叶施NO对NaCl胁迫下红砂幼苗叶片和根系中氮代谢酶及营养物质的影响

以当年生红砂(Reaumuria soongorica)幼苗为材料,采用盆栽实验,考察叶面喷施不同浓度(0、0.01、0.10、0.25、0.50、1.00 mmol·L^-1)NO供体硝普钠 (SNP) 对NaCl(300 mmol·L^-1)胁迫下红砂根、叶中可溶性蛋白、游离氨基酸和硝态氮含量,以及谷氨酰胺合成酶(GS)、谷氨酸合酶(GOGAT)、硝酸还原酶(NR)活性的影响,并采用主成分分析和隶属函数法筛选NO对NaCl胁迫缓解效应的氮代谢指标和最佳NO浓度,以探讨外源NO对NaCl 胁迫下红砂缓解效应的氮代谢响应机制。结果表明：(1)在300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫处理下,红砂幼苗根、叶中可溶性蛋白、硝态氮含量以及GS、GOGAT、NR活性均比对照显著下降。(2)外源NO能显著提高盐胁迫下红砂叶、根中GS、GOGAT、NR活性和硝态氮含量,增加根中可溶性蛋白和游离氨基酸含量。(3)NR和GOGAT活性可用于评价NO对NaCl胁迫下红砂幼苗的缓解作用,外源NO(SNP)对红砂幼苗在NaCl胁迫下的缓解效果强弱表现为0.25 mmol·L^-1> 0.50 mmol·L^-1> 0.10 mmol·L^-1> 1.00 mmol·L^-1> 0.01 mmol·L^-1。研究发现,300 mmol·L^-1 NaCl胁迫显著抑制了红砂幼苗氮代谢,外源NO(SNP)有助于提高盐胁迫下红砂NR活性,加快硝态氮转化为铵态氮,促进红砂叶片和根中GS/GOGAT对转化物的同化,从而增强红砂幼苗的耐盐性,并以0.25 mmol·L^-1SNP处理时缓解作用最佳;NR和GOGAT活性可作为NO缓解盐胁迫的评价指标。     

盐分胁迫下杠柳叶片光合特性的光响应研究

利用CID型便携式光合作用仪测定不同NaCl浓度下杠柳叶片净光合速率(P_n)、蒸腾速率(T_r)、气孔导度(G_s)、水分利用效率（WUE）及光能利用率(LUE)生理参数的光响应过程,阐明盐分胁迫下其对光照响应的规律,探讨有利于杠柳正常生长的盐分浓度和光照条件。结果表明:（1）各盐分浓度下杠柳叶片光补偿点（LCP）在21.89～65.05 μmol·m^-2·s^-1之间变动,介于阴性植物与阳性植物之间;杠柳随土壤盐分的不同,其光合作用参数对光照强度表现出一定的适应性和可塑性;50 mmol·L^-1盐分浓度下杠柳光合同化能力最强,最有利于其干物质的积累,表现出一定的耐盐性。（2）轻度的盐分胁迫（小于50 mmol·L^-1）可以提高杠柳叶片的P_n、G_s、WUE和LUE,而盐分胁迫对杠柳的T_r有抑制作用,并随着盐分浓度的增加其抑制作用愈强烈。（3）维持杠柳正常生长的土壤盐分浓度小于50 mmol·L^-1,最佳PAR为1 000～2 000 μmol·m^-2·s^-1;而保持杠柳最大WUE和LUE的光照强度分别为800和100 μmol·m^-2·s^-1。     

干旱条件下外源蔗糖对高表达玉米C4型pepc水稻种子萌发的影响

为揭示外源蔗糖参与干旱胁迫下高表达转玉米C₄ 型磷酸烯醇式丙酮酸羧化酶(phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase, PEPC)基因(C₄ pepc)水稻(简称：PC)种子萌发的生理机制,该研究以 PC及其未转基因野生型受体‘Kitaake’(简称：WT)的种子为材料,研究外施不同浓度蔗糖联合模拟干旱(10% PEG 6000)处理下,其种子发芽参数、总可溶性糖及可溶性蛋白含量、蔗糖非发酵1 (sucrose nonfermenting 1, SNF1)相关蛋白激酶(SNF1 related protein kinase 1s, SnRK1s)基因以及PEPC基因表达等参数的变化。结果表明：(1)PEG 6000模拟干旱处理均显著抑制两材料发芽,但明显促进胚根的生长;外施蔗糖则呈现浓度效应,高浓度蔗糖(>150 mmol·L^-1)进一步加剧了干旱对发芽的抑制效应,而低浓度(<30 mmol·L^-1)则可缓解干旱的抑制,但与WT(<30 mmol·L^-1)相比,促进PC水稻萌发的外施蔗糖浓度(<6 mmol·L^-1)更低,且各处理的发芽表现与其α 淀粉酶活性的动态表现一致。(2)与WT相比,外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖联合干旱处理下,显著提高了PC种子的发芽率,且伴随PC内源蔗糖含量、总可溶糖和可溶性蛋白含量显著增加;且外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖使PC中内源C₃ pepc基因表达下调,而外源导入C₄ pepc基因表达显著增加。(3)与WT相比,干旱处理下外施3 mmol·L^-1蔗糖,PC的糖信号相关基因SnRKs亚家族基因(包括SnRK1s：OsK1a OsK24 OsK35和SnRK2s:SAPK6)的表达也显著增加。研究发现,外施低浓度蔗糖通过上调PC水稻种子中可溶性糖和可溶性蛋白含量,增强SnRK1s亚家族基因和外源C₄ pepc基因的表达,提高了α 淀粉酶活性,从而缓解了干旱胁迫对PC种子萌发的抑制。     

马尾松幼苗生长及生理特性对铝胁迫的响应

以马尾松幼苗为试验材料,采用水培法研究铝胁迫（Al³⁺浓度为0、0.2、0.4、0.8、1.6 mmol·L^-1）对马尾松幼苗生长及其针叶中叶绿素、渗透调节物质（可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸）、丙二醛（MDA）和超氧化物歧化酶（SOD）、过氧化物酶（POD）等保护酶活性的影响,为揭示马尾松铝毒害生理机制及提高马尾松的耐铝能力提供理论依据。结果显示：当Al³⁺处理浓度为0.2 mmol·L^-1时对马尾松株高和基径生长的影响较小,但对马尾松根系生长有一定的促进作用;Al³⁺处理浓度大于0.2 mmol·L^-1时对马尾松株高、基径和根长的生长均会产生一定的抑制作用,且这种抑制作用随着Al³⁺浓度的增大而增强。马尾松针叶中叶绿素含量和SOD、POD活性均随着Al³⁺处理浓度的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势;Al³⁺处理浓度大于0.2 mmol·L^-1时马尾松针叶中可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白、脯氨酸等渗透调节物质均呈上升趋势,且随着Al³⁺浓度的升高而增大;Al³⁺处理浓度大于0.2 mmol·L^-1时马尾松针叶中MDA含量也呈上升趋势,且随着Al³⁺浓度的增大而升高,说明大于0.2 mmol·L^-1的Al³⁺处理可导致马尾松膜脂产生氧化。研究表明,马尾松幼苗具有一定的耐铝能力,在铝胁迫生境下可通过提高自身SOD和POD等保护酶的合成和主动积累脯氨酸、蛋白质和可溶性糖等渗透物质,产生适应性生理响应以维持自身的生理平衡来降低铝毒害作用。     

紫茎泽兰对四环素的吸收特性

[目的] 探究四环素在水和紫茎泽兰间的传递以及在紫茎泽兰体内的累积特征。[方法] 利用高效液相色谱检测紫茎泽兰幼苗在水培过程中对四环素的吸收及其在根茎叶中的积累。[结果] 在10~20 mg·L^-1四环素的处理浓度范围内,紫茎泽兰根、茎、叶均能吸收并积累四环素,且吸收累积量均随处理浓度和处理时间的增加而升高。当紫茎泽兰在20 mg·L^-1四环素的水培液处理20 d时,茎中的四环素累积量最高,为（59.34±3.86）mg·kg^-1;根中的次之,为（52.52±5.89）mg·kg^-1;而叶中的最低,为（23.19±4.17）mg·kg^-1。此外,紫茎泽兰茎的四环素富集系数最大,根的次之,叶的最小。[结论] 紫茎泽兰能够较好地从水培液中吸收并累积四环素,具有吸收净化四环素污染水源的潜力。     

两种生态型香根草对镉的耐受和积累特性比较

以Monto和Veriveria nermorlis两种生态型香根草［Chrysopogon zizanioides (L.) Roberty］为材料,采用室内水培试验,在不同浓度(0、200、800、2 000 μmol·L^-1)硝酸镉溶液处理7 d后,比较、分析两类型香根草的叶片生长状况、叶绿素荧光参数、镉的积累、亚细胞分布和化学形态分布等指标的差异,明确两类香根草对镉的耐受能力和积累特性。结果表明,(1)在中度(800 μmol·L^-1)和重度(2 000 μmol·L^-1)镉胁迫条件下,Monto的叶片生长状况优于Veriveria nermorlis,其F_m、F_v/F_m和F_v/F_o等叶绿素荧光参数显著高于Veriveria nermorlis,而其叶片、根部镉含量、富集系数和镉转移系数则显著低于Veriveria nermorlis。(2)镉主要分布在香根草根和叶细胞壁组分和可溶性组分中,两者镉含量占比之和达95%以上;对于两种生态型香根草的叶片和Monto的根部而言,细胞壁组分和可溶组分镉占比随着镉胁迫浓度增加分别呈增加和下降趋势,但两参数在Veriveria nermorlis根中的变化趋势则相反;Monto叶中细胞壁组分的镉占比要高于Veriveria nermorlis。(3)镉的化学形态分布分析显示,两种生态型香根草叶片中以氯化钠提取态镉为主,而根中以乙醇提取态和氯化钠提取态镉为主;Monto根中乙醇提取态的镉含量占比远大于Veriveria nermorlis。研究发现,Monto香根草的镉耐受能力较强,主要因为其根、叶中的镉积累量、镉富集系数和转移系数均低于Veriveria nermorlis,且Monto叶片中细胞壁组分的镉占比和根中乙醇提取态镉的占比更高。     

厌氧氨氧化菌混培物生长及代谢动力学研究1

研究了厌氧氨氧化菌混培物的动力学特性。测得细胞产率系数1.573mgVS(mmol NH⁺₄)^-1;细胞衰减常数0.052mgVS(g·VS·d)^-1。厌氧氨氧化菌混培物的最大氨氧化速率1.320～2.761mmol(gVS·d)^-1,最大亚硝酸盐转化(反硝化)速率14.497mmol(gVS·d)^-1。厌氧氨氧化菌混培物利用氨的Km值1.801～4.215mmol·L^-1,利用亚硝酸盐的Km值0.468mmol·L^-1。氨自身的抑制常数38.018～98.465mmol·L^-1,实际最大氨氧化速率的氨浓度16.656mmol·L^-1。亚硝酸盐对厌氧氨氧化的抑制常数5.401～11.995mmol·L^-1。厌氧氨氧化的最适pH7.605。厌氧氨氧化的最适温度30℃。V_maxa、K_ma、K_ia和K_in的活化能依次为37.316、30.239、33.695和30473kJ·mol^-1。     

草莓TCP转录因子家族生物信息学鉴定及基因表达分析

TCP转录因子家族是植物特异的一类调控逆境胁迫的重要转录因子。该研究利用生物信息学方法对草莓TCP转录因子家族成员进行鉴定,采用qRT PCR方法检测转录因子家族在非生物胁迫中的表达,并对相应转录因子家族基因的结构和功能进行了预测,为探究TCP转录因子在森林草莓非生物胁迫中的作用奠定基础。结果显示：(1)从森林草莓(Fragaria vesca)基因组和凤梨草莓(Fragaria ananassa)基因组中分别筛选了18个和58个TCP基因,并根据基因在染色体上的位置分别命名为FvTCP1~FvTCP18和FaTCP1~FaTCP58,亚细胞定位显示TCP家族基因主要位于细胞核上。(2)qRT PCR分析表明,森林草莓家族基因对逆境胁迫具有响应作用,但不同成员在不同胁迫处理下的响应程度存在差异,FvTCP14在200 mmol·L^-1 NaCl、10% PEG、100 μmol·L^-1 ABA、4 ℃低温、40 ℃高温和100 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂处理下相对表达量极显著高于对照,分别是对照的43.78倍、166.73倍、38.39倍、265.87倍、626.24倍和451.85倍,表明^FvTCP14响应干旱、盐、ABA、H₂O₂、低温和高温胁迫;另外发现,FvTCP12在4 ℃低温、100 μmol·L^-1 ABA和100 mmol·L^-1 H₂O₂胁迫下与对照相比呈下调趋势,推测FvTCP12基因对低温、ABA和H₂O₂胁迫具有负调控作用。研究表明,森林草莓TCP转录因子在不同逆境胁迫中的表达存在一定的差异。     

大花蕙兰'红酒'× 莲瓣兰'边草素花' 杂交种组培快繁技术

该研究以大花蕙兰‘红酒''(Cymbidium hybridum ‘hongjiu'')×莲瓣兰‘边草素花''(C. tortisepalum ‘biancaosuhua'')F1代杂交种原球茎和根状茎为材料,比较了不同激素配比增殖分化、生根的培养基,建立了适用杂交兰组培快繁体系。结果表明:1/2MS+6-BA 1.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1+AC 0.05%+香蕉80 g·L^-1对原球茎增殖效果最佳,增殖率达到307%; 1/2MS+6-BA 1.5 mg·L^-1+NAA 1.0 mg·L^-1 +AC 0.05%+香蕉80 g·L^-1有利于原球茎分化,分化率为82%; 1/2MS+TDZ 2.0 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.1 mg·L^-1+AC 0.05%+香蕉80 g·L^-1对根状茎增殖分化效果最佳,增殖率为293%,分化率为79%; 1/2MS+IBA 0.5 mg·L^-1+NAA 0.3 mg·L^-1+AC 0.05%+香蕉80 g·L^-1为最佳生根培养基,生根率达到84.7%,且根粗苗壮,叶色浓绿。此体系为杂交兰种苗的规模化生产提供了技术支持。     

红芽芋驯化苗对盐胁迫的光合及生理响应

为探讨江西铅山红芽芋的耐盐机制,以其组培移栽驯化苗为材料,研究了盐胁迫对其生物量积累、光合特性、荧光特性等抗逆生理特性的影响。结果表明:（1）红芽芋幼苗生物量和根冠比在低盐胁迫下（50 mmol·L^-1）得到显著促进,而在高盐胁迫下（100～250 mmol·L^-1）受到显著抑制。（2）低盐胁迫幼苗的净光合速率（P_n）、气孔导度（G_s）、气孔限制值（L_s）、水分利用效率（WUE）和瞬时羧化效率（CUE）比对照（0 mmol·L^-1）显著增加,细胞间CO₂浓度（C_i）比对照显著下降,蒸腾速率（T_r）与对照无显著差异;高盐胁迫幼苗的P_n、L_s、WUE、CUE和G_s较对照显著下降,C_i比对照显著增加。（3）低盐胁迫幼苗的最大荧光（F_m）、PSⅡ潜在光化学效率（F_v/F₀）和光化学猝灭系数（q_P）比对照显著增加,初始荧光（F₀）较对照显著下降,PSⅡ最大光化学效率（F_v/F_m）、PSⅡ实际光化学效率（Φ_PSⅡ）、开放的PSⅡ反应中心捕获激发能效率（F_v′/F_m′）和非光化学猝灭系数（NPQ）与对照无显著差异;而高盐胁迫幼苗的F₀、F_m、F_v/F_m、F_v/F₀、Φ_PSⅡ、F_v′/F_m′和q_P均较对照显著下降,NPQ比对照显著增加。（4）各盐胁迫幼苗叶片的可溶性蛋白含量以及过氧化物酶、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化氢酶活性与对照相比先升后降,并以低盐下最高;可溶性总糖和脯氨酸含量均比对照显著增加;丙二醛含量和质膜透性相对值在低盐胁迫下无显著变化,而在高盐下显著增加;叶绿素含量和根系活力在低盐胁迫下无显著变化,而在高盐胁迫后开始显著下降。研究发现,江西铅山红芽芋移栽驯化苗的耐盐阈值为 50 mmol·L^-1,其能够诱导提高叶片可溶性蛋白含量和主要保护酶活性,稳定质膜透性、叶绿素含量和根系活力,增加PSⅡ潜在光化学效率,提高PSⅡ的电子传递活性,维持PSⅡ实际光化学效率,有效启动非辐射热能量耗散机制来保护了光合机构,最终提高净光合速率,增加生物量。     

Beneficial effects of chromium in people with type 2 diabetes, and urinary chromium response to glucose load as a possible indicator of status

No reliable method for the estimation of chromium (Cr) status is available yet. The aim of this study is to investigate the possibility of using urinary Cr response to glucose load as an indicator of Cr status. Seventy-eight non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients were divided randomly into two groups and given Cr supplements as brewer’s yeast and CrCl₃ sequentially with placebo in between, in a double-blind, crossover design of four stages, each lasting 8 wk. At the beginning and end of each stage, subjects were weighed, their dietary data and drug dosage recorded, and blood and urine samples collected for analysis of glucose and urinary chromium (fasting and 2 h post-75-g glucose load) and fructosamine. The mean urinary Cr after the glucose load was significantly higher than the fasting mean at zero time (p<0.01). However, only 52 of the patients showed an obvious increase; the others showed a slight decrease or no change. Both supplements caused a significant increase in the means of urinary Cr and a significant decrease in the means of glucose and fructosamine. Only those subjects responding to Cr supplement by improved glucose control showed an increase in post-glucose-load urinary Cr over fasting level, after the supplement but not at zero time. Therefore, it was concluded that urinary Cr response to glucose load could be used as an indicator of Cr status.     

铬(Cr6+)对水花生愈伤组织的毒害效应

研究了不同浓度的Cr6+(0、0.1、0.2、0.5、1.5 mmolL-1)对水花生愈伤组织内几种代表性生理生化指标的胁迫效应,并对其进行电镜观察.结果表明:(1)随着Cr6+浓度的增加,总叶绿素、叶绿素a/b和可溶性蛋白含量,均呈先升后降趋势.(2)超氧阴离子(O 2)和过氧化氢(H2O2)含量在0.1 mmo...     

Cr6+胁迫对莱茵衣藻光合作用的影响

以莱茵衣藻(Chlamydomonas reinhardtii)为研究材料,采用氧电极和快速叶绿素a荧光诱导动力学方法研究了不同浓度和时间Cr6+处理对其光合作用的影响.结果表明:当Cr6+浓度大于40 μmol/L时,莱茵衣藻细胞数逐渐下降,而藻细胞变大;表观光合速率成为负值,呼吸作用随Cr6+处理浓度的增加先上升后下降至对照水平;莱茵衣藻有活性放氧复合体比例随Cr6+处理浓度的增加逐渐降低,80 μmol/L Cr6+处理3 d时已下降至13.72%;光合驱动力(DFABS)随Cr6+浓度增加逐步下降,并以DFφPo在DFABS的下降中的贡献最大.研究发现,重金属Cr6+胁迫显著影响莱茵衣藻的光合作用,而对呼吸作用则影响较小;Cr6+主要通过损伤供体侧的放氧复合体以及阻断QA至QB的电子传递而抑制光系统Ⅱ的功能;莱茵衣藻光系统Ⅱ对Cr6+处理比较敏感且存在着多个作用位点,并首先影响反应中心光能捕获效率,其次影响反应中心的活性,最后影响QA-之后的电子传递.     

木霉生物吸附重金属铬机理的研究

利用木霉（Trichoderma lhd）菌体作为吸附剂,对水体中的六价铬进行生物吸附,借助傅立叶红外变换光谱和拉曼光谱对六价铬的生物吸附机理进行了探讨。实验条件优化结果表明,温度28 ℃以及酸性环境条件（pH 1）有利于Cr （VI） 的生物吸附,12小时内,Cr （VI） 的生物吸附去除效率达99 %。吸附机理实验结果分析表明,相比于对照实验,2350 cm^-1吸收峰的出现为吸附剂表面质子化的氨基如＞NH2^＋, NH^＋, ＞C=NH^＋―等基团吸附Cr （VI）所致。拉曼光谱中吸收峰2097 cm^-1强度显著增强进一步表明,Cr （VI）的生物吸附是吸附剂表面氨基基团在起作用。     

Chromium accumulation, translocation and chemical speciation in vegetable crops

Trivalent chromium (Cr³⁺) is essential for animal and human health, whereas hexavalent Cr (CrO₄ ²⁻) is a potent carcinogen and extremely toxic to animals and humans. Thus, the accumulated Cr in food plants may represent potential health hazards to animals and humans if the element is accumulated in the hexavalent form or in high concentrations. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which various vegetable crops absorb and accumulate Cr³⁺ and CrO₄ ²⁻ into roots and shoots and to ascertain the different chemical forms of Cr in these tissues. Two greenhouse hydroponic experiments were performed using a recirculating-nutrient culture technique that allowed all plants to be equally supplied with Cr at all times. In the first experiment, 1 mg L⁻¹ Cr was supplied to 11 vegetable plant species as Cr³⁺ or CrO₄ ²⁻, and the accumulation of Cr in roots and shoots was compared. The crops tested included cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.), chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.), collard (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.), garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), and strawberry (Fragaria ×  ananassaDuch.). In the second experiment, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis on Cr in plant tissues was performed in roots and shoots of various vegetable plants treated with CrO₄ ²⁻ at either 2 mg Cr L⁻¹ for 7 d or 10 mg Cr L⁻¹ for 2, 4 or 7 d. The crops used in this experiment included beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. crassa (Alef.) J. Helm), broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Plenck), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. gp. Cantalupensis), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), lettuce, radish (Raphanus sativus L.), spinach, tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten), and turnip (Brassica rapa L. var. rapifera Bailey). The XAS speciation analysis indicates that CrO₄ ²⁻ is converted in the root to Cr³⁺ by all plants tested. Translocation of both Cr forms from roots to shoots was extremely limited and accumulation of Cr by roots was 100-fold higher than that by shoots, regardless of the Cr species supplied. Highest Cr concentrations were detected in members of the Brassicaceae family such as cauliflower, kale, and cabbage. Based on our observations and previous findings by other researchers, a hypothesis for the differential accumulation and identical translocation patterns of the two Cr ions is proposed. Received: 27 February 1998 / Accepted: 2 April 1998     

Effect of complexing agents on reduction of Cr(VI) by Desulfovibrio vulgaris ATCC 29579

The reduction of Cr(VI) at the expense of molecular hydrogen was studied using resting cells of Desulfovibrio vulgaris ATCC 29579 in anaerobic resting cell suspensions in MOPS buffer. Bioreduction occurred only in the presence of ligands or chelating agents (CO32-, citrate, NTA, EDTA, DTPA). The stimulatory effect of these ligands on the rate of Cr(VI) reduction was correlated (r = 0.988) with the strength of the ligand/chelate complex of Cr(III). The data are examined with respect to likely solution and redox equilibria in the ionic matrix of the carrier solution, and with respect to the potential for bioremediation of Cr(VI).     

Cr(VI) reduction by Enterobacter sp. DU17 isolated from the tannery waste dump site and characterization of the bacterium and the Cr(VI) reductase

Out of nineteen bacteria screened from the tannery waste dump site, the most effective isolate, strain DU17 was selected for Cr(VI) reduction process among the non-pathogenic once. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequence analysis, the bacterium was identified as Enterobacter sp. DU17. Its amplified Cr(VI) reductase gene showed maximum homology with flavoprotein of Enterobacter cloacae. Enterobacter sp. DU17 reduced Cr(VI) maximally at 37 °C and pH 7.0. Various co-metals, electron (e⁻) donors and inhibitors were tested to study their effect on Cr(VI) reduction. In presence (0.2% each) of glucose and fructose, Enterobacter sp. DU17 reduced Cr(VI) completely after 16 and 20 h, respectively. Since the concentration of total Cr was invariable after remediation as detected through AAS analysis, this experiment disclosed that responsible operation was associated with extracellular Cr(VI) reduction process rather than uptake mechanism. Multiple antibiotic resistance index of 0.08 for this bacterium was very low as compared to standard risk assessment value of 0.20. With high Cr(VI) reducing capability, non-pathogenicity and antibiotic sensitivity, Enterobacter sp. DU17 is found to be very efficient in removing Cr(VI) toxicity from the environment.     

Hexavalent chromium uptake by sensitive and tolerant mutants of Schizosaccharomyces pombe

Lysine and leucine auxotrophic, heterothallic (h+, h-) strains of Schizosaccharomyces pombe were used to obtain chromium (VI)-sensitive and -tolerant mutants by ultraviolet radiation-induced and nitrosoguanidine-induced mutagenesis. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of K2Cr2O7 on YEA media were 225 microM for the wild-type strain CW-6, 125 microM for the sensitive mutant CS-6.51 and 275 microM for the tolerant mutant CT-6.66. The mutants exhibited cross-sensitivity of various patterns to Cd2+, Cu2+, Ni2+, Zn2+ and VO3-(4). Cr(VI) was added to the actively growing cultures and the total chromium (TOCr) content of the cells was determined. The sensitive mutant exhibited a high bioaccumulation ability, with a dry biomass of 810 micrograms g-1 after 30 min, while the tolerant mutant had a significantly lower ability than the wild-type strain. In PIPES buffer, washed, lysine-starved biomasses were treated with 75 microM Cr(VI) and after 2 h, the TOCr and the organically bound chromium (OBCr) were determined. Under these conditions, the sensitive and tolerant mutants had the same TOCr content, 50% of which was OBCr. The wild-type strain exhibited a lower TOCr content than that of its mutants and only 35% of this was OBCr. The Cr(VI)-sensitivity was due to a significantly increased uptake of Cr(VI).     

Chromate removal by yeasts isolated from sediments of a tanning factory and a mine site in Argentina

Twenty-one yeast-like microorganisms were isolated from tannery effluents and from a nickel–copper mine in Argentina. They were tested for their Cu(II), Ni(II), Cd(II) and Cr(VI) tolerance in qualitative assays on solid medium. Three isolates were selected for their multiple tolerance to the different heavy metals and highest tolerance to Cr(VI). According to morphological and physiological analysis and 26S rDNA D1/D2 domain sequences the isolates were characterized as: Lecythophora sp. NGV-1, Candida sp. NGV-9 and Aureobasidium pullulans VR-8. Resistance of the three strains to high Cr(VI) concentrations and their ability to remove Cr(VI) were assessed using YNB-glucose medium supplemented with 0.5 and 1 mM Cr(VI). Chromate removal activity was estimated by measuring remaining Cr(VI) concentration in the supernatant using the colorimetric 1,5-diphenylcarbazide method and total chromium was determined by flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results indicate that the initial Cr(VI) concentration negatively influenced growth and the specific growth rate but stimulated the metabolic activity of the three strains; resistance to Cr(VI) by these strains was mainly due to reduction of Cr(VI) rather than chromium bioaccumulation. This study showed the potential ability of these strains as tools for bioremediation of Cr(VI) from contaminated sites.     

三种重金属在克氏原螯虾体内的富集特征

2005年5月在合肥市、肥东县、肥西县的池塘河沟采集雌雄组克氏原螯虾共30只,分离出几丁质外骨骼、肝脏和腹部肌肉组织样品84份,用原子吸收法测定其中Cd、Pb、Cr的残留量。结果表明：克氏原螯虾体内Cr、Cd和Pb的平均检出率分别为100％,91．7％和94．1％;平均含量分别为4．03、0．38和7．14μg&#183;g^-1。Cr的富集量在3种组织之间的差异不显著,cd和Pb在3种组织中差异极其显著。外骨骼中Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为4．03、0．12和12．31μg&#183;g^-1,合肥市、肥西、肥东三地之间除Cr的富集量差异极显著外,其他2种重金属的富集量差异都不显著;肝脏中Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为3．88、1．04和9．12μg&#183;g^-1,3个地区重金属的富集量的差异都极其显著;肌肉中Cr、Cd、Pb的平均含量分别为4．16、0．09和0．72μg&#183;g^-1,3个地区除重金属Cr的富集量差异极显著外,Cd和Pb的差异都不显著。3种重金属污染物的富集量与体质量没有明显的相关性。3种重金属在雌雄个体之间的富集差异不显著。