乳酸和过氧乙酸对大肠杆菌O157:H7生物膜的抑制作用及其机制

研究乳酸和过氧乙酸对大肠杆菌O157:H7生物膜的抑制作用,并从代谢活性、胞外聚合物质量浓度、生物膜的微观结构以及相关功能基因的表达等方面探究乳酸和过氧乙酸对大肠杆菌O157:H7生物膜的抑制机理。结果发现：乳酸和过氧乙酸的最小抑菌剂量（minimum inhibitory concentrations,MIC）分别为0.25%和0.002 5%;通过活菌计数测定分析不同剂量乳酸和过氧乙酸对大肠杆菌O157:H7生物膜抑制效果,发现在亚MIC（1/2 MIC和1/4 MIC）下乳酸和过氧乙酸的生物膜抑制作用较弱,而MIC下两种有机酸均可显著抑制大肠杆菌O157:H7生物膜的形成（P＜0.05）,2 MIC可完全抑制大肠杆菌O157:H7生物膜形成;经MIC的乳酸和过氧乙酸处理后,大肠杆菌O157:H7生物膜的代谢活性分别降低了84.25%和43.49%,而胞外聚合物质量浓度显著减少（P＜0.05）;乳酸和过氧乙酸均有效抑制了大肠杆菌O157:H7的黏附相关基因（csgA、flhC）、群体感应相关基因（luxS、sdiA）、胞外多糖合成相关基因（csrA、adrB、adrA）以及双组分调控系统相关基因（phoQ、phoP、envZ、ompR）。综上所述,乳酸和过氧乙酸可以作为食品工业中有效的杀菌剂,降低食品生产和加工过程中相关微生物污染的风险。     

青钱柳多糖抑菌活性及及作用机理

为研究青钱柳多糖的抑菌活性和作用机制，用不同质量浓度的青钱柳多糖处理细菌，通过最小抑菌浓度（minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC）、抑菌生长曲线分析青钱柳多糖对细菌的抑菌效果，并从抑制效果最佳的受试菌菌体电导率、细胞蛋白和核酸含量、还原糖的释放、呼吸链脱氢酶活性、脂质过氧化程度、细胞内ATP含量、细胞外碱性磷酸酶活力的角度来揭示其抑菌机理。结果表明，青钱柳多糖对金黄色葡萄球菌（Staphylococcus aureus）、大肠杆菌（Escherichia coil）、单增李斯特氏菌（Listeria monocytogenes）和鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhimurium）有明显的抑制作用，MIC分别为2、4、6、6 mg/mL，对枯草芽孢杆菌（Bacillus subtilis）的抑菌性不明显；对指示菌的电导率、蛋白质和核酸渗漏、还原糖释放、呼吸链脱氢酶活性、细菌脂质过氧化程度、菌体胞内ATP和胞外碱性磷酸酶（AKP）含量均有影响。以上现象表明，青钱柳多糖的抑菌性主要是破坏菌体细胞壁和细胞膜完整性，改变其通透性，使得胞内大小分子物质外泄，抑制了细胞的呼吸代谢和引起氧化损失，进而影响细胞的生长代谢或造成细胞死亡，达到抑菌效果。     

粪肠球菌Z096对副溶血弧菌生物被膜及群体感应的抑制作用

为了研究粪肠球菌Z096对副溶血弧菌生物被膜和群体感应（quorum sensing,QS）系统的抑制作用,采用竞争、清除、排阻三种方式模拟Z096与副溶血弧菌在微菌落环境中的相互作用,并进一步探究了Z096的提取物（Z096-E）对副溶血弧菌生物被膜形成、成熟生物被膜清除、细胞表面疏水性、自聚性、QS信号分子AI-2活性、群集泳动能力以及胞外多糖和蛋白合成的影响。结果表明:Z096可通过竞争、清除、排阻的方式与副溶血弧菌相互作用,降低浮游和生物被膜状态的副溶血弧菌细胞数量,干扰副溶血弧菌在载体表面的粘附,且Z096-E能够显著抑制副溶血弧菌生物被膜形成,有效清除成熟生物被膜,1.6 mg/mL的Z096-E处理12 h,副溶血弧菌生物被膜抑制率为70.43%,代谢活性减少率为84.15%;12.8 mg/mL的Z096-E处理副溶血弧菌成熟生物被膜4 h,生物被膜清除率为58.21%,代谢活性减少率为69.84%。而且1.6 mg/mL的Z096-E对副溶血弧菌群集和泳动能力、细胞表面疏水性和自聚性、胞外多糖和蛋白合成的抑制率分别为47.26%、53.56%、63.37%、89.38%、77.65%和51.91%,抑制效果具有浓度依赖性。此外,Z096-E可使副溶血弧菌QS信号分子AI-2活性减弱,表明Z096-E是一种AI-2类群体感应抑制剂,其可通过干扰QS系统,从而影响副溶血弧菌的生理特性。因此,本研究发现了一株能够抑制副溶血弧菌生物被膜的乳酸菌,其提取物Z096-E能作为一种防控副溶血弧菌生物被膜的新型乳酸菌生物制剂,这对消除致病菌生物被膜污染以及开发新型抗菌剂具有积极的作用。     

苯乳酸对单增李斯特菌生物被膜的影响

为研究苯乳酸（Phenyllactic Acid,PLA）对单增李斯特菌（Listeria monocytogenes,Lm）生物被膜的影响，采用结晶紫法检测Lm生物被膜生物量、倒置显微镜和扫描电镜观察Lm生物被膜结构；分别采用苯酚硫酸法、福林酚法和二苯胺法测定生物被膜中胞外多糖、胞外蛋白和胞外DNA的含量；利用实时荧光定量PCR检测PLA对Lm生物被膜形成相关基因转录水平的影响。结果表明：PLA对8株Lm菌株的最小抑菌浓度值均为6 mg/mL。PLA通过抑制胞外多糖和胞外蛋白的合成抑制Lm生物被膜的形成。对于Lm成熟生物被膜，PLA通过减少胞外多糖和胞外蛋白的量破坏生物被膜结构、降低生物被膜生物量。PLA还能抑制Lm的运动性。在PLA作用下Lm群体感应系统agr的转录水平显著（P<0.05）降低。作为一种天然抗菌物质，PLA在控制Lm及其生物被膜对食品污染方面具有潜在的应用价值。     

乳酸钠对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用

为初步研究乳酸钠对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的抑制作用,作者首先采用结晶紫染色法检测不同质量浓度乳酸钠(0、2.5、5、10、20 g/dL)对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的抑制效果,其次探究乳酸钠对其生物被膜结构、胞外多糖和胞外蛋白、膜内细菌细胞活性及细胞膜完整性的影响,并采用荧光实时定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)检测其生物被膜相关基因motB、mogR、degU、flgE、dnaK、prfA及sigB的表达水平。结果表明,随着乳酸钠浓度的增高(2.5%～20%),其对单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成的抑制效果显著增强(p0.05),抑制率分别为8.34%、32.2%、46.6%、55.2%。显微镜观察结果显示,经5 g/dL乳酸钠处理后,单增李斯特菌生物被膜结构明显变稀疏,厚度减少;同时胞外多糖和胞外蛋白质的形成量显著降低(p0.05)。此外,该质量浓度下的乳酸钠可抑制膜内细菌细胞活性及破坏细胞膜的完整性,从而抑制新生物被膜的形成;实时定量PCR结果进一步显示,与单增李斯特菌生物被膜形成相关基因的表达显著下调(p0.05)。本研究为乳酸钠可有效抑制单增李斯特菌生物被膜的形成提供科学依据。     

不同体积分数乙醇沉淀桑黄胞内多糖的理化性质及抗氧化活性

研究桑黄胞内多糖醇沉过程中乙醇体积分数对多糖得率、纯度、理化性质和抗氧化活性等的影响。结果表明：随着乙醇体积分数的增加,沉淀粗多糖的得率增加,而粗多糖中多糖含量呈现不规则的变化;不同体积分数乙醇沉淀获得的桑黄多糖中均含有木糖、甘露糖、半乳糖和葡萄糖。扫描电镜图像显示,低体积分数（65%、75%、85%）乙醇沉淀的多糖呈现均匀球状,高体积分数（95%)乙醇沉淀的多糖连成大块片状。桑黄胞内多糖体外抗氧化能力存在明显的量-效关系,95%乙醇沉淀的多糖对1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基、羟自由基、2,2’-联氮-双（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid),ABTS）自由基的清除效果最好,对Fe3＋的还原能力最强,抗氧化活性最高。     

鼠伤寒沙门氏菌生物被膜的清除效果研究

目的:比较食品工业中常用的消毒剂、常用的防腐剂及几种天然成分对鼠伤寒沙门氏菌（Salmonella typhimurium）生物被膜的影响。方法:通过在培养过程中添加不同种类、不同浓度的清除剂,测定所选清除剂对生物被膜形成过程的影响;用所选的清除剂对成熟生物被膜进行浸泡处理,评估每种清除剂不同含量下的清除效果;利用噻唑蓝（Methylthiazolyldiphenyl-tetrazolium bromide,MTT）比色法测定经不同清除剂处理后生物被膜菌内细胞的代谢活性;采用稀释平板涂布法计算不同物质处理后生物被膜内细菌的存活数。结果:消毒剂乙醇（50%）、过氧化氢（1%）、苯扎氯铵（0.6%）、苯扎溴铵（0.6%）,天然成分香芹酚、肉桂醛和百里香精油（1.0 μL/mL）在较低浓度下即可有效抑制S. typhimurium CDC3和S. typhimurium ST34生物被膜的产生;消毒剂洗洁精、过氧化氢和天然成分香芹酚、肉桂醛和百里香精油在清除成熟生物被膜方面表现出了一定的优势,其中清除效率最理想的是过氧化氢,最大可达90%左右,洗洁精最大清除率可至80%,香芹酚、肉桂醛和百里香精油可达70%左右;消毒剂乙醇、苯扎氯铵和苯扎溴铵,以及天然成分香芹酚、肉桂醛和百里香精油可以明显降低生物被膜菌的细胞代谢活性及活菌存活数,可将生物被膜内活菌数降低2~3个lg值。结论:对于成熟生物被膜的清除,在初始的培养中添加清除剂或是天然成分可以更加完全有效地控制生物被膜的产生。     

薰衣草精油对不同温度下形成的副溶血弧菌成熟生物被膜的清除作用

该文研究了副溶血弧菌在32、10℃下生物被膜的形成,并采用结晶紫染色法、四唑鎓盐(XTT)法、叠氮溴化丙锭与荧光定量PCR结合技术、激光共聚焦显微镜观察的手段以评估不同浓度的薰衣草精油和4种常用抗菌剂对副溶血弧菌成熟生物被膜的清除效果,进一步分析了2种温度下形成的生物被膜对不同浓度的薰衣草精油的抗性。研究结果表明,副溶血弧菌在两种温度下均能形成稳定的生物被膜,32℃下形成的生物被膜量显著高于10℃;低温生物被膜对抗菌剂的抗性更强;在5种抗菌剂中,薰衣草精油对副溶血弧菌生物被膜的清除效果最佳。1/2最低抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration, MIC)～4 MIC的薰衣草精油对副溶血弧菌32℃下形成的常温生物被膜和10℃下形成的低温生物被膜的清除率分别为36.39%～72.38%和58.20%～67.62%,使代谢活性分别下降35.72%～71.38%和42.06%～50.48%。激光共聚焦显微镜图像显示,经薰衣草精油处理的生物被膜结构稀疏,胞外多糖减少,死菌数量增加。此外,薰衣草精油对成熟生物被膜细胞具有良好的杀伤效果,随着其处理浓度的增加,生物被膜...     

柠檬酸和氯化钠抑制地衣芽孢杆菌生物被膜的研究

地衣芽孢杆菌是食品中常见腐败菌。该研究发现地衣芽孢杆菌在常见培养基（如TSB、NB、LB、1/2LB）中均有较强的产生物被膜能力,地衣芽孢杆菌稀释100倍、在胰酪胨大豆肉汤（TSB）培养基中30 ℃静置培养更利于地衣芽胞杆菌在96孔板上产生物被膜。测得地衣芽孢杆菌对柠檬酸和氯化钠的最低抑菌质量浓度（MIC）分别为1.28 mg/mL和64 mg/mL。采用结晶紫染色法,研究不同质量浓度柠檬酸和氯化钠对地衣芽孢杆菌生物被膜的抑制效果。结果显示,1/2MIC的氯化钠即能显著抑制地衣芽孢杆菌生物被膜形成（P＜0.01）;而1/2MIC和1MIC的柠檬酸对地衣芽孢杆菌生物被膜形成无明显抑制效果（P＞0.05）。     

茶树精油对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌生物被膜的影响

本文研究了茶树精油对耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌（Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus,MRSA）生物被膜的影响及其作用机制。首先测定了茶树精油对1株MRSA标准菌株及12株金黄色葡萄球菌分离菌株的MIC值为0.08%~0.32%。结晶紫半定量染色实验发现0.16%的茶树精油对MRSA生物被膜形成有抑制作用,结晶紫半定量染色实验和激光共聚焦显微镜发现0.32%的茶树精油可完全清除MRSA成熟的生物被膜,0.16%可明显破坏其生物被膜。抗生物被膜机制的初步探究发现茶树精油可以抑制MRSA生物被膜形成过程中多糖黏附素（polysaccharide intercellular adhesion,PIA）和胞外DNA（extracellular DNA,eDNA）的分泌以及物被膜形成相关基因agr、ica、cid、sar的表达。因此,茶树精油具有强大的抗生物被膜作用,可能机制是抑制其PIA的合成,eDNA的分泌以及生物被膜形成相关基因的表达。     

Assessment of a regulatory sanitization process in Egyptian dairy plants in regard to the adherence of some food-borne pathogens and their biofilms

Food-borne pathogens may develop certain strategies that enable them to defy harsh conditions such as chemical sanitization. Biofilm formation represents a prominent one among those adopted strategies, by which food-borne pathogens protect themselves against external threats. Thus, bacterial biofilm is considered as a major hazard for safe food production. This study was designed to investigate the adherence and the biofilm formation ability of some food-borne pathogens on stainless steel and polypropylene surfaces using chip assay, and to validate regular sanitizing process (sodium hypochlorite 250mg/L) for effective elimination of those pathogens. Sixteen pathogenic bacterial strains, previously isolated from raw milk and dairy products at Zagazig city, Egypt (9 Staphylococcus aureus, 4 Cronobacter sakazakii and 3 Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium), were chosen for this study. Strains showed different patterns of adherence and biofilm formation on tested surfaces with minor significance between surfaces. The ability of sodium hypochlorite to completely eradicate either adhered or biofilm-embedded pathogens varied significantly depending on the strain and type of surface used. Whilst, sodium hypochlorite reduced tested pathogens counts per cm(2) of produced biofilms, but it was not able to entirely eliminate neither them nor adherent Cronobacter sakazakii to stainless steel surface. This study revealed that biofilm is considered as a sustainable source of contamination of dairy products with these pathogens, and also emphasized the need of paying more attention to the cleaning and sanitizing processes of food contact surfaces.     

丁酸钠对副溶血性弧菌毒性的影响及机制研究

目的 探究丁酸钠对副溶血性弧菌毒性的影响及机制。方法 通过测定丁酸钠对副溶血性弧菌生物膜形成能力及黏附宿主细胞能力, 评估其对副溶血性弧菌毒性的影响; 此外基于傅里叶变换红外光谱法和拉曼光谱法检测胞外成分变化;利用RT-qPCR探究毒力基因转录水平变化。结果 亚致死浓度的丁酸钠基本不影响副溶血性弧菌生长,但对生物膜形成有显著地抑制作用; 丁酸钠处理后,副溶血性弧菌对Caco-2细胞的黏附率分别降低28%、41%和61%; 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和拉曼光谱表明丁酸钠能影响副溶血性弧菌脂肪酸及蛋白质疏水性以及降低核酸、碳水化合物和蛋白质的峰面积; RT-qPCR分析显示丁酸钠可显著下调与副溶血性弧菌毒力相关基因的转录表达。结论 丁酸钠具有一定的抑制副溶血性弧菌毒性的能力, 有潜力用于预防及控制副溶血性弧菌造成的食源性疾病。     

丁香酚对解淀粉芽孢杆菌气液界面生物膜的抑制作用

为研究丁香酚对解淀粉芽孢杆菌DY1a生物膜的抑制作用及成膜早期界面黏附聚集能力的影响,分析了不同质量浓度的丁香酚对生物膜形成、生物膜表面微观结构、膜内活菌数及生物膜基质多糖和蛋白质含量的影响,并评价其对成熟生物膜的清除能力,通过细菌运动能力实验、细胞表面疏水性、细胞表面Zeta电位及细胞自聚集能力,综合分析丁香酚对生物膜形成早期界面黏附聚集能力的影响。结果表明:丁香酚对解淀粉芽孢杆菌的最低生物膜抑制质量浓度(MBIC)为1.500mg/mL,MBIC的丁香酚对成熟生物膜清除率为28.85%。添加1/2 MBIC、1/4 MBIC的丁香酚培养基气液界面形成的生物膜较为单薄,表面较为光滑平整,生物膜内活菌数显著降低。丁香酚对腐败菌泳动能力抑制率为22.16%~100.00%,对丛集能力的抑制率为43.86%~97.50%,使细胞表面疏水性、细胞表面负Zeta电位和自聚集率均降低。此外,丁香酚显著抑制了腐败菌胞外多糖和蛋白质合成。丁香酚对芽孢杆菌生物膜的抑制作用主要是通过抑制细菌运动能力,降低细胞表面的疏水性、自聚集性,从而干扰早期菌体在成膜界面上的黏附能力,并通过抑制胞外聚合物组分的合成分泌延迟生物膜的形成和成熟。丁香酚可作为抑制腐败解淀粉芽孢杆菌气液界面生物膜形成的潜在抗生物膜剂。     

富马酸钠对荧光假单胞菌群体感应现象及其腐败活性的抑制作用

以报告菌株紫色杆菌CV026为检测模型,探究富马酸钠对荧光假单胞菌群体感应现象及其腐败特性的影响。采用酶标法及光学显微镜观察富马酸钠对荧光假单胞菌生物被膜的抑制效果,利用气相色谱-质谱分析富马酸钠对荧光假单胞菌分泌信号分子的影响。结果表明：在亚抑菌浓度下,富马酸钠可以显著降低紫色杆菌CV026紫色菌素的产生量（P＜0.05）;当质量浓度为2.0 mg/mL时,富马酸钠对紫色菌素的抑制率达50.95%,且不影响CV026菌株的生长。富马酸钠能有效抑制荧光假单胞菌生物被膜形成、群集与泳动、胞外蛋白酶活性等相关腐败特性,且质量浓度与其抑制作用呈正相关。另外,由气相色谱-质谱检测结果可知,富马酸钠对荧光假单胞菌N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯信号分子的分泌有较好的抑制效果。因此,富马酸钠具有较好的群体感应抑制活性,可作为新型群体感应抑制剂用于水产品贮藏保鲜。     

4种防腐剂对副溶血弧菌生物膜形成的抑制作用

在确定4种防腐剂壳聚糖、山梨酸钾、脱氢乙酸钠和ε-聚赖氨酸对副溶血弧菌(Vibro parahaemolyticus)的最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)的基础上,研究其对副溶血弧菌生物膜的抑制作用。采用结晶紫染色法测生物膜形成量,XTT法测生物膜代谢活性,硫酸-苯酚法测定生物膜中胞外多糖的分泌量。结果表明,壳聚糖的MIC最小,为1.25 mg/m L。4种防腐剂在MIC以及亚抑菌浓度条件下对副溶血弧菌生物膜均有明显的抑制作用,不仅抑制生物膜的形成,而且能显著降低细菌的代谢活性,减少胞外多糖的分泌,其中壳聚糖对副溶血弧菌生物膜的抑制作用最强。     

葡萄柚籽提取物及其纳米乳对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生物菌膜的抑制作用

目的：研究葡萄柚籽提取物(grapefruitseedextract,GSE)及其纳米乳(grapefruitseedextract nanoemulsion,GNE)对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌生物菌膜的抑制作用。方法：分析菌膜黏附菌数变化、胞外聚合物(extracellular polymeric substances,EPS)含量并进行微观结构观察,比较GSE和GNE对两菌菌膜(单种菌膜和混合菌膜)形成的抑制作用和已形成菌膜的清除效果。结果：与对照组相比,1/2最小抑菌浓度(minimum inhibitory concentration,MIC)GSE和GNE可以抑制两菌单种菌膜形成时黏附菌和EPS产生,且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用更强。扫描电子显微镜(scanning electron microcopy,SEM)和共聚焦激光扫描显微镜(confocal laser scanning microscope,CLSM)所观察到的微观结构变化也显示出GSE和GNE对两菌菌膜形成具有抑制作用。GSE和GNE对已形成菌膜也有良好清除效果,且对金黄色葡萄球菌菌膜的清除作用更强,但混合菌膜...     

Biofilm formation and biocides sensitivity of Pseudomonas marginalis isolated from a maple sap collection system

The susceptibility of planktonic and biofilm cells of Pseudomonas marginalis toward four commonly used biocides at different temperatures (15 and 30 degrees C) and biofilm growth times (24 and 48 h) was assessed. Using the MBEC biofilm device, biofilm production in maple sap was shown to be highly reproducible for each set of conditions tested. Biofilm formation was influenced by growth temperature and time. A temperature of 15 degrees C and incubation time of 24 h yielded fewer CFU per peg and showed fewer adhered cells and typical biofilm structures, based on scanning electron microscopy observations as compared with other conditions. Minimal biofilm eradication concentration values for P. marginalis were significantly greater (P. < 0.001) than were MBCs for planktonic cells and for every biocide tested, with the exception of minimal biofilm eradication concentration values for peracetic acid at 15 degrees C and 24 h. Sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid sanitizers were able to eliminate P. marginalis biofilms at lower concentrations as compared with hydrogen peroxide- and quaternary ammonium-based sanitizers (P < 0.001). According to the results obtained, sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid sanitizers would be more appropriate for maple sap collection system sanitation.     

Architectural adaptation and protein expression patterns of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis biofilms under laminar flow conditions

Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis is a significant biofilm-forming pathogen. The influence of a 10-fold difference in nutrient laminar flow velocity on the dynamics of Salmonella Enteritidis biofilm formation and protein expression profiles were compared in order to ascertain how flow velocity influenced biofilm structure and function. Low-flow (0.007 cm s(-1)) biofilms consisted of diffusely-arranged microcolonies which grew until merging by approximately 72 h. High-flow (0.07 cm s(-1)) biofilms were significantly thicker (36+/-3 microm (arithmetic mean+/-standard error; n=225) versus 16+/-2 microm for low-flow biofilms at 120 h) and consisted of large bacterial mounds interspersed by water channels. Lectin-binding analysis of biofilm exopolymers revealed a significantly higher (P<0.05) proportion of N-acetylgalactosamine (GalNAc) in low-flow biofilms (55.2%), relative to only 1.2% in high-flow biofilms. Alternatively, the proportions of alpha-L-fucose and N-acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc2)-N-acetylneuraminic acid (NeuNAc) polymer-conjugates were significantly higher (P<0.05) in high-flow biofilms (69.1% and 29.6%, respectively) than low-flow biofilms (33.1% and 11.7%, respectively). Despite an apparent flow rate-based physiologic effect on biofilm structure and exopolymer composition, no major shift in whole-cell protein expression patterns was seen between 168 h-old low-flow and high-flow biofilms, and notably did not include any response involving the stress response proteins, DnaK, SodB, and Tpx. Proteins involved in degradation and energy metabolism (PduA, GapA, GpmA, Pgk, and RpiA), RNA and protein biosynthesis (Tsf, TufA, and RpoZ), cell processes (Crr, MalE, and PtsH), and adaptation (GrcA), and some hypothetical proteins (YcbL and YnaF) became up-regulated in both biofilm systems relative to a 168 h-old planktonic cell control. Our results indicate that Salmonella Enteritidis biofilms altered their structure and extracellular glycoconjugate composition in response to flow and this response is suggested to be significant in the survival of this pathogen as biofilms.     

Effects of irradiation and sodium hypochlorite on the micro-organisms attached to a commercial food container

Biofilm formation on various surfaces is a well-known phenomenon and it has caused pollution, health, and safety hazards, and a substantial economic loss. The present study was to evaluate the bactericidal effects of sodium hypochlorite and gamma irradiation on Psudomonas aeruginosa, Listeria innocua, and Escherichia coli biofilm formed on polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PET), and polycarbonate (PC), which are widely used as food container materials. The bacterial counts of all the micro-organisms tested in the bacterial suspension were decreased linearly by a gamma irradiation and 3 kGy of irradiation decreased the bacterial counts to below the detection limit (<10(1)cfu/ml). In sodium hypochlorite treated bacterial suspension only a 1 decimal point reduction in bacterial counts was observed until 100 ppm, beyond 100-400 ppm all micro-organisms tested were undetected. The microbial biofilms attached to PP, PE, and PC were very resistant to sodium hypochlorite, showing only 1-3 decimal point reductions even at 400 ppm of the total available chlorine level. In contrast, 3 kGy of gamma irradiation eliminated the micro-organisms attached to PP, PET, and PC with minor exceptions (P. aeruginosa attached to PE and Escherichia coli attached to PC). In conclusion, gamma irradiation was effective for reducing both the bacterial counts in the suspension and biofilms on PP, PET, and PC, while sodium hypochlorite was unable to eliminate the bacterial cells attached to PP, PET, and PC.