绿化树种对大气污染物吸收净化能力的研究

通过熏气试验，研究测定了部分绿化树种对主要大气污染物－SO2，Cl2和HF的吸收净化能力，结果表明：绿化树种对大气污染物具有一定的吸收净化能力，并依污染气体和树种的不同具有明显差异。     

太原市空气的SO2污染及树木的吸收净化

研究了太原市空气中SO2浓度的年际、月份和垂直变化规律．实验结果表明，夏季和秋季SO2浓度低，污染较轻，春季和冬季的SO2浓度大，污染重，沿垂直方向在1m高处的SO2浓度最大，7m高的位置SO2浓度明显降低，20m处更低．测试了银杏、白蜡和国槐3种绿化树种的枝条韧皮部和叶片的含硫量，其逐月变化规律说明这些树种对城市空气中的SO2具有很强的吸收能力，是城市绿化和净化污染的优良树种．结合树木的叶片容量和含硫量的关系，评价了它们净化污染的效益，结合SO2垂直变化规律提出立体绿化配置．图2表3参7     

惠州绿化乔木叶片及其叶面降尘对大气SO2污染的生物监测

采用常规采样及碱片挂片法同步监测广东省惠州市大气SO2体积分数,用ICP-AES测定了惠州市不同功能区的2种主要绿化树种大叶榕(Ficus virens Ait var.sublanceolata(Miq.) Corner)、紫荆(Bauhinia blakeana)叶片及其叶面降尘的硫质量分数。结果表明,不同功能区植物叶片和降尘的硫质量分数差异显著,其综合污染指数(PI)以商业交通区、工业区、居住区、清洁区的趋势递减。叶片中硫的质量分数随春、夏、秋季而增长,季节差异显著。植物叶片、降尘中硫质量分数随交通流量的减少而降低。叶片和叶面降尘中硫的质量分数与大气硫酸盐化速率三者显著相关,大叶榕和紫荆与降尘协同生物监测大气SO2的二元数学模型的相关系数分别为R=0.995和R=0.990,明显优于植物与硫酸盐化速率监测SO2的常规一元数学模型。表明大叶榕、紫荆叶片及其叶面降尘均可作为城市区域大气SO2污染的有效指示剂,叶片的长期效益和季节效益显著,降尘则短期效益显著;两者协同监测,可靠性和灵敏度更高,应用前景广阔,可为地方和区域环境监测和评价提供参考。     

太原市空气中硫污染物在植物体内积累的研究

太原市是我国污染最严重的城市之一 ,SO2 是污染的主要因子。文章对该市 5 4科 12 1种绿化植物作了调查 ,测定比较了 44种植物叶片的含硫量 ,在一年时间内逐月测定了国槐树枝条和叶片的含硫量 ,分析了硫化物在树体内积累的动态规律 ,为利用绿化植物净化污染提供了科学依据     

太原市空气中硫污染物的植物体内积累的研究

太原市是我国污染最严重的城市之一,SO2是污染的主要因子。文章对该市54科121种绿化植物作了调查,测定比较了44种植物叶片的含硫量,在一年时间内逐月测定了国槐树枝条和叶片的含硫量,分析了硫化物在树体内积累的动态规律,为利用绿化植物净化污染提供了科学依据。     

广州市园林绿化植物苗木对二氧化硫和二氧化氮吸收能力分析

采用人工模拟熏气法,研究了36种广州市园林绿化植物对SO2和NO2气体吸收净化能力,以系统聚类分析方法为依据,将参试植物的吸收净化能力划分为强性、较强、中等、较弱及弱5个等级。结果显示,在不同SO2质量浓度（0.259和0.448 mg.m-3）环境下,黄槐、鸡冠刺桐、红花银桦、木棉、红千层、大花紫薇、复羽叶栾树吸收SO2能力具有强或较强的能力,而罗汉松、竹柏、深山含笑、乐昌含笑、观光木、樟树、阴香、双翼豆、印度紫檀、大花五桠果、长芒杜英、五月茶、海南蒲桃、芒果、海南红豆、糖胶树和幌伞枫吸收SO2能力表现为较弱或弱;在NO2质量浓度（0.149和0.428 mg.m-3）环境下,黄槐、黄葛榕、红花银桦、红千层、麻楝、复羽叶栾树、大花紫薇和小叶榄仁吸收净化NO2能力为较强或强,而深山含笑、五月茶、芒果、海南红豆、糖胶树和桂花叶片对NO2吸收能力表现为较弱或弱。在不同SO2和NO2浓度环境下,黄槐、红花银桦、红千层、复羽叶栾树和大花紫薇叶片对SO2和NO2吸收净化能力表现为强或较强,而深山含笑、五月茶、芒果、海南红豆、糖胶树叶片对SO2和NO2吸收净化能力为较弱或弱。研究结果为珠三角城市功能型园林植物选择和广东生态景观林带建设提供科学依据。     

镉污染条件下香樟和油樟对镉的吸收能力和耐性差异

利用速生乡土木本植物修复Cd污染土壤日益受到重视。利用香樟(Cinnamomum camphora)和油樟(C.longepaniculatum)作为实验材料,研究镉(Cd)污染(对照(CK)0.12 mg·kg-1;处理1(T1)2.5 mg·kg-1;处理2(T2)5mg·kg-1)对2种树种形态生长、Cd积累与分配和生理生化特征的效应,旨在比较2种树种的重金属耐受性及修复能力差异。T1和T2均没有显著影响香樟的生物量积累,但T2条件下油樟叶片和根部的生物量显著下降,仅为CK的86%和65%;T1和T2均显著增加了2种树种细根及叶片的Cd含量,油樟在T1时总积累量达最大(与香樟相当,均为0.37 mg),T2条件下油樟的生物量和耐性指数显著降低,仅为CK的85%和76%,香樟的Cd总积累量(0.48 mg)高于油樟(0.36 mg),因此认为T2条件下香樟具有更强的修复能力;油樟叶片在T1和T2时均受到氧化胁迫,但香樟叶片却并没有受到活性氧分子的显著伤害;香樟在2个污染处理时超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)(T1和T2分别为CK的1.3和1.2倍)和过氧化物酶(POD)(T1和T2分别为CK的6.3和4.0倍)的活性均显著上升,但油樟的这些抗氧化酶活性却没有显著变化。这些结果说明,香樟幼苗比油樟幼苗具有更强的Cd耐受能力和脱毒能力;从土壤修复角度讲,低水平污染土壤条件下2种树种的修复能力差异不大,但香樟更适合修复污染程度更高的土壤。     

不同气团对嘉兴市大气污染物变化特征的影响

利用嘉兴2012年10月—2013年9月污染气体和PM2.5的连续观测资料,结合HYSPLIT_4轨迹模式计算得到的观测期间嘉兴不同季节的主导气团,分析了嘉兴市大气污染物的变化特征及不同季节下不同气团类型对该地污染物的影响.结果表明,嘉兴市CO、SO2、NO2和PM2.5日变化为双峰型分布,峰值位于07∶00—09∶00和16∶00—18∶00;O3呈单峰分布,峰值位于14∶00,这与人为活动和大气边界层变化密切相关.大气污染物具有显著的季节变化特征,SO2、CO和PM2.5冬季高(43.5,950.3,79.8μg·m-3),夏季低(21.5、522.4、38.0μg·m-3);NO2在春季最高(49.9μg·m-3),夏季最低(30.4μg·m-3);O3夏季最高(88.9μg·m-3),冬季最低(17.2μg·m-3).影响嘉兴的主导气团的来源和路径存在显著季节变化,不同气团对大气污染物的分布影响较大,局地气团下SO2的浓度显著降低;大陆气团下污染物浓度普遍偏高,SO2、CO、NO2和PM2.5分别是海洋性气团的1.6—3.0、1.5—1.6、1.6—2.0和1.5—2.3倍;海洋性气团下污染物浓度普遍较低;混合性气团对应的污染物水平介于海洋性气团和大陆气团之间.     

城市森林对大气中重金属的富集特征

为了探究城市森林不同树种对大气中重金属的富集能力和分析大气环境质量状况,本文以昆明市东三环边坡的城市森林为试验区,玉溪市磨盘山国家森林公园为对照区,选取两地区分布最广泛的蓝桉、云南松、华山松、圆柏为实验对象,通过测定植物叶片中的重金属含量,对其季节变化规律及重金属元素含量间的相关性进行了分析,结果表明:(1)植物叶片中重金属Zn、Cu、Pb、Cd含量(由春到冬)呈先下降后持续上升的变化趋势;Zn含量春季处于最高值(120.63 mg·kg-1);其余3种重金属元素含量冬季达到最高值.(2)叶片中Cu和Pb含量相关性极显著、金属元素的总含量和Zn、Cd的含量也极显著相关,其相关系数均达到0.85以上;Zn和Pb含量的相关性不显著.大气中重金属Pb污染严重的地区可选择华山松作为城市主要绿化树种、Zn污染严重的地区可选择蓝桉、Cu污染严重的地区可选择圆柏、Cd污染严重的地区4种植物均可选择;试验区的空气污染等级达到了Ⅱ级污染,属于轻度污染区,其中春季大气的综合污染指数最高.     

南京市15种树木叶片对铅锌的吸收吸附能力

运用ICP仪对南京市15种主要绿化树木的叶片吸收吸附铅、锌的能力进行了研究。结果表明:15种树木叶片对铅、锌具有一定的吸收净化能力,并依污染物和树种的不同差异明显。在被研究的15个树种中,对铅吸收量较高的树种是雪松和圆柏,对锌吸收量较高的树种是杨树。对铅吸附能力强的树种是雪松,对锌吸附能力强的树种是海桐。叶片吸收和吸附铅的能力强的树种是雪松,叶片吸收和吸附锌的能力强的树种是杨树。最后,通过综合分析得出,杨树和雪松叶片中重金属铅和锌的累积量,可作为铅锌污染监测和评价的重要依据。     

铜、锌对3种常见乔木抗氧化指标的复合影响

为了解不同浓度铜（Cu）、锌（Zn）重金属污染土壤对乔木抗氧化指标的影响以及为植物修复蠡河重金属污染岸带提供理论依据,选取广玉兰（Magnoliagrandiflora）、香樟（Cinnamomumcamphora）、榉树（Zelkovaschneideriana）幼苗,采用土培法浇灌重金属溶液模拟土壤污染环境,研究不同浓度重金属Cu／Zn对乔木脯氨酸含量、过氧化物酶活性、过氧化氢酶活性及丙二醛含量的单一及复合影响。实验表明,单一Cu胁迫对广玉兰、香樟和榉树的毒害作用较单一,Zn胁迫严重;Cu／Zn复合作用下,3种乔木抗氧化指标均在Cu15和Zn110时达到最大值,表现出较强的抗性,而后随着复合作用强度增加,重金属对其毒害作用增大;75μg／gCu和210μg／gZn单一及复合胁迫时,广玉兰丙二醛含量相对香樟和榉树较接近对照值,过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性较大,脯氨酸含量差别不大。综合分析,不同乔木在不同浓度重金属胁迫下抗氧化指标作出不同响应,广玉兰对高浓度Cu／Zn胁迫不敏感,承受能力和抗性较强,适合于修复Cu／Zn污染较严重土壤。     

厦门14种主要树种吸收硫及固碳能力

对厦门市14种主要树种吸硫强度以及不同环境(清洁环境和污染环境)对其固碳能力的影响进行研究。结果表明:不同树种叶片的吸硫强度在0.04~1.73 mg/g。单位绿地面积不同树种净化SO2量为8.84~1 513.05kg/(hm2·a),其中天竺桂最大,其次为黄槿、芒果和刺桐,洋紫荆最小。多数树种在污染环境下单位绿地面积年固碳量受到明显抑制,如大叶榕、高山榕、小叶榕和印度紫檀等树种。然而还有些树种其固碳能力在污染环境下受到促进,如鸡冠刺桐、夹竹桃和小叶榄仁,表明这些树种对污染环境有较强的适应能力。综上所述,夹竹桃、小叶榄仁和天竺桂等树种既能吸收相当数量的硫,同时其固碳能力未受到削弱,表明这些树种是适宜在污染环境下种植的树种。     

Effects of initial decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on the growth and physiology of Impatiens balsamina北大核心CSCD

A pot experiment was conducted to study the allelopathic effects of initial decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on growth and physiology of Impatiens balsamina. Three leaf litter treatments included 20, 40 and 80 g of C. camphora leaf litter mixed with 8 kg of soil, namely T1, T2, and T3, respectively. In order to test the effect of leaf litter addition on the permeability and ventilation of soil simultaneously, a parallel trial with steamed leaf litter was conducted with the three treatments of the leaf litter. The leaf litter was steamed for 2 d to remove the secondary metabolites as much as possible, dried, and then mixed with 8 kg of soil, namely Z1, Z2, and Z3, respectively. No leaf litter was added in control (CK). The growth parameters of I. balsamina were determined at the 20 d, 60 d, 100 d and 120 d after sowing and the main physiology indicators were determined at the 60 d. The results indicated that: (1) The ground surface diameter and height of I. balsamina were inhibited significantly at 60 d (P < 0.05). Photosynthetic pigments and gas exchange parameters of I. balsamina were inhibited significantly at 60 d, and the inhibition effect was stronger with increased amount of leaf litter addition. The chlorophyll content, Pn and Ls decreased significantly with increased amount of leaf litter (P < 0.05). The activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and peroxidase (POD) in leaves of I. balsamina decreased with the increase of leaf litter addition. The content of MDA in treatments T1, T2 and T3 were all higher than that in CK, which indicated that I. balsamina suffered oxidative damage in a certain degree. The content of free proline (Pro) and soluble sugar (SS) in leaves of I. balsamina decreased significantly with the increase of the leaf litter (P < 0.05), while the content of soluble protein (SP) increased. (2) In the parallel trial, 60 d after sowing, no obvious difference was observed between CK and any steamed leaf litter treatment in terms of the morphological and physiological features stated above (P > 0.05). It indicated that the soil physical properties were not greatly influenced by leaf litter addition in the dose interval designed, or that the release of secondary metabolites from decomposing leaf litter was probably a better reason to explain the inhibition of leaf litter treatment to I. balsamina growth. (3)The compound effect (CE) of leaf litter decomposition on I. balsamina was enhanced with increase of the leaf litter, to 0.169, 0.354, and 0.497, respectively, in treatments of T1, T2 and T3. The study indicated that initial decomposition of C. camphora leaf litter in soil reduces the content of photosynthetic pigments, inhibits photosynthetic capacity and resistance physiology of I. balsamina, weakens its adaptability to the environment, and restrains growth of the plant. © 2015, Science Press. All rights reserved.     

Impact of vehicular exhaust on ambient air quality of Rohtak city, India

In the present study, ambient air quality of Rohtak city (Haryana) was monitored by High Volume Sampler. The selected parameters to judge the quality of air were Sulphur dioxide (SO2), Nitrogen dioxide NO), Ozone (O3) and Suspended particulate matters (SPM) which give a fair idea of pollution load carried by the air. The monitoring data were collected from six sites randomly selected in Rohtak city. Sulphur dioxide was found below the permissible limits of National Ambient Avo Quality Standards (NAAQS) at all the sites. Higher concentration of SO2 was observed during winter in comparison to summer and monsoon seasons. Nitrogen dioxide concentration was found to be above the prescribed standards of NAAOS at four sites in winter season. Ozone concentration was found below the prescribed standards (NAAOS), but its concentration was higher in summer season as compared to winter. Suspended particulate matter concentration was observed above the safety limits at all the sites in all three seasons.     

重庆四面山五种人工林土壤有机碳储量研究

对重庆四面山杉木纯林、杉木×马尾松、杉木×马尾松×木荷、木荷×石栎×枫香×香樟、木荷×石栎人工林进行了有机碳储量研究。运用网格取样法取样,每个样地各层各取样81个,共计取样810个。结果表明：（1）林分类型不同,A层土壤有机碳含量总体差异显著（p〈0.05）。在此五种林分类型中,土壤平均有机碳含量以杉木人工纯林为最高,石栎木荷枫香香樟人工混交林为最小;B层土壤有机碳含量总体差异不显著（p〉0.05）。在垂直剖面上,五种人工林均差异显著（p〈0.05）,且表现出随着土层深度的增加,林下土壤有机碳含量随之减小,体现出土壤有机碳含量的表聚作用。（2）有机碳储量规律基本与土壤有机碳含量规律一致。在垂直剖面上,此五种人工林有机碳储量均差异显著（p〈0.05）,表现出随着土层深度的增加而减小的规律。不同林种类型、同一土层深度或是不同土层深度、同一林种类型其有机碳储量变异系数大小均不一样,这说明此五种林地土壤普遍存在空间异质性且其异质程度不一样。（3）就 A 土层而言,本研究区五种人工林平均有机碳密度为5.34 kg·m^-2,比相关研究的重庆市土壤有机碳密度3.11 kg·m^-2,全国森林土壤有机碳密度4.24 kg·m^-2,全国土壤有机碳密度2.67kg·m^-2等分别多出71.70%,25.94%,100%。     

Effect of ambient air sulphur dioxide on sulphate accumulation in plants

Present study deals with the relationship between ambient air sulphurdioxide and sulphate content in leaf of selected tropical plant species, Ficus religiosa. The study reveals a positive correlation between ambient air sulphur dioxide and sulphate in the leaves. Two way ANOVA finds the obtained values to be highly significant (p < 0.001). Amount of sulphate in leaves shows positive correlation with sulphur dioxide in air (p < 0.001) during most part of the study A marked reduction of sulphate content in leaf was found during October when reduction in ambient air sulphur dioxide was recorded.     

3种垂直绿化植物叶片对Zn、Cu、Pb的富集能力

为了解垂直绿化植物叶片对重金属的富集能力,在南京市不同地点及不同月份测定了野外盆栽的爬山虎、多花蔷薇、云南黄馨叶片中Zn、Cu、Pb的含量。结果表明：3种植物叶片对Zn、Cu、Pb均具有一定的富集能力,并依地点和采样时间的不同而差异明显。此外,3种植物叶片对Zn元素富集量的月变化基本一致,即从4月到6月减少,6月到8月增加,8月后开始减少;对Cu元素富集量的月变化总体上看均呈减少趋势。通过综合比较得出,爬山虎叶片对Zn、Cu、Pb具有较强的富集能力。     

Inhibition of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on growth of Pharbitis nil and the alleviation effect of nitrogen application北大核心CSCD

In plant configuration of landscaping, herbaceous plant is often inter-planted with ornamental tree species. But unreasonable plant collocation may reduce the effectiveness of afforestation for the inhibition effect of tree on the growth of understory, and further more affect the greening effect. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora) is widely planted in landscaping accompanying herbaceous plants including morning glory (Pharbitis nil). But camphor was reported to have allelopathic effect on its adjacent plant, therefore correct selection and collocation of plants has important significance to obtain good greening effect. This research aimed to study by a pot experiment the effects of decomposing leaf litter of Cinnamomum camphora on the growth, phenological traits of Pharbitis nil, as well as modification of these effects by nitrogen application. Three application rates of C. camphora leaf litter including 25, 50 and 100 g/pot (denoted by L25, L50 and L100, respectively) and a control (CK) were implemented. Nitrogen application began on the 34th d of decomposition, with 0.39 g urea being divided into three equal portions and added continuously to each pot. The results showed that (1) The height, basal diameter, leaf area and biomass production of Pharbitis nil were all inhibited sharply by exposure to the leaf litter, being decreased by 32.85%-83.78%, 5.23%-23.00%, 30.31%-58.47%, and 40.34%-84.54%, respectively, with the inhibition effect increasing both in intensity and stability with the increase of leaf litter. Such inhibition effect was obviously alleviated by exogenous nitrogen application. (2) The flowering dynamics of Pharbitis nil was greatly impacted by the leaf litter, with the flower initiation 2.5-10.0 d later and the flowering duration 6.3-11.4 d longer compared to the control. Although the leaf litter-treated plants exhibited more (0.5-3.3) flowers than the control, their quality decreased, and the hundred-grain weight of the seed decreased with the increase of leaf litter. However, the differences among treatments in the reproductive parameters mentioned above reduced after nitrogen fertilization. The results indicated that leaf litter of C. Camphora has a great allelopathic effect on morphological and reproductive growth of Pharbitis nil, which may be attributed to the release of phototoxic substances during the decomposition process.     

围湖造田不同土地利用方式土壤有机碳和易氧化碳

围湖造田是我国20世纪50年代后期开始大量出现的与水争地的人类干扰活动。以太湖流域肖甸湖区为试验地,测定分析了该围湖造田区香樟（Cinnamomum camphora）林、水杉（Metasequoia glyptostroboides）林、毛竹（Phyllostachys heterocycla）林和农田4种不同典型土地利用方式35年后0～10 cm、10～20 cm、20～40 cm土壤有机碳和易氧化碳含量的差异,以及土壤易氧化碳的季节动态。结果表明：表层（0～10 cm）土壤有机碳含量林地显著高于农田,阔叶林高于针叶林。土壤易氧化碳含量随季节与土层深度的变化而变化,香樟林与毛竹林春夏季节大于冬季,水杉林与农田季节波动较平缓。4种土地利用方式下土壤有机碳和易氧化碳均随土层增加含量递减。与围湖地区内的溪流底泥相比,林地与农田表层土壤有机碳含量均有明显增加;与旱地发育的植被土壤相比,围湖后的土壤有机碳含量较低,易氧化碳含量较高,土壤有机碳稳定性较差。围湖造田作为人类对自然生态系统的一种干扰方式,显著改变了原有生态系统的碳循环特征,因此在研究全球碳循环中,围湖造田对生态系统碳循环的影响应该给予充分考虑。