Tritium concentrations in precipitation in Shanghai

Tritium concentrations in precipitation can be used as a criterion to evaluate the tritium baseline of the environment. The tritium concentration in precipitation in Shanghai during 2014-2015 was determined. Values ranged from 0.68 ± 0.04 to 4.11 ± 0.39 Bq/L, and it showed a decreasing trend compared with historical data; however,the values were slightly higher than the natural background tritium level. Additionally, the tritium concentration shows a seasonal variation: It was higher in autumn and winter and lower in summer and spring. A comparison of concentrations in precipitation in Shanghai and around the Qinshan Nuclear Power Plant reveals no correlation,implying that the nuclear power plant operations may not affect the environment of Shanghai. Thus, the raised tritium concentrations in Shanghai might be due to the effects of monsoons, spring leak, raindrop, or other activities that generate tritium there. Those activities may include chemistry research that uses tritium as a tracer.     

量热法测量贮氚容器中的氚

设计建造了 1台样品池容积为1 95mm× 42 0mm的大型氚量热计。该量热计测量样品热功率下限为 6mW。样品热功率在 1 60～ 3 5 0 0mW范围内时 ,信号输出与样品热功率的线性相关系数大于0 9999。当样品热功率不低于 1 60mW时 ,精密度好于 0 2 %。它适用于非对称置样方式的样品中氚的测量。对大容积铀化学床中氚的实测结果表明 :该量热计具有较好的准确性。     

氚化学与氚分析进展与展望

氚是聚变堆的重要燃料,氚的问题是制约聚变能源发展的瓶颈问题之一。氚化学中的科学技术问题是解决涉氚工艺的基础,氚分析测量是氚操作中获取氚信息的主要途径。本文综述了近年来氚化学与氚分析方面的研究进展,从氚与材料相互作用、涉氚材料中的氦行为、氚的氢同位素效应、氚的辐射生物效应,以及氚的分析测量方法五个方面对研究进展进行了分析,并对聚变堆中所面临的挑战进行了展望。     

离线产氚实验中氚在线监测系统的研制

在增殖剂离线产氚实验中,如何准确实时测量回路中氚浓度和形态（HTO/HT）对于掌握产氚增殖剂氚释放行为,改进增殖剂的产氚性能非常重要。针对离线产氚回路中载气流量小、回路中气体量小以及载气为Ar等特点,基于流气式电离室原理研制了一套数字化氚浓度在线测量系统。该系统中电离室灵敏体积为50 mL,数字化仪表可自控获取、处理及显示回路中的氚浓度。测试结果表明,在Ar气氛下,在35 V左右,电离室即进入饱和区;该系统探测下限可达3.7×10 7 Bq/m 3,能满足离线产氚实验中氚在线监测的要求。     

钯的氚老化效应

钯因其显著的氢同位素效应、抗毒化及良好的固氦特性,已广泛应用于氚工艺中。随着工作时间的延长,钯中衰变产生的³He将影响其应用性能。文章就氚老化对钯的p-C-T曲线、力学性能、微观结构的影响,及³He在钯中的微观行为进行了综述。氚老化导致坪压降低、坪斜增加、氚尾增加、力学性能下降。氚衰变产生的³He聚集形成氦泡,导致晶格膨胀,且在钯中形成自间隙原子簇、位错、位错环等结构缺陷。     

氚在RAFM钢中的渗透

采用气相渗透方法，开展了国产低活化铁素体/马氏体钢（RAFM钢?）之一的CLAM钢的氚渗透实验，研究了影响渗透的关键因素，建立了可靠的实验方法。在573~823?K温度范围内，得出氚的渗透率F_T为2.57×10-8exp(-38639/RT)，氚溶解度S_T为2.2×10-1exp(-38639/RT)，扩散系数D_T?为1.17×10-7exp(-22011/RT)。另外，氘氚混合渗透时存在明显的正同位素效应，在实验温度范围内，推导得出的氘氚渗透分离系数α_DT为1.42，氕氚渗透分离系数α_HT为3.76。      

固态氚增殖剂研究进展

增殖包层作为实现可控核聚变燃料"自持"的关键,不仅能实现氚的增殖,而且起着能量转换的作用,氚增殖剂是其中最重要的功能材料。本文从材料体系的制备、性能以及改性总结了固态氚增殖剂的发展趋势。同时,基于当前的研究现状对固态氚增殖剂的发展进行了展望。     

Behavior of Tritium in Aluminum-Lithium Alloys

The hehavior of radiation induced gas bubbles in Al-Li alloys was observed by means of ³H autoradiography. The autoradiographs were compared with photomicrographs of the corresponding areas. Autoradiography proved to reveal the gas bubbles in the alloys more distinctly than photomicrography.

It was found that the bubbles first appeared at the grain boundaries and subgrain boundaries, and there also appeared depleted zones along the grain boundaries. This was followed by crystallographic alignment of the bubbles when heated to higher temperatures. In the case of large gas concentrations, bubbles as large as 5 μ in diameter were observed in specimens heated for 1 hr at 500°C. Bubbles precipitated along the boundaries of recrystallized grains in a specimen of irradiated Al-2.7 w/0 Li when it was tension stretched and then heated for 1 hr at 300°C.     

核设施氚气态释放后植物中有机氚的研究进展

从核设施释放到大气中的氚主要以氚化水（HTO）和氚化氢（HT）两种形式存在,最终以HTO的形式进入植物体。植物体中的氚有两种化学形态：自由水氚（TFWT）和有机氚（OBT）,其中OBT又被细分为交换性OBT和非交换性OBT。与TFWT相比,OBT在植物体内有较长的滞留时间和较大的剂量转换因子,在氚的食入剂量中OBT占主要份额,因此有必要对植物中的OBT展开全面研究。本文就植物中OBT的定义、交换性OBT和非交换性OBT的确定、OBT的形成过程及其影响因子、OBT预测模型的研究进行综述,同时对今后植物中OBT应重点研究的内容进行了简单分析,以期为植物中OBT的研究提供一定的参考。为准确评价OBT造成的辐射剂量,今后对OBT的研究中应着重从测量、夜间形成机理和环境中的行为等方面进行。     

高压氘氚气氛下铜对氚的吸附

为了解氚在铜表面的吸附和解吸行为,对铜样品在n（D）∶n（T）=1∶1,503 K时,15 MPa下恒温8 h后,再在27 MPa恒温6 h下进行了氚的吸附,并对吸附氚的铜样品在室温下和加热到1 173 K时的解吸氚量和吸附总氚量进行了测量。结果表明,铜的吸附总氚量为31.89 MBq/cm²,解吸氚量为29.18 MBq/cm²,测量的标准差为6.49％;室温和加热条件下铜所释放的氚中,化学成分主要是HTO和HT,大部分以HT形式存在;铜的自由氚量占吸附总氚量的3.64 ％;铜的热解吸谱至少存在3个解吸峰,其解吸温度分别为650,750和1 173 K以上。     

利用伴随α粒子能谱分析固体氚靶中氚浓度深度分布

在目前的氘氚中子发生器源中子分析过程中,固体氚靶中氚浓度深度分布信息的缺失是普遍遇到的问题。为解决此问题,本文建立了利用伴随粒子能谱反演氚浓度深度分布的模型,采用来自氚钛靶的α实验能谱作为模型测试对象,通过该模型获得了氚钛靶中氚浓度深度分布的数据。结果表明,氚浓度随氚钛靶深度的增加呈双峰趋势,两峰之间的氚浓度波谷位于靶中0.94 μm处,该深度正是入射氘粒子的射程极限。所得的氚浓度深度分布趋势与其他实验方法测量结果相符,表明该模型能为氘氚中子发生器的源中子分析提供即时的氚浓度深度分布信息。     

混合堆产氚演示回路及其氚释放实验

本文介绍了我国第一条混合堆产氚演示回路，阐述了该回路的主要组成部分，如辐照盒、固体增殖剂、分析和监控系统等。     

Tritium in the DIII-D carbon tiles

The amount of tritium in the carbon tiles used as a first wall in the DIII-D tokamak was measured recently when the tiles were removed and cleaned. The measurements were made as part of the task of developing the appropriate safety procedures for processing of the tiles. The surface tritium concentration on the carbon tiles was surveyed and the total tritium released from tiles samples was measured in test bakes. The total tritium in all the carbon tiles at the time the tiles were removed for cleaning is estimated to be 15 mCi and the fraction of tritium retained in the tiles from DIII-D operations has a lower bound of 10%. The tritium was found to be concentrated in a narrow surface layer on the plasma facing side of the tile, was fully released when baked to 1000°C, and was released in the form of tritiated gas (DT) as opposed to tritiated water (DTO) when baked.     

Computed Tritium Concentration in a Heavy-Water Reactor

The solutions of a system of equations governing the accumulation of tritium and helium in the heavy water of a reactor are presented for arbitrary initial conditions. The solutions are presented as functions of heavy-water exchange and helium extraction. The concentration change is illustrated for typical values of the thermal-neutron flux density. __________ Translated from Atomnaya Energiya, Vol. 99, No. 3, pp. 210–214, September, 2005.     

Catalytic Oxidation of Tritium in Wet Gas

Use of precious metal catalyst is recommended in the tritium recovery system because it can oxidize tritium at ambient temperature. The ability to operate at the ambient temperature without preheating and past cooling is a large advantage in the ease of system operation. It is observed in this study, however, that the catalytic oxidation characteristics of the precious metal catalysts are largely affected by the water vapor to such extent that almost no oxidation rate of tritium is expected in the wet gas. Effect of the water vapor on the oxidation rate is quantitatively discussed based on data obtained in this study and an emergency cleanup system from the room air with pre-adsorption bed is proposed.     

用液体闪烁法测电解重水中的氚

本文简介了用双道液体闪烁计数器测量电解重水中氚的β活性。测量结果表明产生了异常效应的重水中含有氚。     

Tritium solubility in SUS-316 stainless steel

Tritium solubility in SUS-316 stainless steel was determined with a gas absorption method, in which tritium gas diluted by protium was used. The tritium absorption experiments were carried out at temperatures of 703, 804 and 903 K under pressures of 10, 30, 50 and 100 torr of tritiated hydrogen gas. The radioactivity of tritium dissolved in the specimen was measured by the method of liquid scintillation counting.The tritium solubility was derived from the experimental data by taking into consideration of isotopic equilibrium among H₂, T₂ and HT molecules. The determined tritium solubility can be expressed by the equation: