Proximate composition and nutritional profile of by‐products from green urchin and Atlantic sea cucumber processing plants

Proximate composition, amino acid and fatty acid profiles, and mineral and vitamin contents of by‐products from Atlantic sea cucumber (Cucumaria frondosa) and green urchin (Strongylocentrotus droebachiensis) processing plants were investigated. Results showed that sea cucumber viscera, urchin digestive tract (UDT) and non‐commercial grade gonads contained 4.5–14.4% total proteins and 1.9–4.6% lipids (wet weight basis). They were rich in essential amino acids with values of about 36% of total amino acids. Samples were also rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (44% of total fatty acids) and showed high content in EPA (～17% of total fatty acids), but low DHA level (0.2%) was observed. In terms of vitamins content, UDT showed highest retinol and alpha‐tocopherol contents when compared to other marine samples. Results showed that by‐products from echinoderm processing plants contain various nutritious components with levels generally comparable even better than their edible counterparts, and efforts should be invested to valorise these biological wastes in a world context of rarefaction of nutritional marine resources.     

Comparison on proximate composition and nutritional profile of red and black sea cucumbers (Apostichopus japonicus) from Ulleungdo(Island) and Dokdo(Island), Korea

The proximate composition, fatty acid, and amino acid profile of the body wall and viscera of each red and black sea cucumber (Apostichopus japonicus) from Ulleungdo(Island) and Dokdo(Island) in Korea were compared. Moisture, ash, crude protein, and crude lipid contents ranged between 80.26–91.49, 2.57–6.85, 1.13–3.99, and 0.14–2.12%, respectively. The fatty acid values varied depending on the species and the regions of collection. The anteiso C17:0, C16:1Δ⁹, C17:1Δ⁷, C18:1Δ¹¹, and C16:2Δ⁷ were only observed in the body wall. Among the tested fatty acids, the C18:1Δ¹¹ was specific in red sea cucumber, and C20:4Δ⁶ (17.7%) and C20:5Δ³ (17.6%) were the predominant polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in all samples. The contents of the C18:0 dimethyl acetal (C18:0 DMA), C16:1Δ⁷, C16:1Δ⁵, and C18:1Δ⁵ were compared in details. Total amino acids (TAA) of body wall were 1.3–1.9 times higher than those of viscera. Glutamic acid and aspartic acid constituted the major TAA of sea cucumbers. The ratio of essential amino acids (EAA): nonessential amino acids (NEAA) on TAA ranged from 1.15 to 0.67 of sea cucumbers. Viscera of red sea cucumber from Dokdo(Island) were rich in free amino acids (FAA) and showed a high content in leucine.     

Process optimisation and physicochemical characterisation of enzymatic hydrolysates of proteins from co‐products of Atlantic Salmon (Salmo salar) and Yellowtail Kingfish (Seriola lalandi)

The aim of this study was to develop an enzymatic hydrolysis process of protein co‐products for two major commercial fish species in Australia: Atlantic salmon (AS) and Yellowtail kingfish (YTK). The outcomes are to produce high protein recovery of fish protein hydrolysates within controlled molecular weight ranges that display enhanced physicochemical properties of oil binding and emulsification. Three enzymes (Flavourzyme, Neutrase and Alcalase) were applied to processing co‐products. Protein recovery and physicochemical properties were evaluated with increasing hydrolysis time from 30 min to 180 min and ratio of enzyme to substrate (E/S) from 0.5% to 3.0%. In order to achieve a product with optimum emulsifying capacity (50 ± 0.6 m² g^?1), an E/S ratio of 0.6–1.3% Flavourzyme was applied for 30–111 min with a protein recovery of 55%; in order to achieve a product with optimum oil‐binding capacity (8.3 ± 0.3 g oil g hydrolysates^?1), an E/S ratio of 2.3–3.0% Flavourzyme was applied for 25–64 min with a protein recovery of 70%. YTK protein hydrolysates were further membrane‐fractionated into five fractions (>100 kDa, 50–100 kDa, 30–50 kDa, 10–30 kDa and <10 kDa), and of these, the 10–30 kDa exhibited the best properties of oil binding (19 ± 0.3 g oil g hydrolysates^?1) and emulsification (57 ± 0.7 m² g^?1). These results demonstrate the importance of enzymatic hydrolysis of seafood co‐products into high‐value ingredients for food products and processing.     

Fish protein hydrolysates: Proximate composition,amino acid composition,antioxidant activities and applications: A review

The fish processing industry produces more than 60% by-products as waste, which includes skin, head, viscera, trimmings, liver, frames, bones, and roes. These by-product wastes contain good amount of protein rich material that are normally processed into low market-value products, such as animal feed, fish meal and fertilizer. In view of utilizing these fish industry wastes, and for increasing the value to several underutilised fish species, protein hydrolysates from fish proteins are being prepared by several researchers all over the world. Fish protein hydrolysates are breakdown products of enzymatic conversion of fish proteins into smaller peptides, which normally contain 2–20 amino acids. In recent years, fish protein hydrolysates have attracted much attention of food biotechnologists due to the availability of large quantities of raw material for the process, and presence of high protein content with good amino acid balance and bioactive peptides (antioxidant, antihypertensive, immunomodulatory and antimicrobial peptides).     

秘鲁鱿鱼不同组织营养成分分析与评价

为实现秘鲁鱿鱼资源的高值化利用,分析秘鲁鱿鱼不同组织(头部、肌肉、内脏、眼部和颈部)的基本营养组成、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成和矿物质元素含量,比较其不同组织的营养特性。结果表明,秘鲁鱿鱼不同组织之间营养组成存在显著差异。不同组织水分含量均在75%以上,眼部水分含量最高(84.85%);肌肉的粗蛋白含量最高(18.21%)且粗脂肪含量最低(0.33%);内脏的粗脂肪(2.75%)和总糖(0.60%)含量均显著高于其它组织。所有组织均含有18种氨基酸,且不同组织的必需氨基酸含量占比均大于36%。每种必需氨基酸的氨基酸评分(amino acid score,AAS)大多数在0.60以上,化学评分(chemical score,CS)大多数低于鸡蛋蛋白模式。不同组织分别检测出8种~11种脂肪酸,不饱和脂肪酸含量均大于64%,眼部的多不饱和脂肪酸含量最高(76.30%),肌肉组织的二十二碳六烯酸(docosahexaenoic acid,DHA)含量最高(46.83%),颈部的二十碳五烯酸(eicosapentaenoic Acid,EPA)和DHA占比最高(61.49%)。所有组织中常量元素K、Na和P含量最为丰富,内脏中Mg、Ca、Cu、Fe、Zn、Mn、Se的含量远高于其它组织。     

Chemical and Nutritional Studies on Mesquite Beans (Prosopis juliflora)

Mesquite beans (Prosopis juliflora) consisted of pericarp, hulls and kernels. With the exception of kernels, composition of beans and their fractions were protein, 10–15%; fat, 2–3%; crude fiber, 20–30%; sucrose, 21%; reducing sugars, 2–6%. Kernels contained 38% protein, 3% fat and 9% crude fiber. Bean trypsin inhibitor content was 1.4 TIU/mg. Bean protein isoelectric point was pH 5. Mesquite protein concentrate and isolate were prepared, however, by increasing solubility at the extraction pH (pH 10) with NaCl and decreasing it at the isoelectric point with (NH₄)₂SO₄. First and second limiting amino acids for bean protein were threonine and isoleucine, respectively; the protein was high in total sulfur amino acids and tryptophan. Corrected PER was 1.4.     

企鹅珍珠贝全脏器的营养成分分析与评价

对企鹅珍珠贝全脏器的营养成分进行了分析和评价,主要对其一般营养成分、氨基酸组成、脂肪酸组成及其无机质含量进行了检测和营养学评价。结果表明:企鹅珍珠贝肉的蛋白质含量为81.1%(干基),蛋白质组成氨基酸总量为13.0%,必需氨基酸种类齐全,第一限制氨基酸是缬氨酸,氨基酸价为84.3;富含Glu、Asp和Gly等呈味氨基酸;游离氨基酸中牛磺酸的含量高达722mg/100g,占游离氨基酸总量的47.2%;脂肪含量较低,且以多不饱和脂肪酸为主,其EPA和DHA的含量分别为12.61%和30.28%;无机质含量丰富,尤其是微量元素Zn(435mg/kg)和Se(0.68mg/kg)。因此,企鹅珍珠贝是具有独特鲜味和较高营养价值的优质海产品。     

Nutrient composition of the marine snail (Hexaplex trunculus) from the Tunisian Mediterranean coasts

BACKGROUND: Marine snail (Hexaplex trunculus) presents increasing nutritional, commercial and economical importance, being widely consumed in northern Africa, particularly in Mediterranean countries. From a nutritional point of view there is still limited information on the chemical composition of edible tissues (meat and hepatopancreas) of this species. Therefore, the aims of the present work were to study the proximate chemical composition, fatty acid and amino acid profiles of H. trunculus from the Tunisian Mediterranean coasts. RESULTS: Fatty acid profiles showed that the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) content is higher than the saturated fatty acids (SFA). The yields of PUFA and SFA present in the meat fat were 68.2% and 33.4% of the total fatty acids, respectively. Similar values were obtained in the hepatopancreatic lipidic fraction. Snail tissues contain valuable concentrations of PUFA, especially n‐6 and n‐3 with chain lengths of 20 and 22 carbons. All edible tissues were valuable sources of essential amino acids. Aspartic acid is the major amino acids present in the meat and hepatopancreas. The concentrations of nutrients were also determined in the hepatopancreas and meat of H. trunculus. Significantly high concentrations of minerals and trace elements were found in these tissues. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that H. trunculus is an important source of protein and essential amino acids. Furthermore, the snail lipidic fraction contains high proportions of polyunsaturated fatty acids benefical for human health. Copyright © 2011 Society of Chemical Industry     

Compositional characteristics and nutritional quality of Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis)

Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) was analyzed for proximate composition, minerals, amino acids and fatty acid composition, and also evaluated for nutritional quality. The yields of crab meat and edible viscera were 24.2% and 9.2%, respectively. The crab meat contained 18.9% crude protein. About 80% of the protein resided in the crab meat portion, while about 90% of the fat was in the viscera. Chinese mitten crab was an excellent source of minerals, particularly zinc, iron, copper and phosphorus. The crab protein contained high amounts of glutamic acid (151 mg/g), aspartic acid (99 mg/g), arginine (99 mg/g), lysine (81 mg/g) and leucine (77 mg/g), and it was a high quality protein with well-balanced essential amino acid compositions. Twenty six fatty acids were found in the crab oil. The monounsaturated fatty acids were predominant with a percentage of 49.8. Oleic acid (18:1) was the dominant fatty acid, followed by palmitoleic acid (16:1), palmitic acid (16:0) and linoleic acid (18:2n − 6); and the percentages were 31.0, 14.3, 14.2 and 11.9, respectively. The ratio of n − 6/n − 3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) was 2.2, and this is a n − 3 PUFA-rich food. In short, the results showed that Chinese mitten crab is a nutritious food.     

鱿鱼内脏的营养价值及综合利用研究进展

我国鱿鱼资源非常丰富,年产量接近40万吨。鱿鱼内脏是鱿鱼加工过程中产生的主要副产物,营养丰富,富含蛋白质、脂肪、牛磺酸和钙、磷等多种微量元素,尤其是呈味氨基酸和多不饱和脂肪酸的含量较高,极具开发利用前景。本文简述了鱿鱼内脏的基本营养组成,并在此基础上分别从蛋白质、脂肪和其他功能性成分三个方面对鱿鱼内脏不同化学组分的研究和利用现状进行了综述,同时对未来的发展趋势和研究方向进行了展望,以期为鱿鱼内脏的进一步综合开发利用和鱿鱼精深加工产业的快速发展提供一定的理论参考。     

黄海养殖真海鞘营养成分分析与评价

目的：测定黄海养殖真海鞘外皮和内囊的营养成分,对比不同季节营养成分含量的变化,并进行营养价值的评价。方法：采用国标法测定真海鞘外皮和内囊中水分、灰分、粗脂肪和蛋白质含量;采用常规方法测定总糖、氨基酸、脂肪酸和矿物质含量。结果：10月真海鞘粗脂肪、蛋白质、总糖的含量高于7月的含量。检测到17 种氨基酸,内囊中谷氨酸含量最高,外皮中天冬氨酸含量最高。检测到多种不饱和脂肪酸,不同时间真海鞘中脂肪酸的种类和含量都有所不同,检测到Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn等多种微量元素,Pb、Hg等含量甚微。结论：营养评价表明真海鞘营养价值高,具有很好的开发前景。     

The nutritional value of Yeheb-nut (Cordeauxia edulis Hemsl.)

The composition of two varieties of Yeheb seeds (Moqley and Suley) was studied. The Suley variety shows somewhat higher protein and fat contents than the Moqley variety. Yeheb seed protein is rich in the essential amino acids lysine and arginine, but deficient in tryptophan and isoleucine. The component fatty acids of Yeheb seed lipids are: palmitic acid 26-31%, stearic acid 12-12,5%, oleic acid 31-32% and linoleic acid 25-30%. The distribution of the fatty acids in Yeheb seed triglycerides is discussed.     

Nutritive value of mango seed kernel

Seed kernels of two cultivars (Chausa and Dusheri) of mango (Mangifera indica) were analysed for chemical composition, lipid classes, fatty acid composition, amino acid profile and chemical evaluation of protein quality. The seed kernels constituted about 18% of the total fruit and had 5% protein, 6–7% crude fat, 0.19–0.44% tannins, iodine value of 34–44 and saponification number 202–213. Oleic acid (42%) and stearic acid (39%) were the principal fatty acids in the oil. The in vitro digestibility was low in these cultivars, possibly due to the presence of tannins. Sulphur-containing amino acids (methionine+cystine) and isoleucine were the limiting amino acids in Chausa and Dusheri, respectively. The essential amino acid index and protein quality index were high, thus indicating the good quality of the protein in mango seed kernel.     

Vegetable Oils Replace Pork Backfat for Low-Fat Frankfurters

Low-fat frankfurters (10% fat, 12.5% protein) with olive, corn, sunflower or soybean oils, compared to control (29.1% animal fat, 10.4% protein) had 67% lower total fat, 40–45% lower saturated fatty acids, 50–53% lower calories, reduced cholesterol and 20% higher meat protein. Although they had darker red color they were 6–7.2% lower in processing yield and had higher purge accumulation, were firmer and less juicy. The type oil had no effect (P>0.05) on these characteristics but affected fatty acid composition. Frankfurters with olive oil had 41.8% higher monounsaturated fatty acids and those with seed oils 5–7 times higher polyunsaturated fatty acids. Soybean oil increased lin-olenic acid content and negatively affected overall acceptability and shelf-life.     

Chemical compositions and nutritional value of Asian hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) from the coast of Andaman Sea

Chemical compositions and nutritive value of the edible portions including foot, mantle and viscera of Asian hard clam (Meretrix lusoria) harvested from the coast of Andaman Sea were determined. Proximate compositions varied with portions tested. Edible portions had moisture (76.23–84.22%) and protein (9.09–12.75%) as the major components. Carbohydrate (0.32–7.89%), fat (1.58–6.58%) and ash (1.23–2.58%) were also found at various levels, dependent upon portions. Myofibrillar proteins were observed as the major fraction in foot (40.54%) and mantle (31.65%), whilst non-protein nitrogen constituents were dominant in the viscera (36.85%). All portions contained a large amount of essential amino acids (167.66–187.63 mg/g sample), in which leucine (30.91–36.96 mg/g sample) and lysine (35.24–36.03 mg/g sample) were predominant. They were rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids (46.84–49.18% of total fatty acid) with high level of DHA (13.33–16.47 % of total fatty acids) and EPA (4.75–7.11% of total fatty acids). Cholesterol of 0.07–0.21% wet weight was detected. All portions were also rich in macro- (Na, K, Ca and Mg) and micro- (Fe, Zn, Cu and Cr) minerals. Therefore, Asian hard clam is an excellent source of several nutrients, which could be beneficial for the health of the consumers.     

Biochemical and nutritional evaluation of Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) Lackey (Fabaceae)

Seeds of Neonotonia wightii (Wight & Arn.) Lackey (Fabaceae), used as food by Malayali tribals in the Kollihills of Namakkal District, Tamil Nadu in Peninsular India, locally known as Adutheenikai, were analyzed for proximate composition, total (true) seed proteins, amino acid composition, fatty acid composition, minerals and antinutritional factors. The information is reported here for the first time in science. Crude protein, crude fat, ash and nitrogen free extractives constitute 20.6, 12.8, 5.8%, and 52.1g/100g seed flour, respectively. The calorific value of 100-g dry matter of seed material is 1700 kJ. The essential amino acids, leucine, lysine, isoleucine, valine, therionine and histidine are present in higher concentrations as 79, 54, 44, 37, 34 and 32 mg/100g crude protein, respectively. The limiting essential amino acids were cystine, methionine and tryptophan. The unsaturated fatty acids constitute more than 60% of seed lipids. The seeds were found to be a potential source of minerals such as potassium, magnesium, manganese and copper. The concentration of these minerals was relatively more than that of NRC/NAC recommended dietary allowances. The anti-nutritional factors such as total free phenols, tannins, l-DOPA, hydrogen cyanide and phytic acid contents were also determined.     

水酶法提取斑点叉尾鮰内脏油的工艺研究

为提高鱼类加工废弃物的综合利用率,以斑点叉尾鮰内脏为原料,采用水酶法制备鱼油。结果表明：水酶法提取鱼油的最佳工艺条件为初始pH7.5、料液比1:1、加酶量3500U/g、酶解温度55℃、酶解时间0.5h,该条件下鱼油的提取率达到80.94%;提取到的鱼油(即粗鱼油)外观呈黄褐色,具有鱼腥味和轻微的酸败味,其过氧化值较低,而酸值相对较高;粗鱼油中的饱和脂肪酸相对含量为19.42%,单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸分别为61.76% 和16.83%,Σn-3/Σn-6 的脂肪酸比值达到3.63。表明斑点叉尾鮰内脏是生产鱼油的良好来源。     

Dietary fat and ruminally protected amino acids for high producing dairy cows

Eight early lactation Holstein cows, used in a replicated 4 x 4 Latin square design, were fed the following diets: control; control plus ruminally protected amino acids (15 g methionine and 20 g lysine); control plus added fat (.32 kg 60:40 animal and vegetable blend and .36 kg of Ca salts of fatty acids); control plus ruminally protected amino acids plus added fat. The objective was to examine the effect of ruminally protected forms of lysine and methionine and dietary fat on milk yield and composition. Cows were fed for ad libitum consumption of total mixed diets consisting of 50% forage and 50% concentrate on a DM basis. Added fat increased milk, fat, and 4% FCM yield but decreased milk protein percentage. Ruminally protected amino acids increased milk protein percentage. The combined effect of fat and ruminally protected acids increased milk fat percentage and yield more than the sole addition of either supplement. Added fat increased the percentage and yield of long-chain fatty acids in milk. Plasma free fatty acids were also increased by fat addition. Adding ruminally protected amino acids to fat-supplemented diets may help alleviate the milk protein depression found with added fat.     

低盐养殖对黑鲷营养成分的影响

本文旨在研究低盐养殖对黑鲷营养成分的影响,以期为黑鲷低盐养殖养殖模式推广及品质改良提供理论参考。对低盐(3‰~5‰)和海水(20‰~21‰)池塘养殖140 d的黑鲷肌肉常规营养成分、脂肪酸和氨基酸组成进行了测定比较。结果显示,低盐和海水黑鲷粗蛋白、水分、灰分含量无明显差异,低盐黑鲷粗脂肪含量极显著高于海水黑鲷(P<0.01),但二者脂肪酸组成相似,仅部分脂肪酸有较大差异。低盐黑鲷氨基酸中必需氨基酸的含量和比例显著高于海水黑鲷(P<0.05),鲜味氨基酸的含量和比例则显著低于海水黑鲷(P<0.05)。研究结果表明,黑鲷肌肉是优良的脂肪和蛋白质来源,低盐养殖黑鲷较海水黑鲷口感更佳,蛋白质营养价值更高,但风味可能略差于海水黑鲷。     

鳀鱼营养成分分析与评价

为了进一步了解鳀鱼的营养价值,提高鳀鱼的附加值,该研究对其主要营养成分、氨基酸、脂肪酸以及矿物元素含量进行了检测分析,并对其营养价值进行了评价.结果表明:鳀鱼水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分质量分数分别为75.67％、16.38％、5.05％和2.31％.鳀鱼中共检测出17种氨基酸,必需氨基酸与氨基酸总量组成比例(EAA/T...