肺栓塞时肺灌注显像与肺动脉造影对比动物实验研究

目的 :通过肺栓塞 (PE)动物模型的建立 ,评价肺灌注显像对肺栓塞诊断及疗效观察中的价值。方法 :计算机随机编号 ,取中国实验用小型猪 8头 ,平均体重 16 1± 1 4kg ;建立模型前均行肺灌注显像及选择性肺动脉造影 (CPA) ,取自体猪血 2～ 5ml制血栓 ,通过右心导管将栓子加压注入肺动脉 ;建立PE模型。建立模型后及溶栓治疗后均行肺灌注显像及CPA ,前后采集条件一致。结果 :8头猪造模前CPA均正常 ,肺灌注显像 1例左肺放射性分布不均 ,肺灌注显像特异性 87 5 % (1 8)。 7例存活的模型猪 ,5例造模成功 ,2例不明显 ;以单侧肺观察 ,肺灌注显像与肺动脉造影对比 ,肺灌注显像诊断PE灵敏度 10 0 % ,准确率 90 %。 1例肺动脉造影正常 ,肺灌注显像为亚肺段栓塞 ,与尸检肉眼病理所见一致 ,溶栓后恢复正常血流灌注 ;如果以溶栓治疗有效为标准则准确率增至 10 0 %。溶栓疗效观察肺灌注显像与肺动脉造影二者结果一致。 1例CPA溶通 ,肺灌注显像部分改善 ,尸检证实为部分坏死、实变。结论 :肺灌注显像诊断PE具有很高的敏感性和特异性 ,与肉眼病理所见完全吻合。可作为肺动脉造影前的筛选 ,及临床疗效观察的重要手段     

Confluence of pulmonary veins simulating a pulmonary mass

Confluence of the pulmonary veins commonly appears on the frontal view of the chest and generally is easily recognized as such. On plain film tomography, computerized tomography, and pulmonary angiography, the anatomy of convergence of pulmonary veins prior to common entry into the left atrium is clearly displayed. In this report, attention is called to the occasional appearance of confluence of the pulmonary veins on the lateral view of the chest as a clearly circumscribed round opacity mimicking a lung or mediastinal mass.     

Prediction of pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis

BACKGROUND: Reliable, noninvasive approaches to the diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis are needed. We tested the hypothesis that the forced vital capacity to diffusing capacity ratio and room air resting pulse oximetry may be combined to predict mean pulmonary artery pressure (MPAP) in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis. METHODS: Sixty-one idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis patients with available right-heart catheterization were studied. We regressed measured MPAP as a continuous variable on pulse oximetry (SpO(2)) and percent predicted forced vital capacity (FVC) to percent-predicted diffusing capacity ratio (% FVC/% DL(co)) in a multivariable linear regression model. RESULTS: Linear regression generated the following equation: MPAP=-11.9+0.272 x SpO(2)+0.0659 x (100-SpO(2))(2)+3.06 x (% FVC/% DL(co)); adjusted R(2)=0.55, p<0.0001. The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive and negative predictive value of model-predicted pulmonary hypertension were 71% (95% confidence interval (CI): 50-89%), 81% (95% CI: 68-92%), 71% (95% CI: 51-87%) and 81% (95% CI: 68-94%). CONCLUSIONS: A pulmonary hypertension predictor based on room air resting pulse oximetry and FVC to diffusing capacity ratio has a relatively high negative predictive value. However, this model will require external validation before it can be used in clinical practice.     

Effect of pulmonary hypertension on outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis

BackgroundThis study performed at the National Research Institute of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, Tehran, Iran, aimed to evaluate the effect of concomitant pulmonary hypertension on the outcome of pulmonary tuberculosis.MethodsNew cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were recruited for the study. Pulmonary hypertension was defined as systolic pulmonary arterial pressure ≥35 mm Hg estimated by transthoracic Doppler echocardiography. We assessed the relationship between pulmonary hypertension and mortality during the six-month treatment of tuberculosis.ResultsOf 777 new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis, 74 (9.5%) had systolic pulmonary arterial pressure ≥35 mm Hg. Ten of them (13.5%) died during treatment compared to 5% of cases with pulmonary arterial pressure less than 35 mm Hg (p = 0.007). Logistic regression analysis showed that pulmonary hypertension and drug abuse remained independently associated with mortality (OR = 3.1; 95% CI: 1.44–6.75 and OR = 4.4; 95% CI: 2.35–8.17, respectively).ConclusionA significant association was found between mortality and presence of pulmonary hypertension and drug abuse among new cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.     

肺动脉血栓内膜剥脱术后再灌注肺水肿的进展

肺血栓栓塞症是一种常见、多发且病死率和致残率高的疾病。大多数急性肺动脉血栓栓塞经及时的溶栓抗凝等治疗和 (或 )自身的纤溶系统能将血栓不同程度地溶解 ,另有0 1%～ 0 2 %的患者因血栓在急性期未能溶解或栓塞反复发生进而发展成慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压。慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压溶栓无效 ,抗凝、扩血管治疗效果不佳 ,其病理过程多呈进行性加重或稳定一段时间后再次加重 ,自然预后差。肺动脉平均压 >3 0ｍｍＨｇ(1ｍｍＨｇ =0 13 3ｋＰａ)的慢性栓塞性肺动脉高压患者 5年生存率为 3 0 % ,肺动脉平均压 >5 0ｍｍＨｇ者仅为 10 %。肺动脉血…     

Chronic pulmonary embolism and pulmonary hypertension

Incomplete resolution of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) is frequently observed after acute PE and may rarely result in chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). The underlying pathophysiological mechanism is largely unknown. Evidence underlines the concept of a dual pulmonary vascular compartment model consisting of increased pulmonary vascular resistance by both large vessel obstruction and distal small vessel obliteration, the latter initiated by pathological vascular remodeling. Up to 40% of patients with established CTEPH have no prior history of symptomatic venous thromboembolism. CTEPH is associated with a poor prognosis if left untreated. Therefore, the diagnostic approach of CTEPH aims at assessing the location and extent of the embolic obstruction, establishing the operability and prognosis of the patients and ruling out other variations of pulmonary hypertension with distinct indicated treatment. Heart catheterization for invasive pressure measurements and pulmonary catheter angiography is obligatory for the final diagnosis. Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy is the treatment of choice. In certain patients with persistent or recurrent pulmonary hypertension after surgery or with inoperable disease, pharmacotherapy might be beneficial.     

A case report of pulmonary blastoma--biphasic pulmonary blastoma]

We report a biphasic pulmonary blastoma in a 77-year-old man. In a routine chest radiographic examination, in the left upper lung field, a massive shadow that had been entirely absent one year before was detected. The preoperative imaging films showed a 10 x 8 cm, well-circumscribed solid tumor in the upper lobe of the left lung. A preoperative clinical diagnosis of primary lung cancer was considered. The intraoperative findings were that the tumor had invaded the visceral pleura with adhesion to the parietal pleura. Left upper lobectomy with lymph node sampling was performed, and since invasion of the pulmonary artery wall was confirmed, complete removal of tumor was not possible. The postoperative diagnosis was biphasic pulmonary blastoma. The patient was treated with radiotherapy up to a limit of 50 Gy, covering the area around of the left hilum. At the latest follow-up, 1 year postoperatively, the patient was clinically and radiologically free of the disease.     

The role of pulmonary function testing in pulmonary fibrosis

Interstitial lung diseases are characterized by disruption of the distal pulmonary parenchyma. The clinical history manifestations, cough and dyspnea, and physical exam manifestations, inspiratory crackles, are nonspecific. Pulmonary function testing aids in the evaluation and management of patients with interstitial lung disease although the pattern of abnormality is nonspecific. Pulmonary function testing can provide an estimate of histologic severity but not a definitive quantification of histologic fibrosis or inflammation. Pulmonary function tests can provide a baseline estimation of prognosis and be used to monitor disease progression or response to therapy. The forced vital capacity and diffusion capacity are the most valuable serial measurements, but further data are required to examine composite scoring and exercise gas exchange.     

肺灌注显像和肺动脉造影对大动脉炎患者的肺动脉病变的诊断比较

目的比较大颗粒聚合人血清白蛋白（99Tcm-MAA）肺灌注显像和肺动脉造影诊断大动脉炎患者的肺动脉病变的能力.方法对21例（女性19例,男性2例）经临床确诊的大动脉炎患者的99Tcm-MAA肺灌注显像和肺动脉造影结果进行回顾性分析.结果 11例肺动脉造影证实有肺动脉受累的患者,肺灌注显像均不正常;在肺动脉造影正常的10例患者中,8例肺灌注显像正常,另外2例肺灌注显像提示有灌注受损.因此,从对大动脉炎患者的肺动脉受累的检出上看,肺灌注显像和肺动脉造影总的诊断符合率为90.5%（19/21,Kappa值= 0.81, P〈 0.0001）.在对受累肺段的检出上（狭窄和闭塞性病变）,肺灌注显像和肺动脉造影总的诊断符合率为87.5%（331/378,Kappa值 = 0.74, P〈 0.0001）.结论对于大动脉炎患者的肺动脉病变的诊断,99Tcm-MAA肺灌注显像和肺动脉造影有良好的诊断符合率.肺灌注显像可以作为大动脉炎患者的肺动脉病变的一种无创性筛选检查.     

Retrograde pulmonary perfusion improves results in pulmonary embolectomy for massive pulmonary embolism

Mortality rates for pulmonary embolectomy in patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism have decreased in recent years. However, they still range from 30% to 45% when the surgery is performed on critically ill patients, and the rates reach 60% in patients who have experienced cardiac arrest before the procedure. The causes of death in these patients are generally attributed to right heart failure due to persistent pulmonary hypertension, intractable pulmonary edema, and massive parenchymal and intrabronchial hemorrhage. Clinical and experimental findings indicate that venous air embolism causes severe or even lethal damage to the pulmonary microvasculature and the lung parenchyma consequent to the release of endothelium-derived cytokines. These findings are similar to those observed when severely compromised patients undergo pulmonary embolectomy-air entrapped in the pulmonary artery during embolectomy can lead to fatal outcomes.Besides enabling the removal of residual thrombotic material from the peripheral branches of the pulmonary artery, retrograde pulmonary perfusion fills the pulmonary artery with blood and prevents pulmonary air embolism. In this retrospective study, we analyzed a series of 21 consecutive critically ill patients in whom we applied retrograde pulmonary perfusion while performing standard pulmonary embolectomy. No patient died or experienced major postoperative complications. We believe that the use of retrograde pulmonary perfusion decreases morbidity and mortality rates associated with pulmonary embolectomy in critically ill patients.