西双版纳地区小型哺乳动物群落结构及其季节变动

2008年10月—2009年6月,选择云南西双版纳地区7个不同类型生境,分别在旱季、雾凉季和雨季,采用铗夜法对小型哺乳动物群落展开调查。共布2100铗日,捕得小型哺乳动物3科10种127只,其中啮齿目(Rodentia)鼠科(Muridae)8种,食虫目(Instectivo-ra)鼩鼱科(Soricidae)和猬科(Erinaceidae)各1种,平均捕获率为6%。社鼠(Niviventer con-fucianus)是该地区小型哺乳动物群落中的优势种,其捕获率在季节之间的差异达到显著水平(P=0.023),在生境之间的差异不显著(P0.05)。在所调查的7个生境中,以生境最原始的热带雨林中的小型哺乳动物物种多样性指数最高(1.91);热带山地常绿阔叶林物种均匀度最高(0.95);热带季节性湿润林物种优势度最高(0.94)。人工橡胶林中未捕获到小型哺乳动物。3个季节中以旱季捕获小型哺乳动物数量最多。对不同生境内群落相似性指数进行聚类分析,6个生境在相似性指数0.21处全部聚合在一起。本研究结果表明,不同生境中小型哺乳动物物种多样性的丰富度与人类干扰程度有关,在人类干扰越小的生境中,小型哺乳动物种类越丰富,生物多样性指数越高;人为干扰频繁的生境物种多样性较低。     

高寒草甸地区小哺乳动物群落多样性的初步研究

高寒苹甸地区的人工草场、半人工草场、次生杂类草草场和撩荒地中共有4个小哺乳类群落;根田鼠+高原鼢鼠群落;根田鼠+甘肃鼠兔群落;高原鼠兔+高原鼢鼠群落;长尾仓鼠+高原鼠兔群落。小哺乳类群落种的多样性与植物群落种的多样性无显著相关关系,而与植被的高度、盖度呈显著负相关关系。高原鼢鼠是各生境中的广布种。根田鼠与甘肃鼠兔在植被郁闭度高的环境中为群落的主要组成者;植被郁闭度低的环境中,高原鼠兔和长尾仓鼠是群落的主要成员。它们的空间格局主要反映空间环境条件的差异。     

阿拉善地区不同生境小型兽类群落多样性研究

本文对内蒙古阿拉善地区不同生境中小型兽类群落的物种组成和多样性进行了初步研究。1998 年8～9 月和1999 年8～9 月, 2002 年10 月, 在8 种不同生境类型中共布放54 个样地, 22 606 个有效铗日, 捕获小型兽类标本866 只, 分属2 目6 科, 共20 种。多样性分析结果表明: 8 种不同生境的小型兽类群落Shannon-Wiener 多样性指数在1.186～1.589 之间; Pielou 均匀性指数在0.630 9～0.861 8 之间; Simpson 生态优势度指数在0.234 9～0.415 7 之间; Margalef 丰富度指数在0.931 8～2.020 之间。根据不同生境的小型兽类群落相似性指数聚类结果,可以将8 种生境的小型兽类群落大致划分为4 种类型: 耐旱型(群落Ⅴ和群落Ⅶ)、干旱型(群落Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ)、农林交错型(群落Ⅵ和群落Ⅷ) 和森林型(群落Ⅳ) 。生境条件的差异对小型兽类群落物种组成和多样性有一定的限制作用, 而人为干扰有明显影响。     

青海玉树高原不同生境类型蝶类群落结构与多样性

2016年和2017年的5—8月,在玉树市选取森林、灌木、高寒灌丛、高寒草甸草原和裸岩5种生境进行蝴蝶种类资源和群落多样性的调查,共记录到蝶类个体数1580头,62种,隶属于7科40属。其中古北界19种,占总种数的30%,东洋界2种,占总种数的3%,两界共有种(广布种) 41种,占总种数的67%。蛱蝶科(535只)个体数量最多,占蝶类个体总数的34%。计算并分析了5种生境中蝴蝶多样性指数(H')、优势度指数(D)、物种丰富度指数(R)、均匀度指数(J)和相似性系数(I),结果表明:灌木生境具有最高的多样性指数,较高均匀度指数和物种丰富度指数以及最低的优势度指数;高寒草甸草原蝶类的多样性指数、均匀度指数、物种丰富度指数均为最低,而优势度指数最高。     

汶川地震对都江堰地区大熊猫生境的影响

为了明确汶川地震破坏区的空间分布特征及其对大熊猫生境的影响,选择在都江堰地区采用遥感数据解译和GIS模型分析相结合的方法进行了此项研究。研究结果表明：汶川地震及其产生的滑坡、泥石流等次生灾害造成的植被破坏区面积为12862hm^2,其中78．64％的破坏区位于龙溪虹口自然保护区内部。地震破坏区在空间上主要分布在海拔1400—2400m,坡度20～55°之间的山坡上。地震造成都江堰地区21．63％的大熊猫生境丧失,其中海拔2200～3000m之间的大熊猫生境丧失比例较大。大熊猫生境破碎化程度严重,震后的生境斑块数量是震前的7．7倍。龙溪虹口自然保护区的大熊猫生境丧失更为严重,其丧失比例为32．15％,而保护区外部的大熊猫生境丧失较轻,其丧失比例为9．83％。地震造成该地区大熊猫生境丧失严重,生境破碎化加剧,为了增加大熊猫可利用的生境,在震后恢复重建中应当避免在大熊猫生境中开展旅游。     

青海祁连地区不同生境类型蝶类多样性研究

于1997－1999年对青海祁连地区不同生境类型中蝴蝶多样性进行了研究。研究中依据海拔高度、气候、土壤和植被的不同将该地区的蝴蝶生境划分为5种类型：山缘农田、山地草原、森林草原、高寒灌丛草甸、裸岩。共收集蝴蝶4367只,隶属于6科35属53种,计算了5种生境类型中蝶类物种丰富度、相似性系数、多样性指数,其中,蝶类物种丰富度由小到大的顺序为：裸岩（6种）＜山地草原（13种）＜森林草原（14种）＜高寒灌丛草甸（22种）＜山缘农田（H′＝2.7071）、高寒灌丛草甸（H′=2.7734）;森林草原和山缘农田的相似性系数最高（0.3704）,其次为山地草原和高寒灌丛草甸（0.2500,裸岩与其他生境类型的相似性系数最低。     

小兴安岭林区不同生境梯度中小型哺乳动物生物多样性

利用铗日法和陷阱法,于2000年7～8月,对小兴安岭林区7个不同生境梯度中小型哺乳动物群落的多样性变化进行了初步研究。结果表明：(1)铗日法所捕获的物种数和个体数明显大于陷阱法．但后者更适合捕获小体型动物;(2)共捕获小型哺乳动物9种．其中啮齿目(Rodentia)松鼠科(Sciuridae)1种．田鼠亚科(Microtine)3种．鼠科(Muridae)4种．食虫目(Insectivora)鼩鲭科(Soricidae)1种．所捕获的物种中．棕背解(Clethrionomys rufocanus)为优势种．占总数的48．77％．与黑线姬鼠(Apodemus agrarius )、大林姬鼠(A．speciosus)和红背Ping(C．rutilus)一起构成本地区的常见种;(3)物种在不同的生境类型中呈明显的不均匀分布．以中度干扰的灌丛生境内小型哺乳动物从物种丰富度和多样性指数最高．次生林1和农田生境均有较高的物种丰富度和多样性指数,无干扰的原生林1、2中物种丰富度最低,而轻微干扰的原生林3中物种多样性指数最低．受严重干扰的农田生境中小型哺乳动物均匀度最高．其次是次生林1和灌丛,原生林3和干扰较重的次生林2中小型哺乳动物群落均匀度最小;(4)从物种多样性与林地郁闭度和地表草本植物覆盖度的相关分析看出：物种多样性与郁闭度相关性不显著．而与覆盖度呈显著的正相关关系．反映了这些物种对草本植物选择倾向;(5)根据不同生境内群落相似性指数进行系统聚类,将所有的生境聚类为3组．即原生林组(原生林1、原生林2和原生林3)、次生林组(次生林1和次生林2)和农田组(灌丛和农田)．表明组内各生境间小型哺乳动物成分的相似性和组间的明显差异。研究表明．小型哺乳动物多样性受生境内植被演替阶段、食物和隐蔽条件等环境因素影响．而人类干扰也是主要因素之一。     

千岛湖岛屿小型兽类群落的多样性

2007 年秋季和2008 年春季,选取千岛湖地区14 个岛屿和2 个半岛作为样地,采用夹夜法进行小型兽类群落组成调查。两季度共布夹20 400 个,捕获小型兽类1 141 只,隶属2 目3 科9 属13 种,啮齿目(Rodentia)鼠科(Muridae)10 种和仓鼠科(Cricetidae)1 种,食虫目(Insectivora)鼩鼱科(Soricidae)2 种。利用以上结果分析其群落多样性,结果显示:14 个岛屿小型兽类群落春、秋两季的多样性指数、均匀度指数和优势度指数均呈现极显著差异且优势种发生变化;对可能影响岛屿小型兽类群落多样性的岛屿面积、距最近陆地距离、距最近大岛距离和植物丰富度等因素进行逐步回归分析,发现只有植物丰富度对小型兽类群落的物种丰富度有显著影响;对16 个样地按照物种组成比进行聚类,许源半岛样地与14 个岛屿聚为一类,姚家半岛样地单独归为一类,相似性指数比较结果亦显示姚家半岛样地与其它样地的相似性指数偏低。结论:景观破碎化导致千岛湖岛屿小型兽类群落的稳定性下降,物种多样性季节变化强烈;随岛屿面积的增加,小型兽类物种丰富度并非总是增加的,而是出现反复,呈现明显的小岛效应;14 个岛屿的物种与许源半岛样地物种构成比接近,推断在水库未形成前属同一生境。     

新疆莫索湾垦区啮齿动物群落分布与生境类型关系的研究

为探索沙漠开垦为绿洲后,啮齿动物群落的生态分布格局及变迁规律,2004年6～8月对莫索湾垦区150团场啮齿动物进行了调查.结果表明：荒漠开垦为林地,红尾沙鼠占据主导地位;开垦为农田,鼠类群落表现出较大差异：棉田中柽柳沙鼠占主导地位,麦田中小家鼠为优势鼠种,苜蓿地则以小林姬鼠为主,白菜地中灰仓鼠占据优势地位;城镇居民区“伴人”鼠种褐家鼠居于绝对优势.结论：在荒漠开垦为林地、农田和变为居民区的过程中,鼠类群落也相应地由荒漠鼠类向人工景观鼠类演变.然而对于从沙漠腹地开垦出来的绿洲,虽然人类已开垦经营了半个世纪,但啮齿动物群落的原始荒漠特征仍较完善地保存着,这与当地极端的地理特征相一致.     

Effects of urban habitat fragmentation on common small mammals: species versus communities

There is an increasing interest in understanding how species respond to the modifications of habitat attributes in urban areas. Patterns in the occurrence and abundance of small mammal communities in 15 isolated patches of remnant natural and semi-natural habitat of Porto Metropolitan Area (Portugal) were assessed against environmental characteristics (from both the patch and the surrounding matrix) of each patch using multiple regressions and canonical correspondence analysis. Four species of common small mammals were found: wood mouse (Apodemus sylvaticus), greater white-toothed shrew (Crocidura russula), Algerian mouse (Mus spretus) and house mouse (Mus musculus). Our results showed that both relative abundance and species richness were negatively affected by urbanization. The species richness also displayed a negative association with the increase of forest around the patch but relative abundance showed the opposite trend. At the species level, the relative abundance of A. sylvaticus and C. russula showed a negative association with urbanization. Our results reveal that these two species also benefit from a mosaic of habitats and pervious areas in the surrounding matrix. The relative abundance of M. spretus and M. musculus showed a negative effect of forest area around the patch. Understanding how the increase of urbanization affects small mammals will be particularly useful for the managers of urban landscapes, as these animals occupy a pivotal position in the ecosystems.     

峨眉山夏季小型兽类垂直空间生态位的初步研究

正空间生态位研究是群落生态学研究中的一个非常重要的领域。它能反映一定空间内生物群落中物种对环境资源的综合利用状况和种间的竞争关系(史作民和程瑞梅,1999;Ibarra et al.,2014)。小型兽类生态位的研究在国内外已有不少报道(Churchfield et al.,1999;Patrick,2000;王艳妮等,2005;付和平等,2005;申跃武等,2008;马     

乌鲁木齐市小型兽类群落特征与分布格局初步研究

根据2002年7月的调查资料对乌鲁木齐市养禽场鼠类群落进行了研究。结果表明：该地区分布的鼠类可划分为2种群落,(1)褐家鼠 小家鼠群落;(2)小家鼠 灰仓鼠群落。同时对鼠类群落的多样性,均匀度等进行了初步研究。     

Demography and habitat selection of small mammals on Zomba Plateau, Malawi

Small mammals were studied in tow montane grassland-forest areas on Zomba Plateau (1900m), Malawi, in 1984–85. Seasonal changes in numbers, age-structure and reproduction are given for the three commonest species. Mus triton (36%), Praomys delectorum (29%), and Lophuromys flavopunctatus (19%). Total population numbers for L. flavopunctatus and P. delectorum were lowest at the end of the dry season, and highest at the end of the wet season; reproduction is seasonal, and most young are born in the wet season. Mus triton did not exhibit such large fluctuations in numbers, and reproduced in both wet and early dry seasons. Each species was found in several habitats, but L. flavopunctatus showed a strong preference for unburnt grasslands, M. triton for burnt grasslands, and P. delectorum for forest and tangle habitats. Each species had a different population survival rate, and few individuals survived for more than 5–6 months. Trapped-revealed home ranges were about 3100 m² for L. flavopunctatus , and 2700 m² for M. triton . Monthly changes in grass biomass, cover and height were recorded and related to the numbers of small mammals. General features of the small mammals of African mountains, based on data from the Drakensberg, Ethiopia and this study. are presented.     

都江堰地区三种壳斗科植物的种子库及其影响因素研究

于2000年9月～12月,在都江堰地区对原生林和次生林中3种优势壳斗科(Fagaceae)植物的种子雨和土壤种子库进行了研究,并提出基于种子雨和土壤种子库测定的种子虫蛀率、种子存活率、脊椎动物捕食率和种子发霉率的估计方法.结果表明①种子雨持续时间较长,3种壳斗科植物种子雨的高峰期在原生林和次生林中略有差异;②3种壳斗科植物的种子产量很低,种子雨散落的平均密度不大.在原生林,栓皮栎(Quercu.svariabilis)、抱树(Q serrata)和栲树(Castanopsis fargesu)种子下落的平均密度分别为2 3±3.85个/n2,6.5±17.43个/m2和1.9±5.21个/m2;而在次生林则分别为2.4±3 47个/m2,6.5±13.55个/m2和0 3±1.35个/m2;③土壤种子库中,栓皮栎在原生林中没有存留完好的种子,而在次生林的落叶层中存留有少量完好的种子(0 15±0.37个/m2); 树在原生林和次生林中都存留有少量完好的种子(分别为0.20±0.70个/m2和0.10±0.31个/m2)和少量萌发种子(分别为0.50±1.82个/m2和0.20±0 89个/m2);但在土壤中未发现有栲树的种子.绝大部分的种子存留在落叶层,而存留在0～2 cm和2～10 cm土层中的种子极少;④定量测定了发霉、虫蛀和脊椎动物捕食对2种壳斗科植物种子命运的影响,发现脊椎动物捕食是影响种子库的主要因子;虫蛀率虽增加种子的发霉率,但同时也减少脊椎动物捕食率;种子较大的栓皮栎种子的存活率低于种子较小的树种子的存活率.     

Effects of grassland succession on communities of small mammals in Illinois, USA

Native grasslands are among the most imperiled of the North American ecosystems, with only ∼4% of their pre-settlement area remaining, but some grassland habitats are being restored and maintained through such methods as prescribed burning and mowing, which may provide habitat for animal species endemic to this ecosystem. I determined how succession of the plant community, due to a four-year rotational burn in 16 grassland fragments, influenced species richness and local abundances of small mammals in Illinois, USA. Species richness was relatively low in grasslands that were recently burned and highest in older successional grasslands. The most abundant species, Microtus ochrogaster, M. pennslyvanicus, Peromyscus maniculatus, P. leucopus, and Reithrodontomys megalotis showed very different responses to succession; Microtus spp. were most abundant in older successional grasslands, preferring areas with more cover of bunchgrasses, whereas the other three species were relatively abundant in grasslands of all successional ages. P. maniculatus was most abundant in any habitat that had ample open ground. The grasslands at my study site are a mixture of restored and non-restored grasslands. Overall, adding additional time between burns and restoring more of the grasslands by planting bunchgrasses that are native to this area may increase abundances of most mammal species at my study site.     

The influence of weather on habitat use by small mammals

Summer habitat use by three species of forest small mammals was determined using tracking stations Nocturnal weather influenced habitat selection by deer mice and woodland jumping mice but not by red-backed voles Deer mice used all habitats equally on clear nights but were most active in mixed forest on cloudy, rainless nights and most active in a coniferous habitat on rainy nights Jumping mice were most active in mixed forest on clear and rainy nights but shifted to coniferous forest on cloudy dry nights Red-backed voles were most active in the coniferous habitat regardless of weather Microhabitat references within habitats reflected the same preferences as habitat selection Microhabitat selection by jumping mice also changes with weather The mechanism most likely responsible for the observed habitat selection changes is changing insect abundance associated with cloud cover and rainfall     

Species–energy relationships and habitat complexity in bird communities

Species–energy theory is a commonly invoked theory predicting a positive relationship between species richness and available energy. The More Individuals Hypothesis (MIH) attempts to explain this pattern, and assumes that areas with greater food resources support more individuals, and that communities with more individuals include more species. Using a large dataset for North American birds, I tested these predictions of the MIH, and also examined the effect of habitat complexity on community structure. I found qualitative support for the relationships predicted by the MIH, however, the MIH alone was inadequate for fully explaining richness patterns. Communities in more productive sites had more individuals, but they also had more even relative abundance distributions such that a given number of individuals yielded a greater number of species. Richness and evenness were also higher in structurally complex forests compared to structurally more simple grasslands when controlling for available energy.     

Diversity and habitat association of small mammals in Aridtsy forest,Awi Zone,Ethiopia

Here, we conducted a survey to examine the diversity, distribution and habitat association of small mammals from August 2011 to February 2012 incorporating both wet and dry seasons in Aridtsy forest, Awi Zone, Ethiopia. Using Sherman live traps and snap traps in four randomly selected trapping grids, namely, natural forest, bushland, grassland and farmland, a total of 468 individuals comprising eight species of small mammals(live traps) and 89 rodents of six species(snap traps) were trapped in 2352 and 1200 trap nights, respectively. The trapped small mammals included seven rodents and one insectivore: Lophuromys flavopuntatus(30.6%), Arvicanthis dembeensis(25.8%), Stenocephalemys albipes(20%), Mastomys natalensis(11.6%), Pelomys harringtoni(6.4%), Acomys cahirinus(4.3%), Lemniscomys zebra(0.2%) and the greater red musk shrew(Crocidura flavescens, 1.1%). Analysis showed statistically significant variations in the abundance and habitat preferences of small mammals between habitats during wet and dry seasons.