Effect of NaCl on textural changes and protein and lipid degradation during the ripening stage of sufu,a Chinese fermented soybean food

Sufu is made by solid state fungal fermentation (using Actinomucor elegans) of tofu, followed by salting and maturation in dressing mixtures containing salt, alcohol and various other ingredients. NaCl in dressing mixtures strongly affected the changes in textural properties and the hydrolysis of protein and lipid of sufu. Higher salt contents (14% w/w) resulted in increased hardness (+100%) and elasticity (+18%) and reduced adhesiveness (?30%). Hardness and elasticity could be used to judge the extent of sufu ripening. SDS‐PAGE showed the disappearance of all protein subunits at 80 and 110 g kg^?1 salt content; however, some protein subunits were still detectable at 140 g kg^?1 salt content after 60 days of ripening. Higher ratios of free amino nitrogen to total nitrogen (FAN/TN = 0.4–0.45) and free amino acids to crude protein (FAA/CP = 0.24–0.26) were observed in sufu with lower (80 g kg^?1) salt content. FAN/TN and FAA/CP in white sufu (obtained with dressing mixtures containing only salt and alcohol) were higher than those in red sufu (obtained with dressing mixtures containing angkak or kojic red rice) owing to different dressing mixture compositions. Increases in free fatty acids (FFA) were also observed during ripening. FFA levels in sufu with lower salt content increased rapidly during the first 30–40 days and then increased slowly, probably resulting from the formation of fatty acid esters. Lowering the salt content (80 g kg^?1) can shorten the ripening time to 40 days, which is of benefit to manufacturers. However, sufu will spoil, ie undergo souring, during the ripening stage at salt contents of 50 g kg^?1 or lower. Copyright © 2003 Society of Chemical Industry     

Analysis of isoflavone content in tempeh, a fermented soybean, and preparation of a new isoflavone-enriched tempeh

To produce a tempeh-like functional food containing a high level of isoflavone with a high absorptivity, we analyzed changes in the composition of isoflavone during tempeh fermentation and the difference in isoflavone content depending on the soybean variety and particular tissue. By adding soybean germ (hypocotyl) that contained a large amount of isoflavone, we prepared a new isoflavone-enriched tempeh in the form of a granular fermented soybean-based food, which can serve as a nutritious supplement for the elderly.     

大豆与大豆芽中异黄酮的含量、组成及分布比较研究

首先通过光度分析法对大豆发芽过程中异黄酮总含量的变化、大豆中的异黄酮在子叶和芽茎中的分布进行了研究,结果表明,大豆中异黄酮总含量在芽长为3cm时达到最高。豆芽芽茎中异黄酮的总含量显著高于大豆原料和豆芽子叶。液质联用结合串联质谱的分析表明,在豆芽子叶中染料木苷和丙二酰基染料木苷为主要的组分,两者之和占豆芽子叶中大豆异黄酮总含量的63%左右;芽茎中大豆苷和丙二酰基大豆苷为主要组分,两者之和占豆芽芽茎中大豆异黄酮总含量的59%以上。豆芽芽茎中苷元的含量也明显高于豆芽子叶和大豆原料,其中大豆素含量最高,占芽茎大豆异黄酮总含量的6.71%。该研究结果表明豆芽芽茎中的大豆异黄酮具有更高的生物可利用度,比较大豆原料可能是一种更好的异黄酮食物来源。      

Fermentation temperature affects the antioxidant activity of the enzyme-ripened sufu, an oriental traditional fermented product of soybean

In this study, sufu, a Chinese traditional fermented product of soybean, was prepared by ripening salted tofu cubes in the mash of Aspergillus oryzae-fermented rice-soybean koji possessing various hydrolytic enzymes at 25°C, 37°C and 45°C. Antioxidant activity including 2,2-diphenyl-2-picylhydoxyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging activity, Fe(2+)-chelating ability and reducing power exerted by the methanol extract of sufu was determined and compared with that of the non-fermented tofu extract. It was found that antioxidant activity of the sufu extracts was, generally, higher than the non-fermented tofu extract. Ripening temperature and the duration of ripening period affected the antioxidant activity of the sufu extracts. Taking into account of extraction yields, the sufu product ripened at 45°C for 16 days showed the most profound enhancement in the DPPH radical-scavenging effect and Fe(2+)-iron-chelating ability, which is 3.4 and 11.5 folds, respectively, that noted with the non-fermented tofu.     

腐乳后发酵过程大豆异黄酮含量与存在形式的研究

研 究 了 腐 乳 恒 温 后 发 酵 不 同 时 期 大 豆 异 黄 酮 的 存 在 形 式 与 含 量 的 变 化 ,找 出 其 变 化 规 律 ,以 指 导 生 产 实 践 。     

Effect of biotic elicitors on enrichment of antioxidant properties and induced isoflavones in soybean

ABSTRACT:  The antioxidant properties of methanolic extracts from soybean obtained with germination, wounding, and application of biotic elicitors were evaluated. Also, the relationship between observed antioxidant properties and compositional changes in isoflavone content was determined. The 2 biotic elicitors used in this study were the food-grade fungus Aspergillus sojae and A. sojae cell wall extract. Isoflavone content was determined by C₁₈ reverse phase high-performance chromatography coupled with a photodiode array detector. Antioxidant activities of the extracts were measured using 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging and β-carotene cooxidation in a linoleate system. Higher antioxidant activities were observed in wounded and elicitor-treated extracts when compared with nonwounded control extracts. In addition, the phenolic content was higher in extracts from wounded and elicitor-treated soybean. Germination for 3 d slightly decreased total isoflavone content (–4.3%); however, wounding increased total isoflavone content (25.8%). The soybean extracts from seeds treated with A. sojae biotic elicitors had the highest total isoflavone contents (9.8 to 11.6 mg/g extract) and displayed the highest antioxidant activities in both the DPPH and β-carotene assays. Also identified in the wounded and elicitor-treated extracts were the induced isoflavones glyceollins that contributed to the higher isoflavone contents observed.     

Storage effects on the content of anthocyanin, mutagenicity and antimutagenicity of black soybean koji

Black soybean koji, possessing antimutagenicity, has been suggested as a potential ingredient for the preparation of healthy food. The objective of this research was to determine the potential mutagenicity and the changes of antimutagenicity of the extract of Aspergillus awamori-fermented black soybeans (koji) held at 4 and 25 °C with or without deoxidant and desiccant for a period of 120 days. It was found that no mutagenic compound formed during the storage period. Depending upon storage temperature and packaging condition, the antimutagenicity of the extract of koji reduced and was associated with a reduction in anthocyanin content during the storage period. Generally, koji stored at 4 °C with both deoxidant and desiccant retained the highest antimutagenicity among the various storage conditions examined. At the end of storage, the extract of black soybean stored at 4 °C with both deoxidant and desiccant retained 79.74 and 87.80% of its original antimutagenicity against 4-nitroquinoline-N-oxide in Salmonella Typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively. An extract of black soybean koji stored under similar storage condition showed an antimugenicity residual of 88.23 and 79.34% against benzo[a]pyrene in S. Typhimurium TA98 and TA100, respectively.     

酶水解对大豆异黄酮粗提物中苷元含量的影响

采用β-葡萄糖苷酶水解的方法将大豆异黄酮糖苷转化为苷元,以染料木素和大豆苷元含量为指标,通过单因素试验对水解过程中的不同影响因素进行了考察。以染料木素含量为指标,运用正交试验优化了β-葡萄糖苷酶水解大豆异黄酮的工艺条件为反应温度40℃、水解时间1.5h、水解介质pH4.5、水解底物浓度10mg/mL,在此条件下,水解得到的大豆异黄酮苷元中染料木素的含量可达到22.91%。     

大豆中异黄酮含量的测定及其近红外分析

以100份中国核心大豆种质资源为材料,建立高效液相色谱法(HPLC)测定大豆中异黄酮5组分和总异黄酮。扫描大豆的近红外光谱,以傅里叶近红外光谱法(FT-NIRS)与HPLC技术相结合,采用偏最小二乘(PLS)回归和交叉验证法,探讨利用FT-NIRS技术预测异黄酮含量的可行性。总异黄酮近红外预测模型的内部交叉验证其校正决定系数(R2)和交叉检验均方误差(RMSECV)分别为0.8763和0.515,外部验证其校正决定系数(R2)和预测均方误差(RMSEP)则分别是0.9492和0.599。结果表明,利用FT-NIRS预测大豆中总异黄酮含量是可行的,但是各异黄酮组分的近红外模型不能达到准确预测要求。大豆异黄酮近红外模型的建立对今后大豆的异黄酮选育工作可以提供帮助。     

毛霉发酵豆渣过程中异黄酮含量及构型的变化研究

以传统纯种毛霉发酵方法,对豆渣前后发酵过程中异黄酮含量测定,结果表明,豆渣发酵后异黄酮含量增加,在前发酵时期变化最大,由132．30μg／g增加到318．59μg／g,增加了约2．4倍,后发酵时期稍下降,至284．33μg／g并逐渐稳定。在豆渣发酵过程中,异黄酮结构由结合型糖甙向高活性的游离型甙元转变,游离犁甙元的含量明娃增高,从原料豆渣至后发酵20d时期咀,糖甙与甙元比例的变化瞿线性关系,叫归方程为：Y=-0．614X3＋2．1112X2 -17．291X＋75．341,其中系数R2=0．9422。     

Effect of fermented rice culture on the microbiological,biochemical and sensory characteristics of low‐salt douchi,a traditional Chinese fermented soybean condiment

A low‐salt (4% NaCl, w/w) douchi supplemented with different concentration of fermented rice culture (FRC) of 0%, 5%, 10%, 15% and 20% (v/w) was produced, and the effect of FRC on microbiology, biochemistry and sensory quantity was investigated. Results indicated that FRC had a significant effect on low‐salt douchi. Compared with the control (added 0% FRC), in the other treatments, the counts of yeast and lactic acid bacteria increased by about 50%, whereas the moulds decreased by about 30%; the pH reduction was close to 4.7; total acid increased to about 1.300 g per 100 g; reducing sugar maintained a decrease to 21.07 mg per g; amino nitrogen increased to about 0.900 g per 100 g, but not above the control (1.013 g per 100 g). In general terms, total free amino acid contents and three organic acids were higher in low‐salt products than four commercial products. Sensory evaluation of products supplemented with 10% and 15% FRC revealed better overall acceptability compared with other treatments and a commercial product.     

Urinary isoflavone excretion in Korean adults: comparisons of fermented soybean paste and unfermented soy flour

BACKGROUND: This study compared the 24 h urinary excretion of isoflavone algycones after the consumption of fermented soybean paste or unfermented soy flour in a population of healthy Koreans (four males and five females). An equivalent amount (20 mg) of total isoflavone was consumed as either 52 g of soybean paste or 12.2 g of soy flour in a randomised, crossover trial consisting of two single‐time‐point feedings and having 3 day run‐in and washout periods between feedings. RESULTS: Analysis of starting materials indicated that daidzein (1.4%) and genistein (1.4%) constituted a smaller proportion of the total isoflavones in soy flour as compared with soybean paste (55.3% daidzein and 45.7% genistein). Free and glycosidic forms of isoflavones differed significantly between the two soy products. Levels of β‐glycosides as well as total glycosides (β‐glycosides, malonyl and acetyl forms) were two‐fold higher in soy flour as compared with soybean paste. Malonyl forms predominated in soy flour. CONCLUSIONS: The consumption of soybean paste resulted in significantly higher urinary excretion of both daidzein and genistein as compared with soy flour (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01 respectively). Copyright © 2007 Society of Chemical Industry     

中国传统豆制品中异黄酮的超高效液相色谱紫外检测器快速定量法

建立了超高效液相色谱-紫外检测器(UPLC-UV)测定豆制品中大豆苷、黄豆黄苷、染料木苷、大豆苷元、黄豆黄素、染料木素的检测方法。采用酸化提取条件,将豆制品中大豆异黄酮及其修饰物水解成3种葡萄糖苷和3种苷元。采用BEH C18(2.1 mm×50 mm,1.7 μm)色谱柱,以0.1%甲酸和乙腈为流动相进行梯度洗脱,梯度洗脱程序为:0~10 min,10%~45%乙腈;10~12 min,45%~100%乙腈。流速为0.3 mL/min,柱温45℃,在波长260 nm处进行紫外检测。6种大豆异黄酮组分在7.5 min内达到完全分离。建立了外标校正标准曲线(R² ≥ 0.9998),检出限在0.05~0.1 mg·L^-1之间,加标回收率在96.8%~102.0%之间。利用本方法对腐竹、豆干、素百叶、素鸡、嫩豆腐、老豆腐和内酯豆腐等7种传统豆制品中大豆异黄酮进行了定性定量分析,总大豆异黄酮含量在8.67~25.83 g/kg间。不同豆制品间6种大豆异黄酮中以大豆苷和染料木苷为主要成分,占88.0%~93.4%。结果表明,本研究建立的UPLC法可有效降低杂质干扰,色谱基线稳定且峰型良好,在10 min内实现对6种大豆异黄酮的快速定量检测,可良好应用于常见市售豆制品的营养评估与质量控制。     

Processing of soybean hulls to enhance the distribution and extraction of value‐added proteins

Soybean hulls contain peroxidase (SBP) and Bowman–Birk type protease inhibitor (BBI). SBP is used in the European bread‐baking industry, and BBI isolated from dehulled, defatted soy flour possesses cancer‐preventive and anticarcinogenic properties. Because hulls possess a low percentage of nitrogen, with fibre and other carbohydrates being the major components, our objective was to determine whether air classification of milled hulls could be used to fractionate and enrich these value‐added proteins. Hulls were pin milled three times at 18 000 rpm, followed by air classification to yield fractions with particle size distributions ranging from <15 to >30 µm. The finely ground fractions with particle sizes ranging from <15 to 18 µm were enriched with nitrogen and lipid when compared with the more coarsely ground fractions. Yields of extractable nitrogenous components from aqueous extracts were quantified at a variety of pHs, homogenisation speeds and times. BBI and SBP were confirmed by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis with known standards. Based on assays for SBP and BBI activities, BBI, though concentrated in the finer fractions, also appeared in the highest‐mass, coarsest fraction, whereas SBP resided mainly in the coarsest fraction. Dry milling and air classification of soybean hulls proved beneficial to distribute SBP into a product stream that facilitates its isolation and purification. Published in 2003 for SCI by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

传统大豆制品及大豆蛋白中嘌呤含量的探讨

大豆蛋白富含8种人体必需氨基酸,具有动物蛋白不可比拟的功能特性。但是大豆作为高蛋白的植物性食品嘌呤含量较高,制约着大豆制品的应用。对嘌呤与痛风的关系,食品中嘌呤的检测方法,嘌呤与蛋白质的关系,传统大豆制品及大豆蛋白中的嘌呤含量及其控制等,特别是经过深加工处理的大豆分离蛋白和大豆浓缩蛋白的低嘌呤工艺进行了讨论。展望了大豆深加工制品如大豆分离蛋白和酸法大豆浓缩蛋白可为痛风病人提供低嘌呤、高蛋白食品的发展方向。