Effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG addition in ice cream

A 2⁴ full factorial experimental design was applied to verify the effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) addition in retail-manufactured ice cream stored at two different freezing temperatures (−16°C and −28°C) and containing two different levels of sugar (15–22%) and fat (5–10%). In addition to microbial counts, the pH, acidity, viscosity of the mixes and functional properties of the ice creams were evaluated. Both fresh and frozen-thawed LGG cells underwent preliminary resistance tests to bile, antibiotics and acidity. The LGG strain proved to be highly resistant to most of the stress factors. When the micro-organism was added to ice cream mixes in a quantity of 10⁸ cfu/g, it did not change the overrun, firmness or melting behaviour of the finished product. Regardless of formulation, no count decay of LGG cells was observed in ice cream stored for up to 1 year.     

两种乳杆菌协同发酵牛骨粉促钙转化的工艺研究

以牛骨为钙源,利用嗜酸乳杆菌与鼠李糖乳杆菌的共生作用发酵牛骨粉,提高骨钙转化率。采用单因素试验确定两种益生菌协同发酵牛骨粉的最适比例、发酵时间、骨粉浓度、葡萄糖添加量。采用响应面试验设计,以钙转化率为特征性指标,优化两种益生菌协同发酵牛骨粉的工艺条件。结果表明：两种益生菌具有共生作用,均能将牛骨粉中结合态的钙转变为游离态。发酵时间与骨粉浓度是影响钙转化率的主要因素。两种益生菌协同发酵牛骨粉的最适发酵条件为菌种比例4.67:1(m/m)、发酵时间69.96h、骨粉浓度4.45%、葡萄糖添加量12.26%,钙转化率达32.21%。     

Survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus LMGP‐21381 in probiotic ice cream and its influence on sensory acceptability

Probiotic ice cream was produced by incorporating Lactobacillus acidophilus LMGP‐21381 in a standard ice cream mix at initial population above 10⁷ cfu/g. The ice cream mix was inoculated with either freeze‐dried or activated cultures of L. acidophilus and a control treatment without probiotic was also prepared. The product was assessed for the survival of the probiotic strain during the freezing process and during 45 weeks of storage at ?15°C and ?25°C, and also for its sensory characteristics. The results showed that the freezing process caused a significant decrease in the viability of the freeze‐dried culture, but no significant change in the viable counts of L. acidophilus was observed during frozen storage. The sensory attributes of aroma, taste and texture obtained high scores in the sensory evaluation. It was demonstrated that incorporation of either activated or commercial freeze‐dried L. acidophilus culture resulted in a candidate food for the delivery of high levels of this probiotic strain to consumers.     

益生菌冰淇淋的开发

近年来我国食品工业中,冰淇淋成为继饮料、方便面后发展最为迅猛的产品之一。如何将冰淇淋的嗜好性与产品的营养和功能特性进行有机结合,是冰淇淋产品未来重要的发展趋势。本文从冰淇淋发展简史与近年市场状况,益生茵的种类和作用,益生菌冰淇淋的优势、研究与开发方向等方面进行了概述。      

酸奶中嗜酸乳杆菌和植物乳杆菌检测方法的研究

根据嗜酸乳杆菌、植物乳杆菌、嗜热链球菌和保加利亚乳杆菌对不同碳水化合物的选择性利用，设计了适合上述4种乳酸菌的选择性计数培养基，并对其效果进行了验证。结果表明，利用MRS培养基、麦芽糖-MRS培养基和山梨醇-MRS培养基(两种培养基共同使用)能满足选择性计数的要求。以所设计的选择性培养基，研究了含有4种乳酸菌的酸奶中不同乳酸菌在产品货架期内活菌数的变化规律。     

Lactobacillus acidophilus Group Lactic Acid Bacteria Applied to Meat Fermentation

Lactobacillus acidophilus group bacteria (L. acidophilus, L crispatus, L. amylovorus, L. gallinarum, L. gasseri, L. johnsonii) , probiotic lactic acid bacteria, were applied to meat fermentation. Of six strains, L. gasseri (predominant lacto-bacilli in human intestinal tracts) JCM1131^T exhibited greatest fermentation performance in meats. This strain resisted gastric acid and bile, and would thus have no detrimental effects in the intestinal tract. Inoculation of the strain depressed the propagation of S. aureus cells and their enterotoxin production during meat fermentation. Results suggest probiotic lactic acid bacteria could be effectively utilized for meat fermentation to produce healthy meat products.     

Enrichment of probiotic ice cream with different dietary fibers: Structural characteristics and culture viability

This study evaluated the effect of 5 dietary fibers (apple, orange, oat, bamboo, and wheat) on the physicochemical, rheological, and textural characteristics; sensory properties; and culture viability of probiotic ice cream stored at ?18°C for 180 d. The presence of orange and apple fibers increased the titratable acidity, decreased the lightness (color) value of the ice creams, and enhanced the red and yellow coloration. Compared with the control sample, the consistency indices and apparent viscosities of the experimental samples increased with the addition of all dietary fibers except oat fiber. The highest viscosity was obtained in the sample fortified with apple fiber, whereas the ice cream containing orange fiber showed the highest hardness after d 60 of storage. The addition of orange and apple fibers significantly increased melting resistance; however, panelists did not generally like these samples in terms of taste-flavor. All ice creams had viable counts of Lactobacillus acidophilus of ≥7 log cfu/g during storage except the samples with orange and bamboo fiber. Bifidobacterium lactis counts were also found to be >6 log cfu/g in those samples until d 150 of storage.     

Sensory acceptance and survival of probiotic bacteria in ice cream produced with different overrun levels

The effect of different overrun levels on the sensory acceptance and survival of probiotic bacteria in ice cream was investigated. Vanilla ice creams supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus were processed with overruns of 45%, 60%, and 90%. Viable probiotic bacterial counts and sensory acceptance were assessed. All the ice creams presented a minimum count of 6 log CFU/g at the end of 60 d of frozen storage. However, higher overrun levels negatively influenced cell viability, being reported a decrease of 2 log CFU/g for the 90% overrun treatment. In addition, it was not reported an influence about acceptability with respect to appearance, aroma, and taste of the ice creams (P > 0.05). Overall, the results suggest that lower overrun levels should be adopted during the manufacture of ice cream in order to maintain its probiotic status through the shelf life.     

Effects of inulin and oligofructose on the rheological characteristics and probiotic culture survival in low-fat probiotic ice cream

ABSTRACT:  The effects of supplementation of oligofructose or inulin on the rheological characteristics and survival of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12 in low-fat ice cream stored at –18 °C for 90 d were studied. Addition of oligofructose or inulin to ice cream mix significantly increased apparent viscosity and overrun and developed the melting properties in ice cream during storage ( P < 0.05). However, the highest increase in firmness, the lowest change in melting properties, and the longest 1st dripping time were obtained in probiotic ice cream containing inulin ( P < 0.05). Some textural properties have also improved especially by the end of storage. Freezing process caused a significant decrease in the viability of Lactobacillus acidophilus La-5 and Bifidobacterium animalis Bb-12 ( P < 0.05). Oligofructose significantly improved the viability of L. acidophilus La-5 and B. animalis Bb-12 in ice cream mix ( P < 0.05). Although the viable numbers for both bacteria decreased throughout the storage, the minimum level of 10⁶ CFU/g was maintained for B. animalis Bb-12 in only ice cream with oligofructose during storage.     

Sensory evaluation of probiotic Minas fresh cheese with Lactobacillus acidophilus added solely or in co-culture with a thermophilic starter culture

Sensory acceptance of formulations of probiotic Minas fresh cheese was investigated. Cheeses were prepared and supplemented with Lactobacillus acidophilus (T1 – probiotic), Lactobacillus acidophilus + Streptococcus thermophilus (T2 – probiotic + starter) or produced with no addition of cultures (T3 – control). Sensory acceptance tests were performed after 7 and 14 days of storage at 5 °C, using a 9‐point hedonic scale (1 = dislike extremely; 9 = like extremely). After 7 days, no significant difference was detected among cheeses T1, T2 and T3 (P > 0.05). After 14 days, cheeses T1 and T2 presented higher acceptance and differed significantly from cheeses T3. Cheeses T3 presented significant difference between 7 and 14 days of storage (P < 0.05), whereas probiotic cheeses T1 and T2 were stable in the same period (P > 0.05). The addition of L. acidophilus, either solely or in co‐culture with a thermophilic starter culture, resulted in good acceptance of Minas fresh cheese, improving sensory performance of the product during storage.     

菊粉寡糖促进嗜酸乳杆菌生长的研究

对菊粉可促进嗜酸乳杆菌的生长进行了初步研究。结果表明 ,用菊粉代替培养基中部分葡萄糖 ,嗜酸乳杆菌的生长得到明显的促进 ,当MRS培养基中葡萄糖与菊粉的质量比为 1∶1时 ,嗜酸乳杆菌的生物量及酸度得到提高 ,在 3 7℃下培养 48h ,活菌的数量及酸度比对照组分别提高 1 0 10CFU/mL和 1 0°T。     

瑞士乳杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌的益生免疫特性的研究

以瑞士乳杆菌KLDS 1.8701和嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS AD1、KLDS AD2为研究对象,详细研究了它们对体外模拟人工胃肠道的耐受性,并评估了三株乳杆菌对小鼠脾淋巴细胞增殖活性的影响,初步探讨了三株乳杆菌的免疫活性。结果表明,三株乳杆菌对人工胃液、人工肠液、胆汁盐环境具有很好的耐受性,瑞士乳杆菌KLDS 1.8701和嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS AD1较强于嗜酸乳杆菌KLDS AD2。乳杆菌对脾淋巴细胞增殖活性的作用表现出明显的量效关系,活菌数为107CFU/mL时,对脾淋巴细胞活性影响大小为KLDS AD1>KLDS 1.8701>KLDS AD2;KLDS 1.8701对脾淋巴细胞的增殖具有很好的促进作用,只有当KLDS AD1的活菌数达到107CFU/mL时才具有促进作用,而KLDS AD2没有促进作用。      

双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌二联活菌微胶囊的研制

目的 制备长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌二联活菌微胶囊,以期提高口服时的存活率和常温下的保存期.方法 根据微胶囊在人工胃液中的耐酸性和在人工肠液中的崩解性,确定空气悬浮法制备微胶囊的最佳工艺条件.扫描电镜观察微胶囊形态与大小.根据恒温37℃、相对湿度60%～65%条件下贮存3个月后菌体存活率,考察其贮存稳定性.结果 制备的微胶囊具有良好的耐酸性和肠溶性.微胶囊包囊产率56.49%,包囊效率87.45%.微胶囊表面覆盖着一层光滑平整的囊膜,粒径大小基本在400～500μm.加保护剂的微胶囊菌体存活率高于10%,且远远高于冻干菌粉和无保护剂微胶囊组.结论 确定了空气悬浮法制备长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌二联活菌微胶囊的最佳工艺条件,微胶囊化有利于提高活菌的稳定性.     

嗜酸乳杆菌对杂色曲霉素吸附作用的研究

嗜酸乳杆菌是肠道内的一种益生菌,也是奶制品中含有的重要的活性微生物。本文探讨了嗜酸乳杆菌及其菌体总蛋白对杂色曲霉素的去除能力,实验结果显示:嗜酸乳杆菌菌体总蛋白对杂色曲霉素的相对吸附率达75.8%,而面包酵母菌体总蛋白为48.9%、小牛血清白蛋白只有32.5%, 嗜酸乳杆菌菌体总蛋白的吸附作用呈一定的量效关系;胰蛋白酶或胃蛋白酶消化使嗜酸乳杆菌菌体总蛋白对杂色曲霉素的相对吸附率由52.2%下降至34.3%和36.1%,但吸附作用没有消失;菌体总蛋白与杂色曲霉素混合温育1、2、3、4、5h检测,结果嗜酸乳杆菌菌体总蛋白在整个实验的时段中的相对吸附率在57.2%～75.7%的较高水平内波动,而面包酵母菌体总蛋白由开始的70.6%相对吸附率在实验5h结束时的19.8%,另外的BSA的吸附率一直维持在14.6%～34.3%之间;酸和热处理菌体使嗜酸乳杆菌对ST的相对吸附率由60.5%分别增加至71.2%和69.5%。本研究的结果为杂色曲霉素的去毒以及食品加工提供了有用的参考数据。     

Microencapsulated Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG powders: relationship of powder physical properties to probiotic survival during storage

Freeze-dried commercial Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG (LGG) were encapsulated in an emulsion-based formulation stabilized by whey protein and resistant starch and either spray-dried or freeze-dried to produce probiotic microcapsules. There was no difference in loss of probiotics viability after spray drying or freeze drying. Particle size, morphology, moisture sorption, and water mobility of the powder microcapsules were examined. Particle size analysis and scanning electron microscopy showed that spray-dried LGG microcapsules (SDMC) were small spherical particles, whereas freeze-dried LGG microcapsules (FDMC) were larger nonspherical particles. Moisture sorption isotherms obtained using dynamic vapor sorption showed a slightly higher water uptake in spray-dried microcapsules. The effect of water mobility, as measured by nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, at various water activities (a(w) 0.32, 0.57, and 0.70) and probiotic viability during storage at 25 °C was also examined. Increasing the relative humidity of the environment at which the samples were stored caused an increase in water mobility and the rate of loss in viability. The viability data during storage indicated that SDMC had better storage stability compared to FDMC. Although more water was adsorbed for spray-dried than freeze-dried microcapsules, water mobility was similar for corresponding storage conditions because there was a stronger water-binding energy for spray-dried microcapsule. This possibly accounted for the improved survival of probiotics in spray-dried microcapsules.     

乳铁蛋白及乳铁素对嗜酸乳杆菌生长影响的研究

本实验主要针对乳铁蛋白和乳铁素对嗜酸乳杆菌的生长影响进行研究。结果表明,在37℃恒温培养下,添加一定浓度的乳铁蛋白或乳铁素,可促进嗜酸乳杆菌生长繁殖。乳铁蛋白的最适添加浓度为2.5mg/ml,乳铁素的最适添加浓度为0.15mg/ml,培养26h后活菌数分别达到6.7×108CFU/ml和8.0×108CFU/ml。     

马铃薯风味冰淇淋的研制

介绍了马铃薯风味冰淇淋的生产工艺和配方,试验证明马铃薯泥在冰淇淋混合料中所占比例以10％～50％为宜。     

双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌二联活菌微胶囊的研制

目的制备长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌二联活菌微胶囊,以期提高口服时的存活率和常温下的保存期。方法根据微胶囊在人工胃液中的耐酸性和在人工肠液中的崩解性,确定空气悬浮法制备微胶囊的最佳工艺条件。扫描电镜观察微胶囊形态与大小。根据恒温37℃、相对湿度60%~65%条件下贮存3个月后菌体存活率,考察其贮存稳定性。结果制备的微胶囊具有良好的耐酸性和肠溶性。微胶囊包囊产率56.49%,包囊效率87.45%。微胶囊表面覆盖着一层光滑平整的囊膜,粒径大小基本在400~500μm。加保护剂的微胶囊菌体存活率高于10%,且远远高于冻干菌粉和无保护剂微胶囊组。结论确定了空气悬浮法制备长双歧杆菌和嗜酸乳杆菌二联活菌微胶囊的最佳工艺条件,微胶囊化有利于提高活菌的稳定性。     

嗜酸乳杆菌冻干菌粉保护剂选择的研究

为了开发以嗜酸乳杆菌为基础的各类制品,本文以嗜酸乳杆菌存活率为指标,对保护剂进行了单一和复合的筛选及配方的研究,并进行了验证实验。结果表明,单一及复合保护剂均对菌体存活率具有一定的保护作用,但复合保护剂的效果明显高于单一保护剂。最终确定出配方:脱脂乳(16.0%)、麦芽糊精(10.0%)、海藻糖(10.0%)、L-谷氨酸(1.0%)、维生素C(2.0%)、甘油(2.0%)、MnSO4(0.8%)对嗜酸乳杆菌的保护效果最佳;保护剂与细胞悬浮液最佳比例是2∶1,利用此保护剂,经真空冷冻技术可制得活菌水平在1010cfu/g的嗜酸乳杆菌冻干菌粉。     

Survival,growth characteristics and bioactive potential of Lactobacillus acidophilus in a soy‐based cream cheese

BACKGROUND: Soy‐based products have received much attention lately as dairy replacers and carriers for probiotics, without the cholesterol and lactose intolerance factors. We have previously developed a soy cream cheese product and would like to evaluate its suitability as a carrier for probiotic microorganisms. Soy cream cheese is commercially uncommon, while a probiotic soy cream cheese is yet to be available in the market. RESULTS: Five strains of probiotics were screened for their α‐galactosidase activity. Lactobacillus acidophilus FTCC 0291 showed the highest α‐galactosidase‐specific activity and was incorporated into soy cream cheese for a storage study of 20 days at 25 and 4 °C. L. acidophilus FTCC 0291 in soy cream cheese at both storage temperatures maintained a viability exceeding 10⁷ CFU g^?1 over storage. Oligosaccharide and reducing sugar analyses indicated that L. acidophilus FTCC 0291 was capable of utilizing the existing reducing sugars in soymilk and concurrently hydrolyzing the oligosaccharides into simpler sugars for growth. L. acidophilus FTCC 0291 also produced organic acids, leading to decreased pH. Under low pH and high organic acid concentration, the growth of total aerobes and anaerobes was significantly (P < 0.05) suppressed compared to the control. The hydrolysis of protein in soymilk produced essential growth factors such as peptides and amino acids that may have promoted the growth of L. acidophilus FTCC 0291 and the release of bioactive peptides with in vitro angiotensin I‐converting enzyme inhibitory activity. CONCLUSION: This study showed that soy cream cheese could be used as a carrier for probiotic bacteria, with potential antihypertensive property. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry