百合育种技术研究进展

百合（Lilium spp.）是多年生球根草本植物,包括观赏、食用和药用百合,具有较高的经济价值。百合遗传背景复杂、杂合度高、远缘杂交不亲和,且传统杂交育种周期长、育种精度低,难以快速高效地培育目标品种。目前,包括现代杂交育种、诱变育种、倍性育种、体细胞杂交育种和基因工程育种在内的现代育种技术均已在百合中应用。本文总结了百合杂交育种中远缘杂交不亲和的克服方法,诱变育种中的诱变条件,倍性育种中多倍体育种和单倍体育种主要采取的技术手段,体细胞杂交育种原生质体分离纯化和杂交的条件以及基因工程育种中百合遗传转化体系和基因编辑体系的研究进展。在此基础上,列举了不同百合育种方法和技术的研究案例,分析了不同育种技术面临的问题,并展望了百合育种技术的进一步发展和应用前景,旨在为未来百合育种技术及其应用的研究提供有价值的参考,并为更多百合新品种的创制提供依据。     

美国修改专利法保护基因工程知识产权

随着从限制基因工程发展到促进基因工程发展的逐渐转变,美国为鼓励和促进基因工程的发展,在修改和放宽基因工程应用管理法规的同时,对现行的一些法规作了修改及补充。其中,最引人注目的是修改专利法。     

基因工程乳酸菌的应用研究进展

随着分子生物学技术的不断发展,重组基因工程乳酸菌取得了较快的进展.本文主要从基因工程乳酸菌在食品、药品、保健品、饲料养殖领域中的应用进行综述,以便正确认识、了解和使用基因工程乳酸菌,对其进一步的研究以及开发应用具有深远的意义.     

基因工程的应用及其安全性管理

基因工程在农业、食品、医药、环保等方面有广泛的应用,同时对生态环境、人类健康、伦理道德、社会经济有不同程度的影响和潜在危害。加强基因工程的安全管理是基因工程产业健康发展的前提。本文就基因工程的应用及影响、安全性管理等问题进行了探讨。     

基因工程在食品工业中的应用

阐述了基因工程的技术溯源,论述了基因工程在食品工业方面的应用,提出与生产实践相结合的实例;详细介绍了基因工程食品的由来,展望了基因工程技术在食品工业领域中的美好发展前景.     

鱼用基因工程疫苗载体的研究进展

疫苗载体是基因工程疫苗研制过程中的一种应用极为广泛的工具。它在病原基因的表达方面显示了独特的优越性及广阔的开发和应用前景。应用疫苗载体已成功构建了多种鱼用基因工程疫苗。现就鱼用基因工程疫苗载体的研究进展进行综述,以期为新型疫苗的研制提供参考。     

基因工程抗体研究进展

基因工程抗体技术的发展十分迅速,其应用也极其广泛,本文将介绍核糖体展示、噬菌体表面展示等基因工程抗体技术及应用进展。     

药食同源百合的资源分布与现代研究进展

百合是一种重要的药食同源植物，来源于百合科植物卷丹（Lilium lancifolium Thunb.）、百合（Lilium brownii F. E. Brown var. viridulum Baker）或细叶百合（Lilium pumilum DC.）的干燥肉质鳞叶，是湖南的“湘九味”药材之一。百合的化学成分复杂，主要含多糖、甾体皂苷、黄酮、氨基酸等活性成分，具有止咳祛痰、镇静催眠、抗氧化、抗炎、免疫调节、抗肿瘤、降血糖等多种药理作用。百合亦药亦食，具有较高的应用价值和广阔的开发前景。本文就百合的资源分布情况、化学成分、药理作用、开发与应用现状进行了总结，以期为百合进一步资源利用提供参考。     

基因工程在农作物育种上研发应用新进展

以文献调研结果为依据,概述了基因工程的基本概念与基本模式,外源DNA导入的方式与表达的条件;应用基因工程培育优质、高产、抗病、抗虫、抗除草剂与抗逆性强农作物品种的进展;预测并展望了基因工程在实现农业现代化目标中的作用、开发应用重点与前景。     

秦巴山区野生百合(Lilium spp.)的育种应用研究

为探索秦巴山区野生百合资源在百合育种中的应用方向及途径, 获得具有其独特遗传背景的育种材料,将秦巴山区野生百合的抗病毒及独特观赏特性等优良遗传性状逐渐渗到栽培品种中去。该研究借助切割柱头杂交及胚抢救技术,选取6种秦巴山区野生百合［岷江百合(Lilium gegale)、宜昌百合(L. leucanthum)、山丹（L. pumilum）、野百合（L. brownii）、宝兴百合（L. duchartrei）、川百合（L. davidii）］以及亚洲百合（Asiatic hybrids,AA）品种‘Elite’、东方百合（Oriental hybrids,OO）品种‘Sorbonne’、‘Siberia’和‘Marlon’、OT百合（Oriental × Trumpet hybrids,OT）品种‘Yelloween’、‘Serano’、‘Corel′door’进行了32组共计263朵花的（品）种间杂交,并针对膨大变软的果实剥离可供离体培养的胚及胚囊进行胚抢救。结果表明：（1）不同杂交组合坐果率、胚获得及萌发率呈现出较大差异,综合坐果率为11.4%,对30个膨大的果实中共计38个可供离体培养的胚及胚囊进行胚抢救,有7株最终萌发。（2）以野生百合为父母本的12组杂交组合中,6组获得了膨大果实,得到6株杂交后代。（3）栽培百合做母本,野生百合做父本的20组杂交组合中,共9组获得了膨大果实,除‘Elite’ × 山丹可直接收获种子外,共得到1株杂交后代。（4）以岷江百合及宜昌百合为亲本的远缘杂交TT × AA及回交OT × TT成功获得杂种后代。（5）秦巴山区6种野生百合在远缘杂交中获得育种后代的几率存在较大差异,宜昌百合和岷江百合获得后代几率较高,宝兴百合获得后代几率较低,野百合未获得后代。以上结果表明,岷江百合和宜昌百合为母本的TT × AA杂交和宝兴百合为父本的TT × AA杂交以及岷江百合和宜昌百合为父本的OT回交,为三种百合的育种利用提供了新途径,野百合的育种应用途径需要继续探索。     

Lily breeding by using molecular tools and transformation systems

In our review, we highlighted the progresses made in molecular breeding of lily’s flowering, including the ABCDE models, the gene cloning, the establishment of regeneration system, the gene transformation methods, the transgene technology application in lily. Meanwhile, questions that were met at present in molecular breeding in flowering of lily were underlined, and we provide viable solutions. Although many researches on lily literature had been published in the world, in our review, we provided a valuable and unique resource and spring-board from which to understand or further study the molecular breeding in flowering of lily.     

百合组织培养和遗传转化的研究进展

百合是单子叶球茎类观赏花卉,具有食用和药用的作用。本文综述了国内外百合组织培养和遗传转化研究进展。包括营养器官、生殖器官和原生质体再生系统的建立。详细介绍了基因转化的方法,例如农杆菌、基因枪、电激穿孔等。浅析百合外源基因的表达,例如GUS、半夏凝集素基因、几丁质酶基因等。同时,讨论了百合遗传转化中存在的问题,以期为百合基因工程方面的研究提供依据。     

麝香百合LLGLO1基因的克隆和表达

用RACE方法克隆的麝香百合花发育的GLOBOSA（GLO）类B功能基因LLGLO1,与其他多种单子叶植物的GLO类基因高度同源,且C区具有典型的PI结构基序。通过RT—PCR检测,百合不同组织中的LLGLO1基因表达模式与郁金香的GLO类基因相似。即主要集中在百合第一、二、三轮花器官中表达,心皮和茎中有微量表达,而且随着心皮的成熟,其在心皮中的表达量逐渐增加,但在百合叶片中则未检测到LLGLO1的表达,因此认为LLGLO1在百合花器官中呈特异性表达。LLGLO1在百合第一轮花器官中的表达支持了van Tunen对ABC模型的修正。     

Characterization of two subclasses of PR-10 transcripts in lily anthers and induction of their genes through separate signal transduction pathways

The lily PR-10 belongs to a family of intracellular pathogenesis-related (IPR) proteins. Genomic Southern analysis indicates that the PR-10 is encoded by a family of multiple genes. Seven heterogeneous cDNA clones encoding lily PR-10 from Lilium longiflorum are divided into two subclasses based on sequence comparison and Southern hybridization. A 82% overall sequence similarity was found between the two subclasses (represented by PR-10c and d). The two cDNAs include an open reading frame of 474 bp encoding 157 amino acids. 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions exhibit low similarity, but similarity is high in the coding region. The lily PR-10 genes are induced by abscisic acid (ABA) and methyl jasmonate (MeJA) in the anther and various other organs of lily plants. The induction of PR-10 genes by ABA and MeJA in lily anthers occurs by two separate signal transduction pathways. The protein phosphatase inhibitor okadaic acid inhibits the MeJA-induced expression of PR-10 genes downstream of MeJA. In addition, the protein kinase inhibitor staurosporine inhibits the MeJA-induced expression of PR-10 genes, implying that an activity of staurosporine-sensitive protein kinases exists downstream of MeJA in the anther. However, okadaic acid does not inhibit the ABA-induced expression of PR-10 genes whereas staurosporine does. These observations suggest that, in addition to the known pathway that ABA induces gene expression by activating JA or MeJA, a MeJA-independent pathway of ABA induction exists in the anther. The alternative pathway of ABA induction involves a staurosporine-sensitive protein kinase activity downstream of ABA.     

Overexpression of l-galactono-1, 4-lactone dehydrogenase (GLDH) in Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) via particle bombardment-mediated transformation

In China, the native Lanzhou lily (Lilium davidii var. unicolor) is used as an edible lily and is an important source of ascorbic acid. However, an efficient transformation system has not been developed for this important crop. Here, we describe the first successful genetic transformation mediated by particle bombardment in this lily variety. We used pCAMBIA-GLDH, which contains the l -galactono-1, 4-lactone dehydrogenase gene from apple, a hygromycin phosphotransferase gene as a selectable marker, and an intron-containing β-glucuronidase gene as a reporter. In all, 35 transgenic lines were selected via GUS assays and PCR; from these, eight were confirmed by Southern analyses. Transgenic plants were transferred to soil and grown under greenhouse conditions. The levels of reduced ascorbate and total ascorbate (reduced ascorbate + oxidized ascorbate) in transgenic plants were found to be two to seven times those in non-transgenic controls.     

Identification of an antifungal chitinase from a potential biocontrol agent, Bacillus cereus 28-9

Bacillus cereus 28-9 is a chitinolytic bacterium isolated from lily plant in Taiwan. This bacterium exhibited biocontrol potential on Botrytis leaf blight of lily as demonstrated by a detached leaf assay and dual culture assay. At least two chitinases (ChiCW and ChiCH) were excreted by B. cereus 28-9. The ChiCW-encoding gene was cloned and moderately expressed in Escherichia coli DH5alpha. Near homogenous ChiCW was obtained from the periplasmic fraction of E. coli cells harboring chiCW by a purification procedure. An in vitro assay showed that the purified ChiCW had inhibitory activity on conidial germination of Botrytis elliptica, a major fungal pathogen of lily leaf blight.     

百合属植物资源的保护与利用

中国百合属（ＬｉｌｉｕｍＬ．）植物资源丰富,特有种多,分布范围广,利用历史悠久,是世界百合杂交育种的不可多得的原始材料,已培育许多著名的新品种。为了发挥我国百合资源优势,必须对百合种质资源进行监控,及早解决珍稀濒危种的就地保护问题,恢复和扩大种群分布范围,制定符合我国经济和文化发展要求的杂交育种计划,选育抗热、抗病、矮化的品系,加强种球营养生长、开花生理及休眠机理研究,解决种球复壮及周年供花的关键技术,充分发挥鳞茎的综合利用效益,以达到积极保护和科学利用我国百合资源的目的。