利用深井观测速度型记录的最大振幅测定近震震级的一种方法

根据上海台网观测记录到的上海及邻近地区1985年至1990年期间179次地震事件的资料,以虹桥台、南汇台的两口深井观测地震记录为例,探讨如何利用深井观测速度型记录的最大振幅来测定近震震级。对于400公里以内的地震,本文根据统计规律,提出:在已知系统速度灵敏度K,地震记录的最大振幅A和地震震中距Δ的前提下,速度型记录的近震震级可以表示为M_v=logA/K+blog(Δ)+c误差分析表明,M_v与M_L是比较接近的,结果是可用的。     

用地震波的持续时间测定川滇地区的近震震级

本文用云南,四川地区的大量地震资料讨论了地震尾波衰减,维式地震仪器静态放大倍数以及震中距与地震波持续时间的关系.求得了川滇地区垂直向和水平向的地震波持续时间tDU测定近震震级的公式:MDZ=0.94+1.57log(tDUV)+0.00136△(1)MDM=0.78+1.60log(tDUM)+0.00114△(2)结果表明,用持续时间 tDU求得的震级标准误差比用振幅求得的震级标准误差要小.说明用这种方法求近震震级也许是较好的方法.      

建立尾波持续时间震级统一标度的设想

本文从地震矩和尾波掠过时间(Lapse time)的关系,提出与矩震级标度一致的尾波持续时间震级统一标度公式 M_w=logτ+0.1(△/τ)+F(τ)。它适用于各台测定 M_L≤5.0级地震的矩震级。     

中南五省地区Lg波衰减及震级公式

选取桂、粤、湘,赣、闽五省及其附近地区16个地震31个台站的DD—1短周期地震仪记录资料。用综合回归分析法测定了Lg波传播速度为3.54Kmls,约1秒Lg波埃里相滞弹性衰减系数为r=0.0022±0.0001Km~(-1),并导出五省地区的Lg震级公式: m_(Lg)=LgA_(mxh)+q_s(△)+D_(mh) q_s(△)=5/6Lg△+0.00096△+1.88 计算了该区域内16个地震的各震级值,以及31个台站的台校值。单台震级标准差为0.13～0.15震级单位,台网震级标准差为0.02～0.03震级单位。     

西北六省地区Lg波的衰减和mLg震级

本文测定了中国西北六省地区Lg 波的传播速度,V_(Ig)=3. 56km/s;并测得了该区约1秒Lg 波的滞弹性衰减系数,r=0. 0021±0. 0002km~(-1) ,相当于介质品质因子Q=599±56。建立了该区m_(Lg)震级公式m_(Lg)(m×h)=1gA_(m×h)+q_(NW)(Δ)+Dh其中震级校准函数q_(NW)(Δ)=(5/6) 1g△+0. 00091Δ+1. 88     

西南地区Lg波的衰减和MLg震级

本文在广泛收集西南地区VGK和DD-1短周期地震仪记录资料、测量了Lg波的4种振幅(Lg_z、Lg_h、mxz、mxh)数据及走时数据的基础上,计算得到西南地区Lg波滞弹性衰减系数γ=0.0031±0.0004km~(-1)。西南地区的m_(Lg)震级公式定义为m_(Lg)(m×h)=logA_(mxh)+q_(SW)(△)+D_h 其中震级校准函数q_(SW)(△)=5/6log△+0.00135△+C 对于DD-1仪,常数C=1.73;对VGK仪,C=1.52。当使用振幅A_(LgZ)、A_(Lgh)或A_(mxz)时,则C值分别加0.37、0.24或0.13。m_(Lg)标度基本保持了原西南地区的M_L(SW)的平均震级水平。通过振幅比计算,表明H/Z振幅比与台基有较大的关系:台基越软,振幅比H/Z越大;反之,台基越硬,H/Z越小。本文还对VGK和DD-1仪记录的17个地震的mxh振幅数据计算了平均logA值,发现DD-1仪较VGK仪的logA值平均偏低0.21级。     

东北地区Lg波的衰减系数和震级

本文选用东北地区27个台站短周期地震仪记录该地区及其邻近地区的21个地震资料,用综合回归分析法测定了Lg波的滞弹性衰减系数γ=2.7×10~(-3)km~(-1)。由此建立了该区Lg波最大振幅震级公式: mlg=logAh+5/6logΔ+0.0012Δ+1.81 ⑴利用上式测定了47个地震震级,结果表明;1.mlg震级基本维持了原M_L的震级水平,震中距适用范围30～1000km。2.用公式(l)测定震级比用R_1(Δ)测定震级的精度高。     

面波震级和它的台基校正值

本文叙述了我国现行的北京地震台面波震级 Ms 公式的由来, 所使用的公式为Ms=log(A/T)max+(△)系以古登堡-里克特(Gutenberg-Richter)对帕萨迪纳(Pasadena)地震台测定的面波震级为标准, 由国际上与该标准一致的六个著名地震台的面波平均震级制定出北京地震台测定面波震级的起算函数(△).当震中距离△=8-130得到公式(△)=(1.660.09)log△+(3.500.14)对于△=130-180之间的公式, 我们结合中国地震观测的实际情况将吸收系数项作了改进, 求得半经验半理论公式为(△)=6.775+1/2[(2.147e-0.04465△+1.325)(△-90)10-2logsin△+1/3(log△-1.954)]为了提高面波定震级的精确度, 将北京地震台的面波震级标准推广到全国十二个基准台, 利用360个地震的数据算出了各台的台基校正值, 提高了测定面波震级的一致性.      

皖23井记震特征及水井记震能力的定量分析

本文通过对皖23井记录到的59幅水震波图的主要参数的分析,发现该井记录水震波与地震发生的区域有关,存在明显分区记震特征。在分区对比分析的基础上,得到水位振荡幅度与震级、震中距的关系如下:Ⅰ区:logA=-5.0569+0.8906Ms-0.2730log△Ⅱ区:logA=-4.0201+0.8614Ms-0.5855log△Ⅲ区:logA=-3.5998+0.8290Ms-1.0162log△水位振荡持续时间与震级间的关系式如下:Ⅰ区:logT=-6.1248+1.0181MsⅡ区:logT=-4.0189+0.7556MsⅢ区:logT=-5.4129+0.9178Ms文章还对其记震能力作了定量分析,并提出了一种具有普遍意义的衡量水井记震能力的定量分析方法。     

云南地震震源参数与震级的定量关系

研究震源参数与震级之间的定量关系停留在相关统计上是不够的。震源参数与震级之间可能存在着确定性的函数关系(物理关系)。本文利用76个云南地震(4.0≤M_s≤5.8)数据,得到了一组互相一致的云南地震震源参数与面波震级 M_s 的函数关系:M_s=lgM_o-lgr-17.94 s=±0.32M_s=lg△σ+lgA+2.92 s=±0.33M_s=lg(?)+lgr+4.04 s=±0.33式中地震矩 M_o、地震应力降△σ、震源破裂面半径 r、面积 A 及平均断错(?)的单位,分别为达因·厘米、巴、公里、平方公里和厘米。s 为剩余标准差。     

A Monte Carlo study of rainfall forecasting with a stochastic model

A procedure for short-term rainfall forecasting in real-time is developed and a study of the role of sampling on forecast ability is conducted. Ground level rainfall fields are forecasted using a stochastic space-time rainfall model in state-space form. Updating of the rainfall field in real-time is accomplished using a distributed parameter Kalman filter to optimally combine measurement information and forecast model estimates. The influence of sampling density on forecast accuracy is evaluated using a series of a simulated rainfall events generated with the same stochastic rainfall model. Sampling was conducted at five different network spatial densities. The results quantify the influence of sampling network density on real-time rainfall field forecasting. Statistical analyses of the rainfall field residuals illustrate improvement in one hour lead time forecasts at higher measurement densities.     

Earthquake Engineering and Engineering Vibration Aims And Scope

正This journal is established by the Institute of Engineering Mechanics(IEM),China Earthquake Administration,to promote scientific exchange between Chinese and foreign scientists and engineers so as to improve the theory and practice of earthquake hazards mitigation,preparedness,and recovery.To accomplish this purpose,the journal aims to attract a balanced number of papers between Chinese and     

Solute concentrations in the lower niger river and the source rock contribution

Water quality analyses for the Niger River for the 1980/81 hydrological year are presented. The samples were collected from the main river at Lokoja, and from two main tributaries, the Kaduna and the Benue Rivers. Different water types were distinguished by the concentrations of major ions. The type Ca > Na > Mg > K - HCO₃ > SO₄ > Cl was represented at all stations during at least part of the year. Chloride was found to dominate the sulphate ion in the Kaduna and Niger, while the Benue maintained a higher concentration of sulphate relative to chloride all year round. Distinct patterns of seasonal variation in the ion concentrations were observed, particularly for the samples collected at Lokoja. Low ion concentrations were prominent during periods of high discharge, while low flow periods coincided with high dissolved ion concentrations. The contribution of rainwater to the total dissolved solids in the river waters was assessed indirectly using rainwater chemistry data from the Gulf of Guinea. The estimated rainwater contribution to the Lower Niger amounts to 5.15 mg 1^?1. Geochemical weathering calculations involving reactions of the four major minerals of granitic rocks - anorthite, biotite, albite, and K-feldspar - with carbon dioxide and water, can account for the average water composition of the Lower Niger. The proportion of the ionic components was also related to the occurrence of the respective element in the minerals.     

Scenario predictions for potential near-field and far-field earthquakes affecting Hong Kong

Historical earthquakes noted in the written records of the South China region, including Hong Kong, are not well delineated along identified prominent fault sources. Despite the lack of any definitive, localised trend in the spatial distribution of seismic activity in the region, there does appear to be some major disparity in the seismic activity rates (especially for large magnitude earthquakes) between the near-field and the far-field regions of Hong Kong. Despite this observation, previous studies of the regional seismic activity and seismic ground motion hazard (the latter using a probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, PSHA) have considered very broad source zone regions, in which uniform levels of seismic activity have been assumed. The present paper further scrutinises this broad source zone (BSZ) approach by adopting a novel expanding circular disc (ECD) method to determine the rates of earthquake recurrence. Such a method is intended to counter-check previously developed models by determining earthquake scenario events in terms of magnitude–distance (M–R) pairs or combinations, having defined values of average return period. Unlike the BSZ approach, the ECD method specifically accounts for the supposed variations in the seismic activity rates between events in the near-field and the far-field of Hong Kong.The form of the developed method is particularly suited to the determination of design-level earthquake ground motions for bedrock sites, since it assumes a directionally-independent attenuation model as described in the companion paper. It is found that, whilst the BSZ approach may indicate the overall average levels of hazard that are representative of the South China region as a whole, it does not capture the large disparity in seismic activity rates between near-field and far-field events. This important feature is expected to have a significant impact upon engineering assessments of the seismic safety of structures in Hong Kong and elsewhere in the South China region. For example, it is found that for events with M≥6, the seismic activity rate (normalised by time and area) in the very far-field is around 3.5 times larger than in the near-field and medium-field of Hong Kong. The resulting design M-R combinations, covering a range of return periods from 70 to 2500 years, are limited, for very long return periods and for distant events, by the maximum credible earthquake (MCE) magnitude. Intensive research to determine this seismic hazard parameter is recommended, in order to refine further the results of the ECD analysis, which presently conservatively assumes the MCE to range between M=6 in the near-field of Hong Kong to M=8 in the very far-field, at distances greater than 280 km from Hong Kong.     

Depositional ages and characteristics of Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in southeastern Mongolia

Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales are widely distributed in southeastern Mongolia. Due to the high organic carbon content of oil shale, many geochemical studies and petroleum exploration have been conducted. Although most of the oil shales are considered to be Early Cretaceous in age, a recent study reveals that some were deposited in the Middle Jurassic. The present study aims at establishing depositional ages and characteristics of the Jurassic and Cretaceous lacustrine deposits in Mongolia. The Lower Cretaceous Shinekhudag Formation is about 250 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale and dolomite. The Middle Jurassic Eedemt Formation is about 150 m thick and composed of alternating beds of shale, dolomitic marl, and siltstone. The alternations of shale and dolomite in both formations were formed by lake level changes, reflecting precipitation changes. Shales were deposited in the center of a deep lake during highstand, while dolomites were formed by primary precipitation during lowstand. Based on the radiometric age dating, the Shinekhudag Formation was deposited between 123.8 ±2.0 Ma and 118.5 ±0.9 Ma of the early Aptian. The Eedemt Formation was deposited at around 165–158 Ma of Callovian–Oxfordian. The calculated sedimentation rate of the Shinekhudag Formation is between 4.7 ±2.6 cm/ky and 10.0 ±7.6 cm/ky. Shales in the Shinekhudag Formation show micrometer‐scale lamination, consisting of algal organic matter and detrital clay mineral couplets. Given the average thickness of micro‐laminae and calculated sedimentation rate, the micro‐lamination is most likely of varve origin. Both Middle–Upper Jurassic and Lower Cretaceous lacustrine oil shales were deposited in intracontinental basins in the paleo‐Asian continent. Tectonic processes and basin evolution basically controlled the deposition of these oil shales. In addition, enhanced precipitation under humid climate during the early Aptian and the Callovian–Oxfordian was another key factor inducing the widespread oil shale deposition in Mongolia.     

THEORETICAL APPROACH TO THE SOLUTION OF THE INFILTRATION PROBLEM

ABSTRACT

The one-dimensional transient downward entry of water in unsaturated soils is investigated theoretically. The mathematical equation describing the infiltration process is derived by combining Darcy's dynamic equation of motion with the continuity and thermodynamic state equations adjusted for the unsaturated flow conditions. The resulting equation together with the corresponding initial and boundary conditions constitues a mathematical initial boundary value problem requiring the solution of a nonlinear partial differential equation of the parabolic type. The volumetric water content is taken as the dependent variable and the time and the position along the vertical direction are taken as the independent variables. The governing equation is of such nature that a solution exists for t > 0 and is uniquely determined if two relationships are defined, together with the specified state of the system, at the initial time t = 0 and at the two boundaries. The two required relations are those of pressure versus permeability and pressure versus volumetric water content.

Since the partial differential equation has strong non-linear terms, a discrete solution is obtained by approximating the derivatives with finite-differences at discrete mesh points in the solution domain and integrated for the corresponding initial and boundary conditions. The use of an implicit difference scheme is employed in order to generate a system of simultaneous non-linear equations that has to be solved for each time increment. For n mesh points the two boundary conditions provide two equations and the repetition of the recurrence formula provides n—2 equations, the total being n equations for each time increment. The solution of the system is obtained by matrix inversion and particularly with a back-substitution technique. The FORTRAN statements used for obtaining the solution with an electronic digital computer (IBM 704) are presented together with the input data.

Analysis of the errors involved in the numerical solution is made and the stability and convergence of the solution of the approximate difference equation to that of the differential equation is investigated. The method applied is that of making a Fourier series expansion of a whole line of errors and then following the progress of the general term of the series expansion and also the behavior of each constituent harmonic. The errors (forming a continuous function of points in an abstract Banach space) are represented by vectors with the Fourier coefficients constituting a second Banach space. The amplification factor of the difference equation is shown to be always less than unity which guarantees the stability of the employed implicit recurrence scheme.

Experiments conducted on a vertical column packed uniformly with very fine sand, show a satisfactory agreement between the theoretically and experimentally obtained values. Many experimental results are shown in an attempt to explain the infiltration phenomenon with emphasis on the shape and movement of the wet front, and the effects of the degree of compaction, initial water content and deaired water on the infiltration rate.     

Late Permian post‐ophiolitic trondhjemites from Central Iran: a mark of subduction role in growth of Paleozoic continental crust

Late Permian trondhjemites in the Anarak area occur as stocks and dykes, which cross cut the Anarak ophiolite and its overlying metasedimentary rocks, and are exposed along the northern Anarak east–west main faults. These leucocratic intrusive bodies have enclaves of all ophiolitic units and metamorphic rocks. They are composed of amphibole, plagioclase (oligoclase), quartz, zircon and muscovite. Secondary minerals are chlorite (pycnochlorite), epidote, albite, magnetite and calcite. Whole‐rock major‐ and trace‐element analyses reveal that they are characterized by high SiO ₂ (67.8–71.0 wt%), Al ₂ O ₃ (14.9–17.1 wt%) and Na ₂ O (5.3–8.6 wt%), low K ₂ O (0.1–1.5 wt%; average: 0.8 wt%), low Rb/Sr ratio (0.01–0.40; average: 0.09), low Y (3–6 ppm), negative Ti, Nb and Ta anomalies, slightly negative or positive Eu anomaly, LREE enrichment and fractionated HREE. These rocks present 2 to 40 times enrichment in inclined chondrite‐normalized REE patterns. Geochemical characteristics of the Anarak trondhjemites all reflect melting of a mafic protolith at more than 10 kbar. The field evidence and whole‐rock chemistry reveal that these rocks have been crystallized from magmas derived from melting of subducted Anarak oceanic crust. This study reveals that melting of garnet amphibolite was an important element of continent formation in the study area.