis than would an otherwise similar non-red alga with a lower S_rel of RUBISCO. Furthermore, RUBISCO shows an increased S_rel values at low temperatures. The prediction that O ₂inhibition of photosynthesis should be small for marine red algae relying on diffusive CO₂ entry growing in the North Sea with an annual temperature range of 4–16°C was tested in O₂ electrode experiments at 12°C. Phycodrys rubens and Plocamium cartilagineum, which rely on diffusive CO₂ entry showed, as predicted, only a small inhibition at lower inorganic C concentrations. Palmaria palmata, which has a CO₂ concentrating mechanism, had the expected negligible O ₂ inhibition of photosynthesis at any inorganic C concentration except (non-significantly) for saturating inorganic C.     

Daily and seasonal CO2 exchange in Scots pine grown under elevated O3 and CO2: experiment and simulation

Starting in early spring of 1994, naturally regenerated, 30-year-old Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) trees were grown in open-top chambers and exposed in situ to doubled ambient O₃,doubled ambient CO₂ and a combination of O₃ and CO₂ from 15 April to 15 September. To investigate daily and seasonal responses of CO₂ exchange to elevated O₃ and CO₂, the CO₂ exchange of shoots was measured continuously by an automatic system for measuring gas exchange during the course of one year (from 1 Januray to 31 December 1996). A process-based model of shoot photosynthesis was constructed to quantify modifications in the intrinsic capacity of photosynthesis and stomatal conductance by simulating the daily CO₂ exchange data from the field. Results showed that on most days of the year the model simulated well the daily course of shoot photosynthesis. Elevated O₃ significantly decreased photosynthetic capacity and stomatal conductance during the whole photosynthetic period. Elevated O₃ also led to a delay in onset of photosynthetic recovery in early spring and an increase in the sensitivity of photosynthesis to environmental stress conditions. The combination of elevated O₃ and CO₂ had an effect on photosynthesis and stomatal conductance similar to that of elevated O₃ alone, but significantly reduced the O₃-induced depression of photosynthesis. Elevated CO₂ significantly increased the photosynthetic capacity of Scots pine during the main growing season but slightly decreased it in early spring and late autumn. The model calculation showed that, compared to the control treatment, elevated O₃ alone and the combination of elevated O₃ and CO₂ decreased the annual total of net photosynthesis per unit leaf area by 55% and 38%, respectively. Elevated CO₂ increased the annual total of net photosynthesis by 13%.