胰肾一期联合移植

目的 总结胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病并发晚期肾功能不全病人的疗效,并探讨分析术后并发症防治经验。方法 对５例糖尿病并发现期肾小功能不全者采用胰十二指肠肾一期联合移植。免疫抑掉方案采用激素,ＣｓＡ及硫唑嘌呤或激素,ＣｓＡ及骁悉三联用药。结果 联合移植后５例胰肾均发挥正常功能,病人均立即停用胰岛素,１例术后发生移植肾急性排斥以应,死于多器官功能衰竭,余４例分别发生胰周脓肿,急性胰腺炎,十二指肠瘘,血尿等并     

胰肾联合移植的麻醉处理

胰肾联合移植是治疗胰岛素依赖型糖尿病(IDDM)伴终末期肾功能衰竭的首选方法。由于患者病情复杂,手术的特殊,麻醉处理也有一定的难度,本文通过综述近年来胰肾移植的麻醉进展,讨论胰肾联合移植的术前准备和评估,麻醉方法、麻醉药物的选择,以及术中胰肾功能的保护和呼吸循环的管理。     

胰肾联合移植治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病合并终末期肾病

目的 探讨胰肾联合移植治疗Ⅰ型糖尿病合并终末期肾病的临床效果。方法 ８例Ⅰ型糖尿病合并终末期肾病的患者接受胰肾联合移植,平均年龄４３．４６岁,２例合并视网膜病变,双目失明,病史２～２２年。胰腺移植于右髂窝,胰腺外分泌经膀胱引流,肾脏移植于左髂窝。免疫抑制方案开始四联用药,以后三联用药继续治疗。结果 ８例虱其中７例术后即不需要应用胰岛素,空腹血糖可维持在正常范围,１例术后应用胰岛素４０ｄ后停用。１例     

胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病合并糖尿病肾病(附13例报告)

目的　探讨胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病合并糖尿病肾病的疗效。方法　 1999年 9月至2 0 0 2年 1月 ,我院施行了 13例胰肾联合移植手术 ,包括 6例 1型糖尿病及 7例 2型糖尿病病人 ,胰岛素用量为 0 5～ 1 5IU/ (kg·d) ,13例病人均合并糖尿病肾病 ,及心衰、高血压、视网膜病变、周围神经病变等糖尿病慢性并发症 ,并行透析治疗。 13例手术均采用体循环 膀胱内引流式。结果　 6例 1型糖尿病病人于胰腺通血后 1 5～ 2 3h后停用外源性胰岛素 ,7例 2型糖尿病病人于术后第 5～ 9天停用外源性胰岛素。 13例病人均于术后第 2～ 4天移植肾功能恢复正常。术后出现排斥反应、血尿、感染并发症 ,其中 1例术后 5d发生加速性排斥反应 ,抗排斥治疗无效 ,术后 11d切除移植胰肾。其余均痊愈出院 ,定期随访 ,移植物功能良好 ,糖尿病慢性并发症得到缓解。结论　胰肾联合移植是治疗糖尿病合并糖尿病肾病的最有效方法。达到胰岛素依赖期的 2型糖尿病也是胰腺移植的适应证之一。供胰肾原位灌注、快速整块切取、以预防为主、加强围手术期管理是减少各种并发症 ,取得良好疗效的有效措施。     

实施胰肾联合移植的体会

实施胰肾联合移植的体会浙江医科大学附属第一医院肝胆外科（３１０００３）郑树森胰肾联合移植（ＳＰＫ）是治疗胰岛素依赖型（Ｉ型）糖尿病（ＩＤＤＭ）并发尿毒症的有效方法，胰腺移植之后可获得正常的糖代谢，不需要外源性胰岛素并可逆转糖尿病的并发症和提高生活质量...     

胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病终末期肾病11例临床分析

目的：探讨胰肾联合移植（SPK）治疗糖尿病合并终末期肾病的临床效果。方法：回顾性分析2016年11月至2019年3月11例糖尿病合并终末期肾病患者行SPK的临床资料,总结手术疗效以及并发症情况。结果：所有患者均接受随访,资料统计截至2019年12月1日,随访观察9～37月,人、肾、胰腺存活率分别为100%、100%、91%。11例患者术后1月血肌酐（101±28）μmol/L;末次复查血肌酐（96±24）μmol/L,糖化血红蛋白为（5.6±0.5）%。至资料统计截止时间,10例患者移植肾功能正常,1例患者新发移植肾肾病（血肌酐71～202μmol/L）。术后并发胰腺血栓形成2例,其中1例经肠系膜下静脉自脾静脉中取出血栓,胰腺功能恢复;另1例行移植胰腺切除。胰腺门静脉扭转1例,胰腺排斥反应1例,胰周脓肿1例,消化道出血1例,切口愈合不良5例。9例患者术后空腹、餐后血糖均正常,1例患者午餐后血糖稍高,口服二甲双胍血糖控制可。结论：SPK治疗糖尿病合并终末期肾病疗效确切,但围手术期并发症发生率较高,积极防治围手术期并发症可有效提高手术成功率。     

胰肾联合移植

１历史发展和国内状况１９２７年,Ｇａｙｅｔ和Ｇｕｉｌａｕｍｉｅ首先开展狗的胰腺移植动物实验。１９６６年美国Ｋｅｌｙ和Ｌｉｌｅｈｅｉ施行首例临床胰腺移植。但早期效果不满意,移植物及病人存活率低。７０年代研究热点又转入胰岛移植,至今胰岛移植的效果令人失望...     

胰液肠内引流式胰及肾一期联合移植：附1例报告

为1例2型糖尿病并尿毒症患者实施胰液肠内引流式胰及肾一期联合移植，患者术后1周内脱离胰岛素及透析治疗，随访4个月，胰腺及肾功能恢复正常。提示胰液肠腔引流式胰肾联合移植更符合正常生理状态，是治疗2型糖尿病并发尿毒症的有效方法。预防并发症的发生能有效提高生存率。     

胰肾联合移植

胰肾联合移植陈光富，李炎唐迄今为止，全世界已有１０２个移植中心开展了胰肾联合移植（ＳＰＫＴ），共计完成３０５１例，现将有关这方面的资料作一综述。一、适应证与术前准备：ＳＰＫＴ主要适用于糖尿病性肾病晚期及尿毒症合并有糖尿病的患者。同其他器官移植一样，Ｓ...     

胰肾联合移植术的麻醉处理

<正> 患者,男性,46岁,体重55kg。术前诊断为糖尿病Ⅰ型,合并慢性肾功能衰竭终末期尿毒症。于2000年5月24日在全麻联合硬膜外麻醉下行胰肾联合移植术。术前30min肌注东莨菪碱0.3mg鲁米那0.1g。入室后测BP170/100mmHg(1kPa=7.5mmHg),HR85次/min,RR18次/min,SpO_297％。开放右下肢静脉通路,在局麻下经左侧桡动脉穿刺置管,监测动脉血压(ABP),经右锁骨下静脉置管,监测中心静脉压(CVP)。选择T_(12)～L_1行硬膜外穿刺,成功后向头侧置管5cm,分次注入局麻     

肝肾联合移植治疗巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭

目的 总结巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭行肝肾联合移植的临床经验.方法 对8例巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭的患者进行肝肾联合移植,男性5例,女性3例;年龄41～67岁,平均52.8岁.先肝后肾采用经典非转流原位肝移植6例,先肾后肝并采用背驮式肝移植2例.术后对急性排斥反应、并发症、肝肾功能、人/肝/肾存活率等临床疗效进行长期随访.结果 随访28～65个月,8例患者均存活,肝肾功能正常.存活5年以上2例,4年以上2例,2年以上4例.围手术期并发胸腔积液2例,肺部金黄色葡萄球菌感染1例,均对症治疗后痊愈.截至随访终点,未发现移植物急性排斥反应.结论 巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭的患者,肝肾联合移植术是安全有效的治疗方法.     

Pregnancy outcomes in simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplant recipients: a national French survey study

Simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) is currently the best therapeutic option for patients with type 1 diabetes and terminal renal failure. Renal transplantation restores fertility enabling women to pursue pregnancies. However, scarcity of available data on pregnancy outcomes in SPK impedes fair medical counseling. Medical files of all pregnancies that lasted ≥3 months among recipients of functional SPK performed between 1990 and 2015 in France were retrospectively analyzed. Twenty‐six pregnancies in 22 SPK recipients were identified. Main maternal complications included gestational hypertension (53.8%) and infections (50%). Cesarean section was performed in 73% of cases. Overall fetal survival was 92.6% with a mean gestational age of 34.2 ± 3 weeks. Four children (16.7% of live births) had a birth weight <10th percentile. Endocrine pancreas graft function remained stable during pregnancy. An acute kidney rejection occurred in two patients, one of which resulting in graft loss. Kidney and pancreas graft survival was, respectively, 96% and 100% at 1 year postconception and did not differ from controls. Pregnancy in SPK is feasible, but patients should be informed of the risks for the fetus, the mother, and the grafts. Planning of pregnancy in SPK women is key to allow a personalized multidisciplinary monitoring, which represents the most straightforward approach to optimize outcomes.     

Simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) retransplantation in prior SPK recipients

LaMattina JC, Sollinger HW, Becker YT, Mezrich JD, Pirsch JD, Odorico JS. Simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) retransplantation in prior SPK recipients.
Clin Transplant 2011 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399‐0012.2011.01540.x.
© 2011 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Abstract: Introduction: We have performed 113 renal and 28 isolated pancreas retransplants in our cohort of more than 1200 prior simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) recipients. On the basis of these experiences, we began performing repeat SPK in prior SPK recipients (n = 9). Methods: This retrospective review summarizes our experience with repeat SPK transplantation in prior SPK recipients. Mean age at retransplant was 39 yr; mean interval to retransplant was 7.8 yr. Thirty‐three percent were pre‐dialysis. Eighty‐nine percent of patients underwent transplant nephrectomy (five during the repeat SPK and three prior to it), and 78% underwent transplant pancreatectomy (four during the repeat SPK and three prior to it). Enteric drainage was performed in all repeat SPKs. Results: Median length of stay was 11 d. Perioperative complications included the following: renal artery thrombosis (1), pancreatic portal venous thrombosis (1), enteric leak (1), and hematoma (2). Overall pancreatic allograft survival was 78% at one yr and 67% at two yr. Overall renal allograft survival was 89% at one yr and 78% at two yr. Patient survival at one and three yr was 100%. Conclusions: Survival of repeat SPK allografts is acceptable despite the increased technical and immunologic demands of retransplantation. Graftectomy prior to or at the time of retransplantation is often necessary.     

Metabolic outcomes and renal function after simultaneous kidney/pancreas transplantation compared with kidney transplantation alone for type 2 diabetes mellitus patients

In this study, we aimed to compare the metabolic outcomes, renal function, and survival outcomes of simultaneous pancreas and kidney transplantation (SPK) and kidney transplantation alone (KTA) among end-stage kidney disease (ESKD) patients with type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Patients with ESKD and T2DM who underwent KTA (n = 85) or SPK (n = 71) in a transplant center were retrospectively reviewed. Metabolic profiles, renal function, and survival outcomes were assessed repeatedly at different follow-up time points. Propensity score procedures were applied to enhance between-group comparability. The levels of renal and metabolic outcomes between SPK and KTA over time were examined and analyzed using mixed-model repeated-measures approaches. The median follow-up period was 1.8 years. Compared with KTA, SPK resulted in superior metabolic outcomes and renal function, with lower levels of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c; P = 0.0055), fasting blood glucose (P < 0.001), triglyceride (P = 0.015), cholesterol (P = 0.0134), low-density lipoprotein (P = 0.0161), and higher estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR; P < 0.001). SPK provided better metabolic outcomes and renal function. The survival outcomes of the recipients and grafts were comparable between the two groups.     

胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病合并终末期肾病（附7例报告）

目的总结7例胰肾一期联合移植治疗糖尿病肾病合并尿毒症的疗效。方法2005年1月至2008年9月我中心完成7例胰肾联合一期移植,采用空肠引流方式。免疫抑制治疗方案术后早期采⒚四联诱导方案：他克莫司（FK506）＋霉酚酸酯（MMF）＋甲基强的松龙（MP）＋抗CD25单抗（赛尼哌或舒莱）,后改为逐渐过渡至单⒚FK506维持治疗。结果回顾分析以上7例患者围手术期及长期随访情况：7例手术均获得成功,移植肾功能术后即刻恢复,6例患者术后第10天血糖降至正常水平,并完全停⒚外源性胰岛素。共发生急性排斥4例,除1例患者在连续肾脏替代疗法（CRRT）过程中并发心脑血管意外后家属放弃治疗外,其余3例患者经抗胸腺细胞球蛋白（ATG）＋MP冲击治疗后移植肾功能均逆Κ恢复。早期的并发症包括伤口感染和出血。结论胰肾联合移植是治疗糖尿病合并终末期糖尿病肾病的有效方法。     

Combined liver and kidney transplantation

Patients with end-stage renal and hepatic failure may be treated with combined liver and kidney transplantation (CLKTx). We reviewed the indications and outcomes of 16 CLKTx performed at the University of Minnesota between 1980 and 1994. The majority of the recipients (87.5%) were young patients affected by congenital hepatic anomalies and concomitant end-stage renal failure. Fourteen were treated with cyclosporin-based immunosuppression and had an excellent outcome: with an average of 6 years of follow-up, patient survival was 85.7%, liver graft survival 85.7%, and kidney graft survival 72%. The incidence of rejection episodes was similar to the rate of rejection in our solitary kidney and liver transplants. In conclusion, our experience supports the value of CLKTx in treating patients with simultaneous failure of both organs or with congenital enzymatic hepatic deficits leading to renal failure.     

Comprehensive review: Frailty in pancreas transplant candidates and recipients

Well-selected patients with kidney disease and diabetes mellitus who undergo simultaneous kidney-pancreas transplantation often experience dramatic improvements in quality of life and long-term survival compared to those who remain on medical therapy. Over the past several years the importance of frailty in the pancreas transplant candidate and recipient populations has grown. More patients with advanced age have entered the waitlist, and complications from prolonged diabetes, even in younger patients, have created increased evidence of risk for frailty. Given these concerns, and the broad challenges facing pancreas transplantation volumes overall, we generated this review to help establish the impact and implications. We summarize the interplay of immunological factors, aging, environmental factors, diabetes mellitus, and chronic kidney disease that put these patients at risk for frailty. We discuss its measurement and recommend a combination of two instruments (both well-validated and one entirely objective). We describe the outcomes for patients before and after pancreas transplantation who may have frailty, and what interventions can be taken to mitigate its effects. Broader investigation into frailty in the pancreas transplant population is needed to better understand how to select patients for pancreas transplantation and to how manage its consequences thereafter.     

The case for pancreas after kidney transplantation

Abstract:  Pancreas after kidney (PAK) transplantation has historically demonstrated inferior pancreas allograft survival compared to simultaneous pancreas and kidney (SPK) transplantation. Under our current immunosuppression protocol, we have noted excellent outcomes and rare immunological graft loss. The goal of this study was to compare pancreas allograft survival in PAK and SPK recipients using this regimen. This was a single center retrospective review of all SPK and PAK transplants performed between January 2003 and November 2007. All transplants were performed with systemic venous drainage and enteric exocrine drainage. Immunosuppression included induction with rabbit anti-thymocyte globulin (thymoglobulin), early steroid withdrawal, and maintenance with tacrolimus and sirolimus or mycophenolate mofetil. Study end points included graft and patient survival and immunosuppression related complications. Transplants included PAK 61 (30%) and SPK 142 (70%). One-yr patient survival was PAK 98% and SPK 95% (p = 0.44) and pancreas graft survival was PAK 95% and SPK 90% (p = 0.28). Acute cellular rejection was uncommon with 2% requiring treatment in each group. Survival for PAK using thymoglobulin induction, early steroid withdrawal and tacrolimus-based immunosuppression is at least comparable to SPK and should be pursued in the recipient with a potential living donor.     

Rescue therapy with tacrolimus in simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation

Abstract Tacrolimus has been effective both in primary and rescue therapy following steroid and OKT3-resistant acute rejection in liver and kidney transplantation. Due to the effects of tacrolimus on glucose metabolism, there has been concern about its use in simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation. We report on the results of six patients (three female, three male, age 35.2 ± 7.3 years) converted from cyclosporin A to tacrolimus following simultaneous pancreas/kidney transplantation in steroid-resistant acute rejection. Tacrolimus was induced 2.8 ± 1.7 months (range 1–4.8 months) after transplantation; follow-up was 3–18 months. Following conversion, creatinine levels declined in all patients [3.5 ± 1.2 mg/dl before conversion, 3.0 ± 1.9 mg/dl ( n = 6) at three months, 1.4 ± 0.1 mg/dl at 1 year (n = 3)]. Before conversion, fasting blood glucose levels averaged 154 ± 33 mg/dl, with three patients receiving insulin. Three months later no patient required insulin, the mean glucose level being 107 ± 23 mg/dl ( n = 6); at 1 year it was 92 ± 9 mg/dl ( n - 3). One patient lost his pancreatic graft after 4 months due to a mycotic aneurysm. We conclude that conversion to tacrolimus is a safe and effective treatment in cases of steroid-resistant rejections following pancreas/kidney transplantation.