大螟人工饲养技术的初步研究

利用大豆粉、玉米粉、麦胚和鲜茭白等成分配制了大螟Sesamia inferens(Walker)的半合成人工饲料,利用该饲料配方,发展了大螟的长期、继代饲养技术,即初孵-2日龄幼虫在茭白上饲养,3日龄-化蛹在人工饲料上饲养。利用该方法连续饲养大螟3代,幼虫的发育历期、蛹重、幼虫存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、卵孵化率和单雌产卵量等生活史参数与在天然饲料茭白上饲养的大螟相比,二者没有任何显著差异。而且利用该方法饲养,成本低、省工省力,能显著减少病原菌的感染。这说明该饲养技术适于大螟种群的长期、继代饲养。     

利用嫩玉米穗饲养大螟的技术

[目的]提供一种新的饲养大螟的方法,为获得充足的、高质量虫源提供技术保障。[方法]使用籽粒未形成的嫩玉米穗、鲜茭白和市场上出售的成熟甜玉米3种天然饲料分别饲养大螟,对比3种天然饲料饲养下大螟幼虫发育历期、存活率、化蛹率、羽化率、蛹重和单雌产卵量等适合度参数。[结果]大螟在嫩玉米穗上的平均幼虫存活率为85.3%,化蛹率为77.1%,羽化率为66.3%,显著优于茭白和甜玉米的饲养效果。在嫩玉米穗上,大螟世代发育历期为36.2 d,幼虫发育历期为16.6 d,显著短于在茭白和甜玉米上的发育时间。取食嫩玉米穗的大螟单雌产卵量为81.1粒,与野生型大螟的产卵量没有显著差异。[结论]嫩玉米穗可为大螟的生长发育和繁殖提供足够的营养物质,提高了初孵幼虫的存活率,加快了其世代发育速率,可做为一种适宜的饲料用于大螟的大规模饲养。     

豇豆荚螟人工饲料的初步研究

本文以绿豆粉、长豇豆粉、酵母粉、多维葡萄糖、琼脂、山梨酸和甲醛为原料配制了6种人工饲料饲养豇豆荚螟Maruca testulalis Geyer,以改进其人工饲料的饲养效果。结果表明：以绿豆粉和长豇豆粉为主要原料配制的配方5和配方6饲养效果较好。尤其是配方6,豇豆荚螟的幼虫存活率和历期、蛹重和化蛹率、成虫羽化率与天然饲料饲养的豇豆荚螟相比没有差异,表明该人工饲料可用于室内人工饲养豇豆荚螟。     

二种改进人工饲料对红脉穗螟生长发育和繁殖的影响

在温度(29±1)℃和相对湿度75%±5%条件下,研究了2种改进人工饲料和天然饲料椰子幼果对红脉穗螟Tirathaba rufivena Walker生长发育、繁殖力和营养的影响。结果表明:与天然饲料相比,用改进人工饲料饲养的红脉穗螟幼虫生长发育速度、幼虫存活率、蛹重及产卵量均提高;幼虫相对生长率(RGR)、食物利用率(ECI)及食物转化率(ECD)均显著提高,而相对取食量(RCR)则显著降低。表明红脉穗螟幼虫对2种人工饲料有很好的适应性,可用于大量饲养。     

一种半固体人工饲料连代饲养日本通草蛉幼虫

以棉蚜和his gossypii Glover饲养日本通草蛉Chrysoperla nipt）oensis（Okamoto）作为对照,用一种半固体人工饲料连续饲养10代日本通草蛉,对日本通草蛉各生长阶段的生长和发育指标进行观测。结果显示,用人工饲料饲养的日本通草蛉的幼虫历期为13～15d,蛹期为8d,较对照组的7d和6d分别延长6～8d和2d;用棉蚜饲养的对照组日本通草蛉幼虫累计存活率为94％,成虫获得率为87％,而人工饲料饲养连续10代的幼虫累计存活率为81％～89％,成虫获得率69％～79％。取食人工饲料的日本通草蛉成虫,在产卵前期、产卵量、产卵期及寿命方面与对照组存在显著的差异,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵前期为5．07—5．22d,而对照组草蛉的产卵前期为4．12d,人工饲料组草蛉的产卵量为190～390粒,对照组的单雌产卵量为667．2粒,人工饲料组草蛉的寿命为36—38d,对照组成虫寿命52d。以上结果表明,这种半固体人工饲料可以满足日本通草蛉幼虫生长发育基本需要,可用于日本通草蛉的室内继代饲养,但需要进一步优化配方。     

橘小实蝇幼虫液体人工饲料中pH值对其生长发育的影响

本文主要研究了橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料中不同酸度对橘小实蝇生长发育的影响。继代饲养3代的结果表明：饲料酸度对橘小实蝇化蛹率和后代卵孵化率没有影响;对橘小实蝇蛹重、成虫羽化率和产卵量有显著影响。橘小实蝇液体人工幼虫饲料的pH值调节至3.6时仍可以获得质量较高的橘小实蝇。     

低含水量饲料对黑水虻生长发育的影响

【目的】了解低含水量饲料对黑水虻Hermetia illucens生长发育的影响。【方法】在27℃、RH 80%、光周期14L∶10D的饲养条件下,以含水量70%人工饲料饲养黑水虻为对照,比较饲料含水量降为30%和50%时黑水虻幼虫的存活率、幼虫体重、雌雄成虫体长、羽化率以及不同发育阶段持续时间等生物学参数与对照组的差异。【结果】30%和50%含水量饲料饲养幼虫平均体重与对照幼虫相比显著降低（P<0.05）,30%和50%含水量两个处理间体重亦有显著差异（P<0.05）。黑水虻幼虫不能在含水量30％的人工饲料中发育至预蛹,大部分幼虫至13 d时死亡。50%含水量饲料饲养幼虫比对照延迟5 d出现预蛹,滞后14 d结束预蛹,预蛹过程耗时18 d,比对照延长8 d;50%含水量饲料饲养雌雄虫比对照成虫体长显著缩短（P<0.05）,雌雄成虫羽化时间亦比对照延后5 d,雌雄成虫羽化历期均为18 d,比对照增加5 d;50%含水量饲料饲养黑水虻自卵孵化至蛹全部羽化为成虫所需时间比对照延长10.67 d,所需时间为55.67 d,而对照仅需45.00 d;但是50%含水量饲料饲养幼虫存活率和成虫羽化率与对照相比差异均不显著（P>0.05）。【结论】含水量低于70%的人工饲料不利于黑水虻的生长发育。     

温度和食料对白眉野草螟幼虫生长发育的影响

【目的】白眉野草螟Agriphila aeneociliella(Eversmann)是近年在我国小麦上新发现的一种害虫,以幼虫在小麦茎基部取食危害,造成缺苗断垄,对我国小麦的安全生产构成潜在的威胁。本研究旨在明确温度和食料对其生长发育的影响,对该害虫的预测预报和有效防控具有重要的指导意义。【方法】在光周期14L∶10D,RH 70%±5%的条件下,设置系列恒定温度,用小麦作饲料,记录和分析不同温度下幼虫各龄的发育历期、存活率,明确其发育起点温度、有效积温;设置温度25℃,光周期14L∶10D,RH 70%±5%的条件,分别用小麦、玉米和人工饲料饲养,分析不同食料对其生长发育和成活率的影响。【结果】在恒温(13~29℃)范围内,白眉野草螟幼虫发育历期随温度升高而逐渐缩短,存活率没有明显差异;在恒温33℃,该虫不能完成幼虫期生长发育而死亡。不同食料饲养后,幼虫各龄发育历期存在显著差异,顺序为取食小麦取食玉米取食人工饲料,尤其是1-3龄幼虫差异最为明显,取食小麦、玉米的4-6龄幼虫发育历期差异未到达显著水平,但显著低于取食人工饲料的幼虫。【结论】白眉野草螟幼虫具有很强的温度适应能力,不同温度对其发育历期具有显著的影响;在目前白眉野草螟发生危害区的主要粮食作物中,小麦为其最适宜寄主,室内条件下取食玉米也能完成幼虫期的生长发育。本研究为制定白眉野草螟在我国的潜在发生危害区提供了理论数据,为田间种群动态变化的预测预报和综合治理提供了技术支撑。     

棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料

用不同人工饲料连续饲养棉铃虫Heliothis armtgera;通过试验比较,设计和发展了适合于大量饲养棉铃虫的紫云英-麦胚人工饲料。与自然饲料相比,用这种人工饲料饲养的棉铃虫发育快、存活率高、蛹大、成虫产卵多。已经用紫云英-麦胚人工饲料连续饲养棉铃虫16代,各代幼虫的存活率在85—97%之间,成虫平均产卵1,000多粒,孵化率不低于70%。6龄幼虫对这种人工饲料的利用和转化效率分别是26.7%和65.0%。     

绿原酸对美国白蛾幼虫生长发育和解毒相关蛋白活性的影响

【目的】明确植物次生代谢物质绿原酸对美国白蛾Hyphantria cunea幼虫生长发育和解毒相关蛋白活性的影响。【方法】将含不同浓度绿原酸(0, 0.125%, 0.250%, 0.500%, 1.000%和2.000%)的人工饲料饲养美国白蛾幼虫,测定各组中5龄幼虫6 d内的死亡率, 各组中5龄幼虫在取食48 h时的营养效应指标,0.500%绿原酸处理组中幼虫(3龄幼虫开始)的生长发育,以及在取食36 h时各组中5龄幼虫肠道中的解毒相关蛋白活性。【结果】绿原酸处理组中美国白蛾5龄幼虫6 d内的死亡率随着人工饲料中绿原酸浓度的增大而逐渐升高,且显著高于对照组(取食含10% DMSO人工饲料的)。绿原酸对美国白蛾5龄幼虫的营养效应指标有显著影响,各处理组幼虫的相对取食量和近似消化率显著高于对照组,食物转化率显著低于对照组,除0.125%绿原酸处理组外,其余处理组幼虫的食物利用率和相对生长速率也显著低于对照组。0.500%绿原酸处理使美国白蛾3-5龄幼虫发育历期比对照组显著延长28.24%(3.7 d),老熟幼虫(6-7龄幼虫)的发育历期缩短8.97%(0.7 d),且幼虫总成活率、化蛹率、羽化率、雌雄性比及产卵量等各项指标均显著低于对照组。不同浓度绿原酸处理对美国白蛾幼虫肠道中的细胞色素P450酶(CYP450)、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GSTs)、尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶(UGT)和ABC转运蛋白(ABC transporters)的活性具有显著影响,但对羧酸酯酶(CarE)活性未见显著影响。【结论】绿原酸可影响美国白蛾幼虫的存活率、食物利用效率、生长发育和繁殖,而美国白蛾幼虫可能通过调节食物利用率和诱导其解毒相关蛋白活性从而对食物中绿原酸产生适应性。     

Role of diet and experience in the development of feeding behaviour in largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides

Two groups of largemouth bass, Micropterus salmoides , were reared in the laboratory. One group was reared on an artificial, passive diet (frozen brine shrimp) whereas the second was reared on a natural, active diet (cultured zooplankton). Observations on the development of feeding behaviour indicated that the motor patterns and duration (number of weeks in the behavioural repertoire) of the feeding acts did not differ between fry reared on the two diets. While feeding on their respective diets, natural-diet fry performed significantly more orientations and bites, the two major early feeding acts, than did the artificial-diet fry. When tested with live fish prey, fish reared on the natural diet performed fewer orientations and strikes and captured more prey per fry than did the artificial-diet fry. Natural-diet fry had a significantly better net efficiency (captures minus strikes minus orientations) than did artificial-diet fry. Diet, experience, and length (T.L.) of fry affected their predator efficiency significantly. We argue that providing hatchery-reared bass fry with an opportunity to prey on live forage fish once or twice before their release would enhance their survival and eventual recruitment into natural populations.     

舞毒蛾谷胱甘肽S-转移酶对杨树次生物质协同溴氰虫酰胺的胁迫响应

为了明确舞毒蛾Lymantria dispar谷胱甘肽S-转移酶(GST)对杨树次生物质协同溴氰虫酰胺的胁迫响应机制,选择3种杨树次生物质(黄酮、槲皮素、芦丁)以及新型邻二苯甲酰胺类杀虫剂溴氰虫酰胺作为胁迫外源化合物,以舞毒蛾2龄幼虫为研究对象,通过人工饲料添加次生物质和溴氰虫酰胺的单剂和混剂,测定对舞毒蛾存活率、谷胱甘肽S-转移酶活性及其基因表达影响。结果表明,处理48 h后,3种联合处理组舞毒蛾幼虫的存活率显著低于对照组和各杨树次生物质单剂处理组,存活率依次为53.33%、60.00%和53.33%,各联合处理组幼虫存活率与溴氰虫酰胺处理组差异不显著。除处理6 h外,不同杨树次生物质单剂处理后GST活性均诱导增加。溴氰虫酰胺处理组在48 h内GST活性显著高于单剂处理组和对照组。除联合处理1在6 h、12 h的GST诱导活性低于溴氰虫酰胺处理组外,各联合处理组的GST诱导活性均高于溴氰虫酰胺处理组。舞毒蛾2龄幼虫取食含有不同处理的人工饲料后,其体内LdGSTe2、LdGSTs1、LdGSTs2和LdGSTz1均有所表达,且不同处理的诱导程度呈现差异。以上研究结果为杨树次生物质协同溴...     

溴氰菊酯亚致死浓度对烟草粉螟生物学特性的影响

为探讨溴氰菊酯对烟草粉螟的亚致死效应,本文采用烟叶浸渍法以溴氰菊酯亚致死浓度(LC 10和LC 25)胁迫烟草粉螟3龄幼虫,并通过年龄-龄期两性生命表的方法探究溴氰菊酯胁迫对烟草粉螟发育和繁殖的影响。结果显示:与对照相比,溴氰菊酯LC 10、LC 25处理F 0代的平均单雌产卵量显著下降;LC 25处理F 0代的产卵前期及总产卵前期明显长于对照;LC 25处理与LC 10处理和对照间,F 0代雌、雄虫寿命均差异显著;LC 10处理和LC 25处理F 1代与对照存活率明显下降,F 1代各处理间的卵、1龄幼虫、3龄幼虫、5龄幼虫、7龄幼虫和蛹的发育历期无显著差异;但LC 25处理组2龄、4龄、6龄幼虫历期比对照延长了且差异显著;LC 25处理组的成虫前期比对照组延长了且差异显著。同时LC 25处理的雌、雄虫寿命最短,但3个处理间差异不显著。研究表明,亚致死浓度的溴氰菊酯能够抑制烟草粉螟的生长发育和繁殖,以上研究结果可为田间用药控制烟草粉螟提供理论参考。     

Population dynamics ofLuehdorfia japonica Leech (Lepidoptera: Papilionidae)

Mortality processes from egg to final instar larval stage are examined in the papilionid butterfly Luehdorfia japonica for two generations in a natural populations. Special attention is given to the effects of initial egg cluster size on the survival rate by the 3rd instar. Mean egg cluster sizes for the two generations were 11.3 and 10.7. The hatching rate was not affected by the egg cluster size. Up to 3rd instar, larvae in a group were more likely to die en masse rather than to die individually, whereas most larvae in later instars died independently. The egg clusters of the average (and the most frequent) size class (11±1) had the second highest survival rate until the 3rd instar. A slightly higher survival rate occurred in clusters a little larger (14±1). The average size clusters were least likely to be exterminated and about 70% of them produced at least one individual surviving to the 3rd instar. Factors affecting the observed mortality patterns were discussed.     

褐飞虱自噬相关基因NlATG13的表达与功能分析

【目的】自噬参与多种细胞生理过程,自噬相关蛋白ATG13是ATG1/13复合物的组成部分, 在启动自噬中发挥着重要作用。本研究旨在分析ATG13在褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens中发挥的功能,评估其作为害虫防治靶标的潜力。【方法】基于褐飞虱转录组数据,利用RACE克隆褐飞虱NlATG13的cDNA全长序列;应用生物信息学技术分析NlATG13的核苷酸和氨基酸序列特征。利用RT-qPCR检测其在褐飞虱不同发育阶段(1-5龄若虫和雌雄成虫)和不同组织(5龄若虫头、胸、中肠和脂肪体以及刚羽化雌成虫的卵巢)中的表达模式。通过显微注射dsNlATG13至3龄若虫进行RNAi敲减NlATG13的表达,探究其对褐飞虱生存和中肠细胞自噬的影响;利用RT-qPCR检测RNAi 4 d时3龄若虫中糖原合成与代谢通路相关基因NlGSK3, NlGS和NlGP的表达量。【结果】克隆得到NlATG13的cDNA全长序列(GenBank登录号: MF805752),其开放阅读框长1 203 bp,编码一个含400个氨基酸的蛋白质(GenBank登录号: AWW05678.1)。系统发育分析表明,在纳入分析的物种中,NlATG13蛋白与半翅目温带臭虫Cimex lectularius和茶翅蝽Halyomorpha halys的ATG13蛋白进化关系较为接近。发育表达谱结果表明NlATG13在褐飞虱3和5龄若虫中的表达量显著高于在1-2龄若虫、雌成虫和雄成虫中的; 组织表达谱结果表明NlATG13在5龄若虫头部和脂肪体中的相对表达量较高,在胸部的表达量最低。RNAi结果显示,与dsGFP对照组相比dsNlATG13处理组中褐飞虱中肠细胞中存在明显的糖原颗粒积累,NlGS, NlGSK3和NlGP的表达量均无显著变化,组织ATP含量显著降低;褐飞虱的存活率显著降低,处理第10天时褐飞虱存活率下降到41.4%,而dsGFP对照组的存活率保持在85.6%的较高水平。【结论】 RNA干扰NlATG13基因对褐飞虱的生存和中肠细胞自噬具有显著的抑制效果,NlATG13基因具有作为褐飞虱防治靶标的潜力。     

Some beneficial effects of aggregation in young larvae ofPryeria sinica moore (Lepidoptera: Zygaenidae)

The effects of group size on the survival and development of young larvae of Pryeria sinicaMoore were investigated by laboratory and field experiments. Under laboratory conditions, about 20% of isolated larvae died of unsuccessful feeding in the first instar, however, larvae survived successfully in aggregations of four or more individuals. In the field, larvae emerge in early spring and wait for new leaves to open before feeding. In this period, the larger the group size of hatchlings the survival rate became higher. The nest-web spun by hatchlings was considered to play an important role in protecting them from desiccation. In the period that larvae began to feed on leaves, more than 36 larvae are necessary to aggregate for the successful establishment of feeding groups. The nest-web played an important role also in the establishment of feeding group. However, the natural group size of the first instar larvae was larger than the minimum group size to spin a sound nest-web in the field experiment. On the other hand, in later stage, larvae in a large group did not have an excess advantage in survival or developmental rate over larvae in a small group. It was found that the experiments on survival and developmental rates could not explain the reason that this species maintain large compact groups in the most part of larval period.     

转Bt基因水稻对二化螟幼虫取食、生长及其存活的影响(英文)

在实验室中以转cry1Ab基因水稻 克螟稻 1号为材料 ,研究了不同温度下Bt水稻对二化螟Chilosuppressalis (Walker) 3龄和 5龄幼虫取食、生长及其存活的影响。结果表明 ,不同温度下 3龄和 5龄幼虫取食Bt水稻后 ,其取食量、体重增长和存活率均极显著低于对照。温度对 3龄幼虫取食、生长和存活无显著影响 ,但对 5龄幼虫的取食和体重增长则有显著影响。幼虫死亡率与其取食Bt水稻的累积食量间存在着正相关关系。     

Stage-dependent effects of starvation on the growth, metamorphosis, and ecdysteroidogenesis by the prothoracic glands during the last larval instar of the silkworm, Bombyx mori

The stage-dependent effects of starvation on the growth, metamorphosis, and ecdysteroidogenesis of the prothoracic glands during the last larval instar of the silkworm, Bombyx mori, were studied in the present study. When last instar larvae were starved beginning on day 1 of that instar, all larvae died between days 5 and 7 of the instar. Although the prothoracicotropic hormone (PTTH) release from the brain-corpus cardiacum-corpus allatum (BR-CC-CA) did not significantly change during starvation, a deficiency in PTTH signal transduction was maintained, which led to very low levels of hemolymph ecdysteroids after the beginning of starvation. However, when starvation began on day 3 of the last larval instar, the major hemolymph ecdysteroid peak, preceding larval-pupal transformation, occurred 1 day earlier than that in control larvae. Protein content of the prothoracic glands in day 3-starved larvae was maintained at a low level as compared to that of control larvae. The secretory activity of the prothoracic glands in day 3-starved larvae was maintained at a level similar to that of control larvae. However, the rate of ecdysteroidogenesis, expressed per microgram of glandular protein, was greatly enhanced in these starved larvae, indicating that upon starvation, larvae increased the ecdysteroid production rate to enhance the rate of survival.     

Effects of a juvenile hormone analogue, pyriproxyfen, on the apterous form of soybean aphid (Aphis glycines)

The soybean aphid, Aphis glycines Matsamura, is an eastern Asian soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merr.] pest which can reduce soybean yield. We determined the effects of pyriproxyfen, a juvenile hormone analogue, on development, mortality, longevity and fecundity of A. glycines under laboratory conditions. Distance Insect Growth Regulator, containing ∼11.2% pyriproxyfen, was applied at two concentrations, 50 and 150 mg/l, to first and fourth instar nymphs. When first or fourth instar A. glycines were treated with pyriproxyfen, some nymphs became supernumerary‐molted nymphs with 1–3 extra molts or were sterilized. Mortality of treated first instar nymphs was >68% greater than the control group and longevity was reduced by >40%. The higher concentration of pyriproxyfen reduced fecundity of first instar nymphs when they reached adulthood by ∼79%. Pyriproxyfen similarly affected fourth instar nymphs. Mortality of treated fourth instar nymphs was ≥15% greater than the control group and longevity was reduced by >24%. Both concentrations of pyriproxyfen lowered the fecundity of fourth instar nymphs by >27%. Pyriproxyfen also had other sublethal effects on fourth instar nymphs which became apparent when they molted to adulthood. In a few instances they developed wing pads and many produced dead, deformed or abnormal neonates that lacked appendages.