增强UV—B辐射对小麦细胞有丝分裂影响机制的探讨

采用10.08 kJ/m2.d辐射剂量的UV-B辐照处理＂晋麦8号＂冬小麦种子,待根尖生长至1 cm～2cm长时,对小麦根尖细胞的有丝分裂率以及各类异常分裂现象进行了研究,并进一步探讨了产生异常分裂的细胞生物学机理.结果表明：增强的UV-B辐照能抑制小麦细胞有丝分裂的发生频率,并可诱导小麦根尖细胞产生游离染色体、落后染色体、染色体桥（包括单桥、双桥和三桥染色体）、不均等分裂以及微核染色体等畸变现象.另外,在增强UV-B辐射处理后的细胞中还深入研究了新型的异常分裂现象-分束分裂,表现为染色体在细胞有丝分裂后期产生三束、四束、六束和七束等染色体束,且均具有一定的发生频率,分别为0.073%、0.153%、0.053%和0.060%.而在对照组小麦细胞中没有发现分束分裂现象的发生.同时,通过聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳检测和激光共聚焦扫描显微镜观察发现,与CK组相比,分束分裂细胞中.微管蛋白的组成和微管骨架的形态结构均发生了变化.因此,推测分束分裂现象的发生可能与增强UV-B辐射导致细胞骨架微管系统损伤有关.     

除草剂氟乐灵对小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响

用氟乐灵（Trifluralin）处理小麦种子,研究其对小麦根尖细胞有丝分裂的影响。在光学显微镜下可检测到加倍染色体、多极化、滞后染色体、不均等分裂、环状染色体和微核等现象。结果显示,不同处理浓度及时间均能导致细胞分裂异常,其中100 μmol·L^-1,12 h的条件下,异常细胞分裂指数达到最高,为11.05%。浓度与时间相比较,时间的影响较为显著。在异常分裂的细胞中,最高频率的畸变现象是染色体加倍,可达6.25%（100 μmol·L^-1,12 h）。     

盐胁迫浓度与大麦幼苗生长分裂和遗传损伤的相关性研究

研究盐胁迫浓度与大麦幼苗生长分裂的关系, 实验结果表明:大麦幼苗生长在一定浓度的NaCl 溶液中时, 幼苗生长抑制、叶绿素含量降低, 有丝分裂指数下降, 根尖分生区细胞中具有微核和染色体畸变的细胞明显增多。统计分析结果显示:幼苗的分裂指数、遗传损伤与盐浓度间有很好的线性关系, 有丝分裂指数与处理浓度间呈负相关(p < 0.01), 微核率、染色体畸变率两项指标与处理浓度间呈正相关(p < 0.01)。研究结果表明:大麦幼根有丝分裂指数、微核率及染色体畸变率可以作为监测环境NaCl 的定量指标。     

朱顶红生殖细胞胞质分裂的两种方式

大多数植物以形成细胞板方式完成胞质分裂过程,也有些植物以类似于动物和单细胞植物在赤道区形成收缩沟的方式而分成两部分。本工作应用电镜对朱顶红体外萌发9-18小时花粉管中的生殖细胞胞质分裂进行了研究。结果表明：70％的细胞表现的是第一种方式,30％却是第二种方式。即：朱硕红生殖细胞胞质分裂同时存在两种方式。前者最初以细胞板亚单位的形式出现于有丝分裂晚后期,它们聚集于成膜体的中央区域并于分裂末期融合成一个大的连续的单位(Fig．1-3)。大量新的微管形成于两组染色体之间(Fig．1)。分裂末期,细胞板形成并具胞质通道(Fig.2)。成膜体微管规则排列并穿过胞质通道向新形成的末期核伸展(Fig.2＆3)。这些微管与构成细胞板的质膜紧密联系(Fig．3)。后者则在有丝分裂后期开始(Fig．4),当两群染色体彼此分离时,生殖细胞质膜在中央区由两侧向内凹陷形成收缩沟。有时生殖细胞几乎被收缩沟分成两个部分(Fig．6)。发生缢缩的细胞中细胞器与具细胞板的无差异,但微管稀少并且排列紊乱(Fig．4＆5),染色体的状态使得难以准确区分细胞分裂时期。而且核膜的形成似乎始于有丝分裂后期、出现于染色体边缘(Fig.7)。有时尚有落后染色体出现(Fig.8)。据此认为：收缩沟的发生与核膜的重建、染色体的异常行为及微管无序有关。朱顶红生殖细胞同时存在两种方式的胞质分裂现象相当特殊,可能存在着两种胞质分裂机制。由于游离的生殖细胞在某种程度上类似于动物细胞,因而以缢缩方式完成胞质分裂是可能的。另一方面,生殖细胞对花粉管生长所处的环境极为敏感,体外培养造成生殖细胞不规剧分裂的可能性也应考虑。因此研究在柱头上萌发花粉管中的生殖细胞的胞质分裂是有意义的,此研究结果将有助于更好地理解生殖细胞胞质分裂的机制。     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦根尖分裂期细胞肌动蛋白的影响

以增强UV-B（10．08kJ·m^-2·d^-1）辐射后的小麦根尖细胞为材料,异硫氰酸荧光素标记的鬼笔环肽（FITC-Ph）为探针,利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜,观察分析小麦根尖分裂期细胞肌动蛋白在分裂周期的分布及形态变化。结果表明：uV-B辐射处理后,问期细胞肌动蛋白纤丝排列紊乱;前期细胞周质中肌动蛋白纤丝变为短的片段,点状荧光随机分布在周质;中期细胞荧光强度明显减弱,明亮的肌动蛋白片段消失,点状荧光消失;有丝分裂后期到末期,成膜体区域肌动蛋白纤丝或成弥散状或完全消失,且出现落后染色体、染色体桥、不均等分裂及三束分裂等染色体畸变类型和异常分裂现象。     

三种有丝分裂抑制剂诱发小鼠骨髓细胞非整倍体的比较研究

以秋水仙素有丝分裂(CM)效应、微核(MN)及染色体畸变(CA)三种体内细胞遗传学指标综合评估了有丝分裂抑制剂(秋水仙素、益康唑及对苯二酚)诱发小鼠骨髓细胞非整倍体的效应。结果表明:秋水仙素是典型的多倍体及非整倍体诱发剂。益康唑对细胞有丝分裂有与秋水仙素相类似的效应,进一步分析表明其在哺乳动物体细胞内无非整倍体诱发效应。对苯二酚在哺乳动物活体实验系统中,可能具有诱发非整倍体及染色体结构畸变的多种遗传毒性。结果提示三种细胞遗传学指标能为非整倍体诱发剂的检出提供依据。     

工业废水诱发的洋葱根尖细胞有丝分裂染色体畸变与微核的测定

用工业废水对洋葱根尖染毒,对其诱发的根尖细胞有丝分裂期染色体畸变、微术是定表明,处理样品有丝分裂过程中存在着大量的畸变类型,主要表现为多极分裂、染色体桥、染色体片段、滞后染色体以及微核的产生。     

硫酸铜对大蒜根尖细胞产生致畸效应

为了研究硫酸铜对大蒜(Allium sativum L.)根尖细胞的毒理学效应,本实验采用不同浓度的硫酸铜溶液,处理大蒜根尖20 h。通过有丝分裂染色体制片技术,观察大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂情况。实验表明:大蒜根尖细胞有丝分裂指数受不同浓度的硫酸铜溶液影响,低浓度时分裂指数升高,高浓度时分裂指数降低。在一定浓度范围内,微核率随硫酸铜浓度的增加而升高,但高于一定浓度后,反而下降。此外,硫酸铜也诱导了染色体产生畸变。染色体畸变率随硫酸铜浓度的升高而增加,其畸变率均高于对照组。     

拟南芥黏连蛋白RAD21对增强UV-B辐射后细胞分裂的响应

UV-B辐射对植物的影响体现在多个水平,其会引起植物DNA损伤,造成有丝分裂异常,最终影响植物的生长发育及生理生化过程。RAD21.3是黏连蛋白复合物的一个亚基,参与有丝分裂中染色体的分离。该研究以哥伦比亚生态型拟南芥(Arabidopsis thaliana)和atrad21.3突变体为材料,设置对照(CK)及UV-B处理组,对野生型(WT)、atrad21.3及过表达株系的根长、株高、抽薹时间和生理生化指标进行统计分析。利用碱性品红染色观察拟南芥根尖的有丝分裂现象,并统计畸变率。SPSS分析结果表明, UV-B处理后, WT UV-B和atrad21.3 CK的抽薹时间、株高及各项生理生化指标与WT CK相比无显著差异,但atrad21.3UV-B与之相比差异显著。通过烟草(Nicotianabenthamiana)的瞬时表达和亚细胞定位观察,发现RAD21.3集中在细胞核;进一步观察分裂期细胞发现落后染色体、染色体桥和游离染色体等异常现象。统计结果表明,与WT CK相比, WT UV-B和atrad21.3 CK的畸变率较高,但atrad21.3 UV-B的畸变率更高,表明RAD21.3可能响应UV-B辐射诱导的异常有丝分裂。     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦TaRAN1蛋白分布与定位的影响

以增强UV-B(10.08 kJ.m-2.d-1)辐射后的小麦根尖细胞为材料,采用间接免疫荧光标记技术,利用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜,观察分析小麦根尖分裂期细胞Ran蛋白在分裂周期的分布及形态变化。研究结果显示,正常细胞中,Ran蛋白在细胞分裂间期主要定位于核膜周边,在后期定位于赤道板上和纺锤体上,末期又回到子细胞核膜周边;增强UV-B辐射处理后,在细胞分裂间期和前期有点状荧光分布在核膜的周围;中期和后期点状荧光分布在细胞质中;在末期部分点状荧光又回到核膜的周围,部分仍分散在核内,且出现落后染色体、染色体桥、不均等分裂等染色体畸变类型和异常分裂现象。     

Characteristics of the membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius

Summary The membranes of the pellicle of the ciliatePseudomicrothorax dubius are investigated using thin section electron microscopy and freeze-fracture replicas. The plasma membrane is covered by a surface coat and is connected to the outer alveolar membrane by short, sometimes branched, bridges. The inner alveolar membrane is coated on both sides. The epiplasm lies in intimate contact with the cytoplasmic surface of this membrane, and there is a corresponding deposit on the other surface. This deposit is regularly striated.The epiplasmic layer and the alveoli are interrupted at sites of cytotic activity,e.g., the attachment sites of trichocysts, the cytoproct, and the parasomal sacs. The striated deposit ends where the epiplasm ends, indicating a direct relationship between these two epimembranous layers.There is a deposit along the sides of the first part of the tip of the trichocysts, and in this region the trichocyst membrane is free of intramembranous particles.The membrane of the parasomal sacs has a coat on both surfaces. That on the extraplasmic surface is similar to the surface coat of the plasma membrane. The origin of the cytoplasmic coat is unknown. The cytotic activity of these sacs is indicated by their highly irregular profiles.     

The early development of the tail and the transformation of the shape of the nucleus of the spermatid of the domestic fowl,Gallus gallus

Summary The differentiation of the spermatid, especially in reference to the formation of the flagellum, and transformation of the shape of the nucleus was investigated in the domestic fowl.In the early stage of the spermatid, a prominent Golgi apparatus appears around the centrioles. The Golgi vesicles then surround the axial-filament complex which develops from the distal centriole. These vesicles fuse to form continuous membrane at the earliest stage of flagellar formation, and in the succeeding stage Golgi lamellae are attached to the plasma membrane of the developing flagellum. From these observations, it is assumed that Golgi apparatus may be a source of the membrane system of the flagellum.The microtubules distributed around the nucleus form the circular manchette. The anterior region of the nucleus with the manchette is cylindrical in shape and the posterior region without it remains irregular in shape. When the circular manchette has been completed, the whole nucleus acquires a slender cylindrical shape. The circular manchette then changes into the longitudinal manchette. The nuclei of spermatids without a longitudinal manchette are abnormal in shape. In view of these observations it is assumed that the nuclear shaping of the spermatid may be accomplished by circular manchette and the maintenance of shape of the elongated nucleus by longitudinal manchette.The authors wish to thank Mr. Takayuki Mori for his helpful suggestions and technical advices     

Characterization of the composition of the aqueous humor and the vitreous body of the eye of the frog Rana temporaria L

This study aimed to analyze the aqueous humor (AH) and the vitreous body (VB) of the eye of the adult frog Rana temporaria L. as a representative species of amphibians, which lead a semi-terrestrial life. The presence of collagen, albumin, uric acid and electron donors was shown in both media; however, there are slight differences in their concentrations. To determine collagen, a spectral-fluorescent probe, cyanine dye, was used. The presence of collagen in AH of the frog was found at the first time. The total content of electron donors (ascorbic and uric acids, tryptophan, and tyrosine) in VB and HA was roughly estimated at ~ 1.5 × 10^− 4 mol/L. Both VB and AH absorb light in similar UV regions. The total protein and albumin contents in AH were found to be somewhat higher than those in VB. The uric acid content was at an equally low level in both intraocular media. It is supposed that the similarity of VB and AH compositions shown in this work is due to some exchange between VB and AH contents in the course of accommodation. The role of intraocular fluids in physiological functions of the eye and in protecting the retina against UV light is discussed.